共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 296 毫秒
1.
自改革开放以来,我国进行了数次大规模的裁军活动,军人管理者已成为中国商界的重要力量。本文基于烙印和高阶理论,以2008-2016年沪深两市A股上市企业为研究对象,实证检验了管理者早期从军经历对企业研发投入的影响及其影响机制。通过面板模型回归,研究发现：第一,有从军经历管理者的企业具有较高的研发投入;第二,管理者从军经历对企业研发投入的影响在创始人从军经历管理者企业、无政治关联企业、非国有企业以及高竞争程度行业中更加显著;第三,管理者风险承担性在管理者从军经历与企业研发投入之间起到了部分中介作用。进一步研究表明,管理者从军经历不仅能够增加企业的研发投入,还能够提高企业的专利技术申请量。本文的研究丰富了管理者异质性领域的相关研究,打开了从军经历管理者对企业研发投入影响的“黑箱”,对上市企业尤其是创新型企业任用管理者提供了指导意义。 相似文献
2.
《Research Policy》2023,52(9):104845
World War II was one of the most acute emergencies in U.S. history, and the first where mobilizing science and technology was a major part of the government response. The U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) led a far-ranging research effort to develop technologies and medical treatments that not only helped win the war, but also transformed civilian life. Scholars and policymakers have appealed to the wartime approach as a template for other problems, typically focusing on the Manhattan Project, but overlooking the broader OSRD effort of which atomic fission and dozens of other programs were a part. In this paper we bring OSRD into focus, describe how it worked, and explore what insights its experience offers today. We argue that several aspects of OSRD continue to be relevant, especially in crises, while also cautioning on the limits to generalizing from World War II to other settings. 相似文献
3.
Chamak B 《Social studies of science》1999,29(5):643-684
A comparison between the development of cognitive science in France and the USA enables us to analyze some national differences linked to specific connections between the scientific, military, economic and political worlds. The influence of new practices and tools developed during World War II and the Cold War appears to be of crucial importance in understanding the development of this new field, as well as that of cybernetics, computer science, artificial intelligence and molecular biology. This paper can be considered as a study in how the differing contexts in France and the USA shaped the history of the construction of cognitive science in each of these two countries. In spite of various differences, some common aspects may be pointed out: in both cases, computer experts and psychologists using a computational modelling approach were those first engaged in the construction of cognitive science. If in France neuroscience-oriented cognitive science research was stronger than in the USA, it seems that the artificial intelligence orientation is also of growing importance in France. 相似文献
4.
Rau EP 《Endeavour》2005,29(4):156-161
World War II became known as the "wizard war" because the cycles of developing countermeasures and counter-countermeasures to the weapons deployed by all sides drove rapid technological change. However, technological innovation was not the only contribution scientists made to the war effort. Through Operational Research (OR)--the scientific scrutiny of new weapons, their deployment and relative efficiency--scientists also influenced how warfare itself was conducted. This new scientific field emerged in the UK, where it helped to tighten the defense against the Luftwaffe. It quickly spread to other aspects of the military machine, improving both antisubmarine campaigns and bombing strategy. But although this analytical approach to warfare offered military commanders a factual basis on which to base difficult decisions and deal with tactical and strategic uncertainty, it was not without controversy. Indeed, several recommendations that came out of OR sparked disputes over the allocation of resources and strategic priorities. 相似文献
5.
《Endeavour》2014,38(2):111-121
More than 3000 nurses from Australia served with the Australian Army Nursing Service or the British nursing services during World War I. These nurses served in various theatres of war including Egypt, France, India, Greece, Italy and England. They worked in numerous roles including as a surgical team nurse close to the front working under fire; nursing on hospital ships carrying the sick and wounded; or managing hospital wards overrun with patients whilst dealing with a lack of hospital necessities. The skills and roles needed to be a military nurse significantly differed to the skills required to nurse in Australia. 相似文献
6.
本文分析了日本国家创新系统的演进过程。文中将日本国家创新体系的演变归纳为四个时期,即德川时代是日本科学技术的孕育期(1603-1867),明治时代至二战前是日本国家创新系统的构建期(1868-1945),战后至七十年度末是日本国家创新系统的重建与发展期(1945-1979),八十年代后是日本国家的创新系统的调整与完善期(1980-)。本篇主要分析德川时代、以及明治时代至二战前两个阶段日本国家创新系统的演变情况。 相似文献
7.
Jansen S 《Endeavour》2000,24(1):28-33
During World War I, chemical-warfare practices were introduced into economic entomology in Germany. Fritz Haber, 'the father of chemical warfare', realized that Germany could not win the war and thus looked for 'civilian' uses for his chemical arsenal. Before the war, there was a rhetoric of dangerous 'masses' of insects but the large-scale techniques needed to deal with them had not been developed. The gap between rhetoric and practices enabled entomology to integrate chemical weapons into its working methods. This article traces transformations in the ways of seeing insects and their control from the mid-nineteenth century to after World War I. 相似文献
8.
Charles Süsskind 《Endeavour》1985,9(2):92-96
Like many inventions, that of radar is difficult to ascribe to an individual. It was the consequence of much earlier work on the properties of electromagnetic radiation and of the availability of several key electronic devices. The question of priority is further complicated by the cloak of military secrecy under which radiolocation methods were investigated in many countries in the years immediately before the Second World War. The author of this review concludes that while radar is a clear case of simultaneous invention, Robert Watson-Watt's memorandum on ‘Detection and Location of Aircraft by Radio Methods’ — published just fifty years ago — was the most influential single publication in this field. British success in the Battle of Britain owed much to the development of a radar system that integrated technical progress with operational feasibility. 相似文献
9.
青年士兵是部队建设发展的主体力量,要实现部队建设科学发展,不仅要培育过硬的政治素养、军事素质,还必须注重士兵的身心素质的培养。健全的人格则是身心健康的基础,因此新时期士兵的健全人格的培育显得尤为重要。 相似文献
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11.
《孙子兵法》是我国古代经典军事著作。所谓＂兵者,诡道也＂[1],这也造成了后人的误解,片面地将之解读为诡诈之书。本文从《孙子兵法》十三篇全文角度着手,从战争观、战略观、将帅观、行军作战方法等角度总结了散落在其中的仁本主义思想,便于人们更加全面地理解这部经典著作。 相似文献
12.
随着我军士官制度改革的深入发展,士官的地位与作用逐渐凸显出来。只有扎实做好士官的培养工作,全方位塑造士官的能力,才可能使其在新军事变革中发挥重要作用,切实提高我军战斗力。本文从俄军事改革的重要举措着眼,提出我军士官院校教育培养的侧重点应从四个方面有所转变,即从培养＂带领训练的能力＂到培养＂组织训练的能力＂的转变、从培养＂技师＂到培养＂掌握技术的老师＂的转变、从培养＂兵头＂到培养＂将尾＂的转变以及从培养＂骨干＂到培养＂灵魂＂的转变。 相似文献
13.
On the basis of the analysis of the originators and the first users of more than 1600 significant innovations in Britain since the Second World War, it appears that the performance-maximising industries (where technological change is a critical feature of competitiveness and growth) are the main source of these innovations, the majority of which are used in other types of industry, and particularly in the cost-minimising industries, and in the salesmaximising (consumer goods) industries. 相似文献
14.
解放战争时期,以毛泽东为代表的中国共产党人经过科学的思考和艰难的探索,创造了系统的、独特的激励思想,激发了广大军民的革命热情,取得了解放战争的伟大胜利。毛泽东的激励思想对当今建设特色社会主义伟大事业具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
15.
Bromberg JL 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2006,97(2):237-259
Historians have convincingly shown the close ties U.S. physicists had with the military during the Cold War and have raised the question of whether this alliance affected the content of physics. Some have asserted that it distorted physics, shifting attention from fundamental problems to devices. Yet the papers of physicists in quantum electronics and quantum optics, fields that have been exemplary for those who hold the distortion thesis, show that the same scientists who worked on military devices simultaneously pursued fundamental and foundational topics. This essay examines one such physicist, Marlan O. Scully, with attention to both his extensive foundational studies and the way in which his applied and basic researches played off each other. 相似文献
16.
我国难民保护法律制度的缺失及构建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
甘开鹏 《科学．经济．社会》2010,28(1):151-154
二战后,国际社会才有了明确的难民界定和专门解决难民问题的组织,难民问题也逐渐地受到国际社会和主权国家的关注和重视。在国际社会日益强调尊重难民人权、保护难民权益的背景下,我国尚无具体的难民法律法规及难民身份认定程序,这显然是一个需要迫切解决的法律问题,应当尽快地以国际法为基础,制定符合我国国情的难民法。 相似文献
17.
尖端技术对国家经济竞争力、军事实力和政治影响力有重要作用,因而各国政府对尖端技术都采取一定的控制措施。在“冷战”时期,美苏两国为了在争霸中取得优势,对尖端技术的控制更是十分严格。20世纪90年代中期后,尖端技术的军民共用已成明显趋势,因而在客观上要求加强军用与民用领域技术的交流和合作,美国在这方面已采取了一系列措施应对。可以预见,尖端技术的军民共用趋势必然对经济产生重大影响,值得深入研究。 相似文献
18.
二战给日本带来了深重的灾难,但是日本只用了二三十年的时间便实现了经济的恢复与发展,成为资本主义世界强国。日本之所以崛起,与美国的作用是分不开的,本文主要讲述美国对战后日本起飞的作用。 相似文献
19.
Our moral condition in cyberspace 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Diane P. Michelfelder 《Ethics and Information Technology》2000,2(3):147-152
Some kinds of technological change not only trigger new ethical problems, but also give rise to questions about those very approaches to addressing ethical problems that have been relied upon in the past. Writing in the aftermath of World War II, Hans Jonas called for a new ``ethics of responsibility,'' based on the reasoning that modern technology dramatically divorces our moral condition from the assumptions under which standard ethical theories were first conceived. Can a similar claim be made about the technologies of cyberspace? Do online information technologies so alter our moral condition that standard ethical theories become ineffective in helping us address the moral problems they create? I approach this question from two angles. First, I look at the impact of online information technologies on our powers of causal efficacy. I then go on to consider their impact on self-identity. We have good reasons, I suggest, to be skeptical of any claim that there is a need for a new, cyberspace ethics to address the moral dilemmas arising from these technologies. I conclude by giving a brief sketch of why this suggestion does not imply there is nothing philosophically interesting about the ethical challenges associated with cyberspace. 相似文献
20.
从太平洋战争到二战结束时期的美国对华政策,是中国抗日战争以来美国对华政策的延续。但在短短的几年中,美国对华政策却经历了两个阶段的转变。本文就抗战后期(1941.12—1945.8)美国对华政策的转变历及其原因进行论述,从而对正确处理当今中美关系提供借鉴。 相似文献