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1.
李亚娟 《科学技术哲学研究》2022,(1)
为了实现选择功能对发育功能现象的解释,参照选择功能的解释策略,一般选择效果功能理论认为凡是能产生差别繁殖特征或差别维系特征的选择过程都能赋予生物性状功能。上述两个特征分别由进化时间范畴和发育时间范畴决定,意指同一生物种群中的一些实体因其自身特点比其他实体具有更高的繁殖/生存可能性。其中,差别维系特征既是该理论的创新点,也是其非历史解释困境的来源。对此,文章的解决方案如下:依托于布沙德的生物功能多元论,消解困境。参照沃尔什的关系性生物功能理论,转向更简洁的新关系性生物功能理论。 相似文献
2.
Learning from warthogs and oxpeckers: promoting mutualism in school and university research partnerships 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
In this article it is argued that metaphors can be useful in explaining the ways academics and teachers can work inter-dependently, using action research, to achieve different, but mutually beneficial outcomes. The authors explore several metaphors used by other writers to capture some of the essential characteristics of research partnerships, while playfully advancing their own biological metaphor of mutualism to emphasise the importance of inter-dependence and reciprocity in collaborative partnerships. They then draw on their experiences working in several major Australian projects, which employed collaborative action research as a reform mechanism. They discuss – with separate school and university (voices) – three issues that have emerged from their participation in these projects; the difficulties of establishing mutually beneficial partnerships, the different cultures of universities and schools, and using action research as a school reform process. The authors' reason for highlighting these issues is to demonstrate that participants' perceptions of project events and processes differ, and that perspective taking – being able to ‘see’ others' points of view – is a key component of collaborative work. 相似文献
3.
M. Gail Jones James Minogue Tom Oppewal Michelle P. Cook Bethany Broadwell 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2006,15(5-6):345-351
Science instruction is typically highly dependent on visual representations of scientific concepts that are communicated through textbooks, teacher presentations, and computer-based multimedia materials. Little is known about how students with visual impairments access and interpret these types of visually-dependent instructional materials. This study explored the efficacy of new haptic (simulated tactile feedback and kinesthetics) instructional technology for teaching cell morphology and function to middle and high school students with visual impairments. The study examined students’ prior experiences learning about the cell and cell functions in classroom instruction, as well as how haptic feedback technology impacted students’ awareness of the 3-D nature of an animal cell, the morphology and function of cell organelles, and students’ interest in the haptic technology as an instructional tool. Twenty-one students with visual impairment participated in the study. Students explored a tactile model of the cell with a haptic point probe that allowed them to feel the cell and its organelles. Results showed that students made significant gains in their ability to identify cell organelles and found the technology to be highly interesting as an instructional tool. The need for additional adaptive technology for students with visual impairments is discussed.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers 0354578 and 0411656 相似文献
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5.
May Britt Postholm Marianne Wold Granum Annlaug Flem Sigrun Gudmundsdottir 《Teachers and Teaching》2013,19(2):149-159
This paper brings into focus what can happen when a person is both a researcher and a teacher in two different classrooms almost at the same time. In the two classrooms project work is the subject of inquiry and the working method used. The aim of the research was to figure out how group work and collaborative processes function during project work, and to compose and present a kind of ‘thinking tool’ for other teachers to use when reflecting over their own teaching. Both the researcher and the informant maintain that they influenced each other. The paper also shows that the teacher/informant interactions in addition mediate the researcher’s work as a teacher. 相似文献
6.
Children’s interests are a common foundation for early childhood curricula. Yet, little research is available about the fundamental nature of children’s interests and analytical ways to recognize and engage with these. Early work on children’s interests adopted a psychological perspective and associated interests with activity choices. Recent work has taken a sociocultural perspective, arguing that more analytical interpretations of children’s interests can occur through a deeper understanding of children’s funds of knowledge from their lives in their families and communities, and their inquiries that result. This paper draws on a qualitative, interpretivist study in two early childhood centres in Aotearoa New Zealand to extend this work and argue that children’s ‘real questions’ are the fundamental source of their interests. The interpretations presented of children’s questions also challenge earlier psychological research that suggested children cannot imagine their future selves until late in the early childhood period. A revised continuum of children’s interests and examples of interpretations of children’s real questions are proffered for further consideration in other early childhood contexts. Further, the paper argues that interests-based curriculum is justifiable in the early years through likely leading to a range of long-term outcomes valued by societies. 相似文献
7.
Stuart Ian Boon 《Education 3-13》2016,44(2):212-225
This article reports on how an action research strategy was used to increase children's uptake of feedback during peer assessment in primary school writing. Several different strategies were used in the study that had been successful in increasing students’ uptake of peer feedback in contexts such as higher education. In order to evaluate how successful these actions were, several different data collection methods were drawn upon to triangulate findings including children's work, observations, informal interviews and mind mapping. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data generated. Findings are consistent with those from research in other settings which suggest that pupils make better use of feedback if: it is task-involving and useful; there is sufficient time given for them to act on it and discuss it with their peers; and they are asked to reflect on how it has been used to improve the quality of the assessed work. 相似文献
8.
Dirk De Bock Deborah Neyens Wim Van Dooren 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2017,15(5):939-955
Recent research on the phenomenon of improper proportional reasoning focused on students’ understanding of elementary functions and their external representations. So far, the role of basic function properties in students’ concept images of functions remained unclear. We add to this research line by investigating how accurate students are in connecting functions to their corresponding properties and how this accuracy depends on function types and representations. A large group of 10th graders evaluated for different function types, represented in either a graphical, a formulaic, or a tabular mode, the correctness of statements about their general properties and behavior. Results show that students succeeded rather well in making the right connections between properties and functions. Errors depended not only on the type of function for which the properties were evaluated but also on the kind of representation in which the function was presented. These results highlight the importance of function properties in students’ concept images of functions and suggest positive effects of making these properties explicit to students. 相似文献
9.
Brian P. Godor 《Interchange》2017,48(3):257-269
Student drop-out remains a critical issue facing educational professionals. For higher education, the vast research in the past 40 years has been influenced by the work of Tinto and his model of student persistence. In this model are several elements that have proven to sharpen the focus of student drop-out research such as the concept of integration. The philosophical foundation for these concepts stems from Durkheim’s work on suicide. Specifically, Tinto’s employs Durkheim’s “egotistical” suicide type as an analogy for student departure while attributing students’ departure as a decision to separate themselves from the academic community. However; assigning causation of student departure to students’ decisions stands in stark contrast to the theoretical underpinnings of Durkheim’s work. Durkheim believed that certain social tendencies cause suicides. If student drop-out is to be typified by a certain Durkheimian suicide “type,” then specific social facts must exist in those societies. In this article, student departure in higher education will be examined using Durkheim’s theory of suicide complemented with Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic violence. Egotistical suicide will then be re-examined as an analogy for student departure and the Durkheimian suicide “fatalistic” will be presented as suitable analogy for student departure. 相似文献
10.
教师地位问题是造成当前我国教育伦理失范的根源。理顺教师在教育教学活动中的地位,摆正教师的位置,是解决教育伦理问题的根本举措。正确认识教师地位的出发点是教育活动的本质,教师的工作性质和劳动特点以及教师的作用等教育工作的客观规律。 相似文献
11.
Robert Watts 《Education 3-13》2019,47(5):534-554
This article reports on a recent study that explored children’s aesthetic preferences. Authors of previous studies in this area have concluded children have a relatively narrow range of preferences based on judgments about their responses to images. In other contexts, researchers have investigated children’s perspectives on their environments and created opportunities for them to take photographs in response to research tasks. This study is the first to draw on both approaches in order to develop a clearer understanding of children’s aesthetic preferences. Fifty-one children in two primary schools were asked to find and photograph images to represent their perceptions of beauty. In order to investigate whether or how children’s environments influenced their preferences, the schools were located in contrasting urban and rural areas. The article explores several contrasts between the two sets of images and offers explanations for these contrasts. It suggests that previous studies may have underestimated the diversity of children’s aesthetic preferences and that social, cultural and environmental factors may explain the differences between children’s aesthetic preferences. The article concludes that both researchers and teachers could adopt similar methods to develop our understanding of children’s perspectives, identities and experiences. 相似文献
12.
Jennie Miles Weiner 《Journal of Educational Change》2014,15(3):253-280
This study investigated why and how principals selected members for their instructional leadership team (ILT) and how this selection criteria and process may have impacted team members’ understandings of, and behaviors on, the team. Qualitative methods, specifically interviews and observations, were used to explore team members’ perceptions regarding the team’s purpose, function, and selection criteria as well as how these perceptions seemed to impact team members’ behaviors. Data were collected for a period of 8 months during the 2011–2012 school year from ILT in four, in-district charter schools. Results suggest that principals had difficulty articulating their teams’ purposes and functions, with the latter remaining primarily informational or consultative; members were not given decision-making authority. Additionally, when selecting team members, principals prioritized broad representation of teacher groups over other criteria. This focus on role representation above expertise, coupled with teachers’ tendencies to embrace traditional professional norms, limited ILT members’ abilities to effectively work together to lead instructional reform. 相似文献
13.
通过测查幼儿所在家庭功能的现实状况,评估家庭功能实现过程中存在的主要问题,找寻积极调整的教育工作重点。采用分层整群抽样技术抽取在园幼儿家长,用《家庭功能评定量表》(Family Assessment Device,FAD),获得有效卷87份。结果:第一,沟通、情感反应和问题解决等功能基本健康,但情感介入、行为控制及角色等功能存在一定问题。第二,除问题解决功能外,有一定比例幼儿的家庭角色、情感反应、情感介入、沟通和行为控制等家庭功能存在较多问题。第三,当前幼儿所在的家庭功能整体健康水平有所提高,尤其是问题解决功能明显好转。笔者认为应对幼儿所在家庭功能健康水平的差异有足够重视,可计划、建立和实施家庭教育支持系统,有效提高幼儿的家庭功能健康水平。 相似文献
14.
The biological processes of photosynthesis and plant cellular respiration include multiple biochemical steps, occur simultaneously within plant cells, and share common molecular components. Yet, learners often compartmentalize functions and specialization of cell organelles relevant to these two processes, without considering the interconnections as well as the significance of the plant as an independent biological system functioning as a nested component within local and global ecosystems. Understanding connections among biological systems at macro and micro levels is important to biological literacy. This study examined preservice elementary teachers' conceptions of photosynthesis and plant cellular respiration, with attention to interconnections and systems. Participants were limited in their understanding of the processes impacting multiple ecological levels, and they held inadequate representations of interconnections between the processes. Participants' views were laden with sociological and egocentric components. They often compared plant functions with analogous human functions. Most participants viewed plants as dependent on humans while having societal use. Justifications for views included nominal knowledge of the processes; experiential authoritarian reasoning; and anthropomorphism. We discuss instructional implications in light of the findings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 791–812, 2009 相似文献
15.
The retention and resilience of teachers are subject to many influences. Children’s behaviour is often cited as a major source of stress for teachers and a challenge to their resilience. We suggest that an understanding of teachers’ attributions and efficacy beliefs may provide the foundations for work to support teachers. We outline findings from research that has examined teachers’ attributions for the causes of children’s misbehaviour, teachers’ beliefs in their efficacy as classroom managers of children’s behaviour as well as how, in principle, such beliefs may be supported and enhanced. We also relate these findings to those associated with educational and developmental outcomes for children. We conclude with some illustrative evidence of ways (involving consultation and other interventions) that applied psychologists have contributed to the professional well-being and resilience of teachers. 相似文献
16.
Blood and Bones: The Influence of the Mass Media on Australian Primary School Children’s Understandings of Genes and DNA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Previous research showed that primary school children held several misconceptions about genetics of concern for their future lives. Included were beliefs that genes and DNA are separate substances, with genes causing family resemblance and DNA identifying suspects at crime scenes. Responses to this work ‘blamed’ the mass media for these misunderstandings. This study aimed to determine whether that blame had any foundation by examining the media habits and conceptions about genes and DNA of Australian children. With little prior research considering the influence of entertainment mass media on children’s academically relevant knowledge, this was an exploratory study with a mixed modes design. Data were collected by detailed media questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with 62 children aged 10–12 years, and subjected to content and thematic analysis. Specific mass media examples children reported using were examined for genetics content. Results indicate 5 h/day of media use, mostly television including crime shows, and that children perceived television to be their main source of information about genetics. Most children (89 %) knew DNA, 60 % knew genes, and more was known about uses of DNA outside the body such as crime solving or resolving family relationships than about its biological nature and function. Half believed DNA is only in blood and body parts used for forensics. These concepts paralleled the themes emerging from the media examples. The results indicate that the mass media is a pervasive teacher of children, and that fundamental concepts could be introduced earlier in schools to establish scientific concepts before misconceptions arise. 相似文献
17.
With the time passing by and development of this society,almost everyone has a cell phone,we may see that cell phone as a new fifth medium after computer,having its own characters and advantages,many learners research the communica tive function of cell phone and some from the technological level.This thesis aims at trying to reveal cultural functions of culture,aiming at improve cell phone’ s learning and culture functions in a more proper way. 相似文献
18.
王冰 《湖州师范学院学报》2014,(9):101-104
随着城市80后独生子女为人父为人母,工作环境竞争的日益激烈,越来越多的年轻父母或因为工作压力大,或因为逃避养育责任等选择把孩子交给保姆或孩子的祖父母、外祖父母甚至其他亲戚代为抚养,这种代为抚养的儿童称为“城市寄养儿童”。和完整家庭的孩子相比,寄养儿童的家庭教育在一定程度上是不完整的,尤其在心理情感、教育内容和教育观念等方面存在严重问题,提前建立抚养人和寄养儿童的感情、强化抚养人的家庭功能以及强化学校对寄养儿童的教育与关怀是解决城市寄养儿童家庭教育问题的主要途径。 相似文献
19.
This article draws on data from two recent research studies of children's language and literacy development in the context of their work in school‐based creative arts projects. Using observations of children (ages 3 to 11) and teachers at work, the article examines the ways in which the activities in such projects open up opportunities for children to talk with each other and with adults by generating a ‘workshop’ atmosphere. Children's authentic and wide‐ranging talk in creative arts projects encompasses personal, social, imaginary and real‐world themes which, we argue, is rare in other curriculum contexts. As schools are encouraged to develop ‘creative partnerships’ with artists and arts organisations, the article highlights the role of the teacher in observing and promoting these experiences as occasions for children's language development. 相似文献
20.
The shifting demographics of faculty ranks, expansion of faculty work, and the expectations of accountability and revenue production place new demands on today’s faculty. Collaborating with other faculty members is one option for easing workload demands and reinvigorating faculty members in the conduct of their teaching and research. In this article we discuss the importance of collaboration among faculty members in deriving new strategies for the classroom and approaches to research, and we provide suggestions for moving beyond short term collaborations and toward the creation of thinking communities that have the potential to re-energize faculty members and bring passion back to their work. 相似文献