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Bob B. Winborn William C. Hinds Norman R. Stewart 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1971,10(2):133-137
Counselor educators have not made widespread use of the various instructional designs, programs, and materials that have been developed by educational technologists. The use of instructional objectives is one of the keystones of the new educational technology. Their use in designing programs for preparing counselors and counseling psychologists is described. 相似文献
3.
MELANIE E. RAWLINS CHARLES G. EBERLY LARRY D. RAWLINS 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1991,31(2):109-120
This instructional model infuses test interpretation with counseling techniques and theory. A process is outlined for teaching test interpretation by incorporating Neuro-Linguistic Programming patterns. 相似文献
4.
Survey results of school counseling supervisors in North Carolina are summarized. Responses show that the majority of school counseling programs in the state are supervised by noncounseling personnel, usually supervisors of curriculum, instructional programs, or other educational areas. Supervisors' educational backgrounds, professional memberships, opinions about counselor certification issues, dominant supervisory functions, and staff development activities are described. The survey results give impetus to recommendations for future AACD and ACES directions regarding counseling supervision. 相似文献
5.
Computers are now part and parcel of the instructional process in many elementary schools. In addition to Computer Assisted Instruction, it is possible to utilize the school computer for other educational purposes such as data storage and information retrieval which can conceivably increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the counseling process. The model described in this paper was built so as to provide the school counselor with an instrument which, although based on traditional counseling methods, is immeasurably more accurate in the provision of updated information for diagnostic and other counseling activities and thus contributes to greater counseling efficiency. 相似文献
6.
AVRAHAM SCHERMAN 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1974,13(4):273-279
Ninety-one master's degree candidates in counseling at Michigan State University, enrolled in a counseling theories course, were randomly assigned to one of three instructional conditions: prose-text, linear-programmed instruction, and branching-programmed instruction. A pre- and posttest covering the whole course and posttests following each instructional unit were administered to each of the subjects. No significant differences were found in terms of overall treatment effects; however, a significant location effect was found. In addition, a significant difference among treatments over repeated measures was found. The prose-text group consistently performed more poorly than the other two groups. Better performance (on immediate criterion tests) of subjects instructed by the two programmed instruction methods suggests the possible use of these modes of instruction as motivational and reinforcing tools in teaching a course presented in small segments. 相似文献
7.
Three brief instructional programs for beginning counselors are described. Each program is for the purpose of inducing entry-level social skills that support effective counseling interaction. Design of microcounseling activities for a class-size group is detailed. Pilot data and experimental data are presented demonstrating gains in observable learner behaviors. Implications for a competency-based counselor education format are discussed. 相似文献
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HARMAN BURCK EDWARD JACOBS RICHARD SAUBER WINIFRED STONE WILLIAM THOMSON 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1973,12(3):162-171
This article describes and evaluates an innovative way to teach a counseling theories and practices course to beginning counseling students. Cognitive and affective learning processes, continuous and systematic feedback, small group dynamics, and a cross-sectional approach to teaching theoretical concepts and techniques are described. This approach was implemented by using the following instructional format: didactic, demonstration, task simulation, and self-exploration. Evaluation included self—peer, student-staff, and staff-student evaluations and used measures obtained from six instrumented indices. Results suggest that this approach might be a useful alternative to teaching the traditional didactic course in theories and practices of counseling. 相似文献
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David Donald Malcolm 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1971,10(2):171-179
If school counseling is to be a career commitment, not a temporary or occasional assignment, the school counselor must possess some special expertise that enables him to make a unique contribution to the school. It follows that counselor educators should identify this special expertise as precisely as possible and then offer an instructional program designed to develop it. Since such special expertise is not likely to be acquired without extensive and intensive training, the instructional program will ordinarily require a minimum of two years of full-time study. This position paper elaborates the rationale for the above beliefs and attempts to suggest directions in which they may lead. 相似文献
10.
Jack Martin Steven Norris 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1985,8(4):341-353
In an attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of instructional programming in counseling, an experimental evaluation of a ten-week program aimed at teaching skills and strategies of self-instruction to high school students was conducted. Thirty-two grade ten students were assigned randomly to an experimental self-instruction group and a control group. Dependent variables included Rotter's (1966) Control of Reinforcement Questionnaire, Rosenbaum's (1980) Self-control Schedule, a curriculum-specific test of self-instruction concepts, and a transfer test. Results revealed that students in the experimental, self-instruction program outperformed students in the control group on all dependent variables except for the Self-control Schedule. Content analysis of student responses to the transfer test showed a distinct pattern of skill development in the experimental group from pretest to posttest. Implications for the development and offering of instructional counseling programs are drawn.Many students of counseling have argued that counseling is essentially a kind of teaching (Carkhuff and Berenson, 1976; Ellis, 1977; Katz and Ivey, 1977; Krumboltz and Thoresen, 1976; Sorenson, 1967). More recently, Martin and his colleagues have developed an approach to counseling that employs models of instruction as a basis for the development and implementation of a broad range of counseling interventions and programs (Hiebert et al., 1981; Martin and Hiebert, 1982; Martin et al., 1981; Martin et al., 1980). Martin (1983) also has suggested that counselors in schools and elsewhere can make use of systematic teaching programs to help clients/students acquire functional skills in a variety of areas such as anxiety management, decision making, interpersonal skills, and so forth. In the development and offering of such programs, counselors act as curriculum developers and instructors. Initial evidence for the viability of this type of instructional counseling in schools was provided by Haynes et al. (1983), and Leal, Baxter, Martin, and Marx (1981) who developed programs based on cognitive and behavioral counseling methods that were successful in alleviating the test anxieties experienced by high school students. The experiment reported here extends the work of Martin and others in instructional counseling by evaluating an instructional program designed to teach a series of integrated skills of self-instruction to high school students. [Note that the term self-instruction is used here to refer to the activities of people engaged in systematic self-change, and is not intended to connote the system of self-instruction training developed by Donald Meichenbaum (1977).]Nearly all teachers and curriculum specialists share at least one goal: to help students acquire the capacity to engage in self-directed learning. Most often, it is assumed that school students will acquire skills in areas such as self-instruction and critical thinking (skills often seen as necessary requisites to self-directed learning) as a result of stimulating interactions with traditional school curricula. A frequently voiced alternative is to attempt to teach such skills directly (cf. Beyers, 1984a, 1984b), more or less as a curriculum in their own right. Many attempts have been made to do this, but few have received detailed empirical, experimental analysis. In a recent meta-analysis of primary prevention studies conducted in schools, Baker, Swisher, Nadenichek, and Popowicz (1984) found 40 such studies that had been conducted since 1970. Most of the experimental programs in the studies reviewed were targeted at improving students' communication skills, decision making and problem solving skills, and self-awareness. None of the studies reviewed by Baker et al. included instructional interventions that attempted to teach a broad range of skills and strategies that would permit students to plan, implement, and evaluate programs of personal change and development. Teaching school pupils to engage in systematic self-instruction for purposes of personal change simply has not been attempted, to date, in the context of an experimentally controlled investigation. Given an increasing number of pleas for exactly this kind of broad-based school programming (Martin, 1983; Sprinthall, 1984), the need for controlled experimental studies in this area is acute.Self-introduction or learning to learn has been the subject of considerable theorizing by both cognitive and instructional psychologists (Gagné, 1977; Bransford, 1979). Experimental work by Ann Brown and her colleagues (Brown, 1978; Brown et al., 1979) has highlighted the difficulty of teaching various metacognitive strategies that would seem basic to the capacity to self-instruct so as to ensure the transfer of such strategies to tasks other than those employed during strategy acquisition. At the same time, Brown's research also shows that the teaching of generalizable metacognitive strategies such as self-testing is possible, even with educable retarded children (Brown, et al., 1979). Other research concerned with differences between expert and novice knowledge has highlighted the importance of the ability to access declarative knowledge stores and the availability of relevant procedural knowledge in attempting to explain these differences (Chi et al., 1982; Leinhardt, 1983). [See Anderson, (1980) for formal definitions and discussions of declarative and procedural knowledge.] The greater ability of experts to function as independent learners or self-instructors in their areas of expertise likely is related to such differences. While it sometimes is unclear as to whether self-instructional competence resides in procedural knowledge stores or cognitive and/or metacognitive strategies, it seems clear that learning to learn involves more than simply acquiring necessary declarative knowledge in relevant substantive areas (Glaser, 1984). Thus, explicit, direct instruction in skills and strategies of self-instruction probably is necessary if students in schools are to learn to direct their own learning and development.The experiment reported here was conducted to supply initial experimental data about the possible effectiveness of a program designed to teach skills and strategies of self-instruction to high school students. It is a study of a ten-week instructional counseling program developed to teach self-instruction skills in areas such as decision making, gathering information, self-assessment, framing objectives, planning, and self-evaluation. As such, it is a more comprehensive program than other programs of primary prevention in schools that have been studied experimentally. While a variety of school and extracurricular situations were employed as illustrative contexts for presenting information about these skills to the students, the goal of the experimental program was to teach the self-instruction skills as detached skills that could be applied to a variety of situations and life circumstances. This approach was viewed as contrasting with traditional approaches in which such skills are thought to be acquired indirectly as a result of working through a series of tasks in defined substantive areas such as mathematics, history, or physics. In this latter method, it is likely that such skills, if they are acquired, become embedded in specific substantive contexts and are therefore less likely to generalize to situations or contexts other than those in which they were acquired (see Rigney, 1978 for the distinction between detached and embedded strategies). Dependent variables employed in the study were selected to test for the acquisition and transfer of targeted skills as well as for the acquisition of underlying beliefs about one's ability to control or influence external and internal events. The latter type of learning is thought by many counselors to be of great importance, particularly if attitudes and beliefs are learned that affect clients' attributional styles and/or tendencies (Strong and Claiborn, 1982).The overall purpose of the experiment was to determine whether instructional counseling curricula could be developed that would succeed in teaching detached strategies/skills of self-instruction to high school students. Should such instruction be possible, additional support would be provided for the notions of instructional counseling and counselors as curriculum developers and instructors. After all, a major part of counseling typically is associated with assisting clients to make decisions, gather information, frame goals and objectives, assess their situations and capabilities, plan actions, and evaluate the effects of their actions—all components of the self-instruction program taught to the experimental students in this study.The specific hypotheses investigated were that participation in the experimental instructional counseling program would increase: 1) students' knowledge of self-instruction skills (acquisition learning), 2) students' abilities to apply this knowledge to everyday events (transfer learning), and 3) students' attitudes consistent with higher levels of self-control and internal attributional processes (general attitudinal learning).The research reported here was supported by a grant from the Chairpersons' Research Fund, Simon Fraser University.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Bruce Dallin, Louise Bourassa, Olwyn Irving, David Langton and the Abbotsford School District (British Columbia, Canada) in completing this work. 相似文献
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Norma L. Day-Vines Beverly Booker Ammah Sam Steen Kristy M. Arnold 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》2018,40(2):89-104
Counselors’ considerations of racial and cultural factors in the lives and experiences of clients enhances counseling outcomes. Acknowledgement of cultural factors enhances counselor credibility, client satisfaction, and the depth of client disclosure. This article opens with an overview of the Continuum of Broaching Behavior (Day-Vines et al. 2007), continues with a case illustration that enumerates categories along the continuum, provides empirical support for the continuum, and closes with a set of instructional strategies for counselor educators to infuse within a multicultural counseling course. 相似文献
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JOHN E. HARTWIG 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1975,15(1):12-20
This article describes the Adult Career Education Counseling Project, a special demonstration project funded by the United States Office of Education, Division of Occupational and Adult Education. The major goal of the project is to develop a competency-based individualized instructional training system for guidance personnel wanting to work in adult education settings. The article explains the rationale, development, and process used in identification of conceptual areas that were developed into modules currently being pilot tested prior to final revision. Once the total training system has been developed, adult education and counseling and guidance programs may use these materials to design a counseling and guidance program unique to local program or institutional goals and objectives. 相似文献
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The authors surveyed a national sample of master's‐level counseling students regarding their multicultural training experiences and their multicultural counseling competencies. A series of hierarchical regression models tested the prediction of inventoried competencies from measures of selected training experiences: (a) program cultural ambience or learning environment, (b) multicultural instructional strategies, and (c) multicultural clinical experiences. Perceptions of program cultural ambience or learning environment predicted all multicultural competencies: knowledge, skills, awareness, and relationship. Additional findings support the importance of clinical training experiences in the context of effective multicultural training. 相似文献
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C. Winfield Scott 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1970,9(3):195-204
This study compared follow-up data for two groups of master's degree alumni of a counselor education program, one of which graduated before marked changes in the program occurred and the other thereafter. The questionnaire data represented 83.5 percent of the first group and 89.6 percent of the second. Findings concerning the instructional program, advisement, and library services showed significant improvement in appraisal reactions of alumni in six of 12 cases, some deterioration in one. equivocal results in another, and no change in four. Employment data showed an increase from 42 to 71 percent of alumni in counseling and guidance positions. Professional membership data revealed a significant trend toward identification with national organizations. It was concluded that significant changes in much follow-up data occurred after marked changes in the counselor education program studied and that these changes were generally in the direction of further professionalization of counseling and guidance. 相似文献
15.
策略教学的有效性及教学设计保障 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
策略教学的有效性决定学习策略辅导的质量,其实质是学生对所学策略的持续保持和迁移运用。策略内容选择和教学方法设计乃策略教学有效性的两大制约因素。基于"为有效而教"的要求,教师在设计策略教学时,应着重考量策略内容的明确性、组织性和针对性,并着力引导学生对所学策略进行积极的自主建构。 相似文献
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在＂一村一名大学生计划＂农林管理类专业中,一些课程的专业性、综合性和实践性比较强,而集中面授时间短,决定了此类课程的教学设计应在教学理念、教学思路和教学手段上要有新突破。我们探索的课程导学＂四步教学法＂,包括实施课程学习方法、课程结构与学习目标、课程实践活动、课程考核指南四个步骤,以新的导学法保证课堂学习的效果,提高课程辅导的质量,真正实现开放教育应用型人才培养的目标。 相似文献
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Carol Rocklin Kay 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2013,37(1-4):293-309
This study was undertaken to investigate the relationships between selected student characteristics and measures of perceived campus and support service satisfaction of handicapped students enrolled in three comprehensive community colleges in Missouri. It was expected that specific information could be provided for decision making at the participating institutions regarding the handicapped student with special consideration to campus factors and support services. Significant correlations were found between students’ usage of specific services and their satisfaction with campus environments in general. Those specific services include: vocational evaluation, vocational counseling, instructional modification, and consumer services. Significant correlations were found between students’ usage of support services and their satisfaction with those services. High usage‐high satisfaction services included: learning centers, tutors, counseling, instruction modification, test arrangement, career exploration, job placement, equipment modification, notetakers, readers, and writers. Handicapped students used and were satisfied with the majority of services provides. 相似文献
18.
Overconfidence in clinical judgment is a common problem among counselors that undermines the validity of the counselors' assessments and, by implication, the quality of client services. The authors evaluated an instructional module designed to reduce overconfidence among counselor trainees who completed an assessment task that exposed them to some of the complexities and pitfalls of clinical judgment. Although all counselor trainees were generally overconfident at both pretest and posttest, the module led to reductions in overconfidence only for the trainees who were exposed to it. It is suggested that counseling programs need to teach trainees to reflect critically on their inferential processes to improve the quality of their assessments. 相似文献
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Rachel Zorman 《High Ability Studies》1996,7(1):39-50
A long and winding road awaits gifted females in Israel in their quest to actualize their potential in the sciences. The present state of affairs can be pieced together from a series of studies on various aspects related to the development in the sciences of females in general and gifted females in particular. Gender differences observed in the participation of students in challenging science programs and in their consequent achievement can be attributed to cognitive differences, to environmental and cultural emphasis, or to an interaction between cognitive and environmental factors, reflected in different preferences for methods of inquiry and differences in styles of problem solving. Examples of recent efforts in Israel that attempt to deal with observed gender differences and encourage females to fulfil their talents include group counseling programs, such as “Trapped in Blue and Pink” and instructional programs integrating counseling, such as “Na'aleh — Girls toward degrees in engineering” and a crosscultural intervention program for enhancing gifted females' achevement in the sciences via reattribution training. 相似文献
20.
随着社会的飞速发展,学生们赖以生存的客观环境正在发生深刻的变化,尤其是近年来学生中突发事件的不时发生,使当代青少年学生心理健康问题比以往更为突出。这些问题如得不到及时解决,将会严重影响青少年学生的健康成长。基于现代教育技术的网络教育教学平台,为网络心理健康教育的实施,为构建现代远程教育学生心理健康的网络体系,提供了全新的载体和现代化技术手段。它可以在青少年学生心理健康教育中广泛采用,学校可利用校园心理健康网开设包括心理动态、心理知识、在线心理测试、在线心理咨询、网上心理论坛、心理案例分析、心理学术研究等项目在内的心理健康教育和咨询网页,实行全链接方式,单独与学生“对话”,在人机对话的情景中实现多种交互。 相似文献