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1.
Paul F. Brain David Benton Patricia A. Howell Sandra E. Jones 《Learning & behavior》1980,8(2):331-335
A study was performed in which attacks by four different types of “resident” rat (males housed with fertile females, males housed with sterile females, paired males, and isolated males) on six different types of intruder (isolated males, grouped males, castrated males, isolated females, grouped females, and ovariectomized females) were investigated. The objective was to study features of resident and intruder rats that would allow the designing of an aggression test that used a minimum of animals and produced a rapid behavioral response. In some combinations of residents and intruders, attack was generated within a 10-min test period. Isolated resident males attacked as much as males housed with females; however, paired rats showed only low incidences of attack. The fertility of the female partner did not influence the male’s aggressiveness. Most male attacks were directed towards like-sexed intruders. Only isolated males differentiated between the different treatment types of male intruder, attacking group-housed and castrated rats less intensely than isolates. Of the females, only those that were fertile produced significant amounts of attack behavior and almost exclusively attacked female intruders. Group-housed intruder females received more attacks than isolates. The results suggest optimal conditions for generating two models of attack behavior in the laboratory rat. 相似文献
2.
Male rats were tested as intruders for 25 consecutive days in colonies that had either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive conspecific residents. Alpha-defeated intruders, in contrast to nondefeated rats, showed more defensive behavior, less gain in body weight, and received more bites during the course of these sessions. Tail-flick tests, using a heat source, revealed that both groups of intruders showed comparable sensitivity/reactivity to pain, and there was no evidence of analgesia as a function of resident encounters. Immediately after the last intruder session, all subjects were tested for exploratory activity in an open-field apparatus with the odors (i.e., soiled bedding) from the alpha colonies present. Defeated intruders showed significantly less locomotion, in terms of the number of grid crossings, than nondefeated rats. Twenty-four hours later, randomly selected subgroups of defeated and nondefeated subjects were briefly exposed, without being defeated, to aggressive colonies, and all rats were then retested for activity with alpha odors present. Previously defeated intruders were again less active, and the colony-exposure treatment suppressed the activity of defeated, but not nondefeated, subjects. Finally, 24 h after another resident-intruder session, both groups of intruders showed comparable FR 1 escape performance in a shuttlebox with alpha odors present, but the defeated rats failed to learn a subsequent FR 2 escape task. The findings of this experiment are discussed in terms of the concept of “learned helplessness,” the effects of ethological stressors, and the authors’ stress-coping-fear-defense (SCFD) theory. 相似文献
3.
Jon L. Williams 《Learning & behavior》1982,10(3):305-313
Thirty colonies, each consisting of a female and two male adult albino rats, remained intact for an 8-week period. Naive conspecific intruders were then introduced into each colony for a 10-min test for 5 consecutive days. Videotapes of the tests were scored for aggressive and defensive behaviors. In every colony, aggression was greatest for a single alpha male. The alpha rats were randomly given one of three treatments: wheel-turn escape training, inescapable yoked shock, or restraint without shock. The alpha rats were then returned to their colonies and an intruder test was given 26 h later. Significant decreases in aggressive responses and increases in defensive behaviors occurred in the alpha yoked group but not in the other alpha groups. The nonalpha colony partners of the alpha yoked rats showed the opposite changes following the treatment. A final intruder test 72 h later revealed that the deficits in aggression of the alpha yoked group were still present but that the behaviors of most of the other groups were beginning to return to their respective pretreatment levels. These findings were discussed in terms of the concept of learned helplessness and alternative theoretical explanations. 相似文献
4.
Two experiments investigated the influence of peripheral anosmia with zinc sulfate solution on aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors of rats in the colony intrusion paradigm. Experiment I was a replication of a previous observation that anosmic intruders arenot attacked by resident males. No significant differences were found in aggressive response to normal or anosmic intruders. Experiment II tested colony residents under normal and anosmic conditions for aggressive and nonaggressive response to intruders. The results were in agreement with previous reports that anosmia abolishes differential responding between males and females as well as all aggressive acts normally directed against unfamiliar males. 相似文献
5.
Three experiments investigated the influence that various stress-controllability manipulations had on the defensive behaviors of rats when they were subsequently tested as intruders in previously established, aggressive colonies of conspecifics. In Experiment 1, naive subjects that had received a session of 80 shocks in a tube showed an enhanced series of defensive responses and received more bites than did a group of restrained nonshocked rats as colony intruders 24 h later. These two measures were also found to be positively correlated within each group. In Experiment 2, a group that was given 80 yoked inescapable shocks, in contrast to a group that had wheel-turn escape training and a restrained nonshocked control group, displayed more defeat and was bitten more frequently when tested as intruders on the following day. In Experiment 3, 60 trials of wheel-turn escape training were given 4 h prior to (i.e., immunization) or after (i.e., therapy) a session of 60 inescapable tube shocks. During resident-intruder testing 24 h later, both of these groups showed less defeat and received fewer bites than did an inescapably preshocked group but did not differ from a restrained nonshocked control group. These findings clearly indicate that stress controllability alters species-typical defensive responses, and their implications concerning other learned helplessness effects and interpretations are discussed. 相似文献
6.
In Experiment 1, four groups of male rats were given a session as an intruder in either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive colonies of conspecifics and later received either a 2-h exposure to the odors of the alpha colonies or an exposure-control session with the odors of a nonalpha colony. Two additional groups of rats that had been attacked and defeated by alpha residents were later given a 12-h exposure session with alpha-colony odors or nonaipha-control odors. Twenty-four h after the colony-intruder session, all subjects were given a single 6.5-mA shock from a prod with alpha-colony odors present in the bedding of the test chamber. Attacked rats that had been given exposure-control sessions showed significantly less prod burying and greater freezing than nondefeated subjects. This implies that the alpha-colony odors elicited conditioned fear. In contrast, the attacked subjects that had been given a pretest exposure session with alpha-colony odors showed significantly more prod burying and significantly less freezing. This suggests that the alpha-odor exposure resulted in the extinction of fear to these odors. Furthermore, the 12-h exposure to alpha-colony odors was found to be more effective in reducing fear-mediated responses than was the 2-h exposure. In Experiment 2, three groups of rats were exposed to a cat while they were in a protective cage; later they were given a 12-h exposure session with cat odors, a 12-h exposure-control session with no cat odors, or no exposure treatment. Compared with the two control groups, the subjects that were exposed to cat odors showed less freezing during subsequent prod-shock tests in the presence of cat odors, but they did not show prod burying. The reported changes in fear-mediated reactions to the odors of conspecifics and a predator are discussed in terms of both associative and nonassociative processes. 相似文献
7.
攻击者建模是安全协议验证工作的一个重要部分,直接影响到验证的效率与质量,但目前却还没有一个可遵循的形式化框架,影响了建模工作的准确性与客观性。针对这一问题,通过对在安全协议验证中具有广泛影响的DY模型进行形式化,建立了一个DY模型的构建框架,刻画了攻击者的构成要素、行为规则以及行为模式,从而保证了攻击者具有合理的行为与能力,并能在攻击过程中获取新的知识,不断增强攻击能力。最后,将该工作运用到Otway Rees协议的验证中,找出了该协议中所存在的漏洞,从而证明了该构建框架的有效性。 相似文献
8.
Intense vocalizations emitted by pairs of shocked rats were compared when physically separated by a transparent partition and when free to engage in social aggression. Greater vocalization occurred in the free-access condition and was positively correlated with visually observed attack scores in pairs that had prior experience with shock. A second experiment determined the influence of repeated fighting exposures upon the correlation between observed attack and vocalization. High positive correlations were obtained after initial sessions within a broad range of intermediate fighting. At high and low extremes of fighting, correlations were nonsignificant. The results are discussed with reference to restriction imposed upon variation of attack scores based upon standard criteria of observation. 相似文献
9.
陈志高 《深圳信息职业技术学院学报》2006,4(4):48-51,59
蚂蚁算法在大规模网络寻找最优路径速度较慢,无法对最优路径进行数据流量控制。本文提出基于核心路由器的蚂蚁算法,通过从网络的各个核心路由器出发并行寻找最优路径,可以加快寻找最优路径的速度,并且能根据网络状况自动分流数据,这样可以保证网络的服务质量。 相似文献
10.
韩愈绝句在广泛继承前人创作经验的基础上,融入自己古文、古诗创作的成功经验,以不同惯常的"奇崛"之法创作绝句,呈现出语奇、象奇、句奇、章奇、境奇、意奇、式奇的艺术特色,确立了绝句"奇崛"的审美规范. 相似文献
11.
This article explores the idea of the worthwhile risk of education, as necessarily involving a transition from one of initiation and risk to that of co-belonging. We commence by considering a contention that while education is a human activity whereby an individual might be initiated into various encounters, the potential experience thereof is as yet un-encountered and strange, and only to be imagined. Following on the idea of education as the subject of imagination—that is, not knowing what to expect beforehand, and thereby being prepared to take some risk—we turn our attention to education as necessarily being accompanied by risk. In this sense, if an individual takes a risk to experience something new and strange, the possibility exists that she could disrupt what she is about to encounter, because engaging with the other, is an activity associated with taking a risk towards increasing imagination. In this way, initiation into something new and strange seems commensurate with the act of taking risks which could involve disruption. By building on ideas of education as a worthwhile risk that engages people deliberatively, we extend our argument to that of education as an initiation into a co-belonging, which recognises people’s ability to both deliberate, and not to deliberate. 相似文献
12.
Michael G. Moran 《Technical Communication Quarterly》2003,12(2):125-154
In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh received from Queen Elizabeth a patent to colonize any region of North America not possessed by a Christian prince. In 1585 he sent a fleet of seven ships to plant a colony under the governorship of Ralph Lane on Roanoke Island near what is now the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The colony lasted less than a year and then returned to England, where Lane produced a commercial report explaining the failure. Using research from speech communication on the rhetoric of apologia, this essay analyzes Lane's attempts to answer four criticisms of his governorship: that he mistreated the Indians, that he failed to explore the region to find commodities valuable to Raleigh and his investors, that he was an incompetent military commander, and that he deserted the colony. The essay also evaluates Lane's recommendations that future colonies be established further north on the Chesapeake Bay. 相似文献
13.
介绍了混沌系统和奇怪吸引子的概念,以Lorenz系统、Chen系统和Lü系统为模型,通过在Matlab Simulink下构建这几类混沌系统,对其产生的混沌序列画出相应的相空间图,进而分析它们的奇怪吸引子,最后构建统一混沌系统模型. 相似文献
14.
Two strains of rats (albino Wistar and hooded PVG/c) were exposed to a conditioned defensive burying paradigm that consisted of placing rats in a test chamber with bedding material on the floor, shocking them with a shock prod, and recording the time each rat spent in burying responses toward the prod. Various behaviors other than burying (freezing, grooming/paw licking) were observed by a time-sampling procedure during the control, conditioning, and extinction sessions, each of which was 15 min in duration. Wistar rats generally showed behavioral inhibition, as evidenced by less burying, lower exploratory and ambulatory behavior, and higher freezing behavior. PVG/c rats spent significantly more time engaged in burying and accumulated more bedding material in the conditioning session than did the Wistar rats. No significant differences between the two strains of rats were observed during the extinction session in terms of these measurements. The results indicate that Wistar rats have a greater tendency to freeze when coping with the noxious stimulus in a conditioned defensive burying paradigm, whereas the dominant coping style for PVG/c rats is defensive burying. 相似文献
15.
Our complex world requires multivariate reasoning to make sense of reality. Within this paper, we offer a sequence of activities designed to develop multivariate reasoning by explicitly connecting data and visualization. The activities were designed based on a hypothetical learning trajectory we conjectured for students with limited experience with multivariate visualizations. Drawing from evidence collected using these activities in a series of professional development sessions with in-service teachers, we find that the activities functioned as intended, and thus we promote these activities for developing students' multivariate reasoning at the secondary and post-secondary level. We detail specific challenges the teachers faced, and based on these results, offer our reflections and recommendations for curricula and teaching. 相似文献
16.
北美13个殖民地建立后与宗主国长期保持相容、并存、互利的良性关系。英国通过在北美的殖民统治获取了巨大的经济利益的同时,客观上也促进了北美的全面开拓和发展。从1763年起,英国对北美殖民地的统治政策改弦易辙,然而“新殖民地政策”却导致双方共处关系的交恶与决裂。因此,英国殖民统治政策是制导殖民地与宗主国关系的核心因素,在北美发展及其与母国关系演化的过程中发挥着双重作用。 相似文献
17.
Nowbahari E 《Learning & behavior》2007,35(2):87-94
Ants learn the odors of members of their colony early in postnatal life, but their ability to learn to recognize noncolony
conspecifics and heterospecifics has never been explored. We used a habituation—discrimination paradigm to assess individual
recognition in adult Formicine ants,Cataglyphis niger. Pairs of workers from different colonies were placed together for repeated trials, and their ability to discriminate the
ant that they encountered from another familiar or unfamiliar ant was observed. Some ants were isolated between encounters,
and others were returned to their home colonies. Our results suggest for the first time in ants that C. niger adults learn
about individual ants that they have encountered and recognize them in subsequent encounters. Ants are less aggressive toward
non-nestmates after they are familiar with one another, but they are aggressive again when they encounter an unfamiliar individual.
Learning about non-nestmates does not interfere with an ant’s memory of members from its own colony. 相似文献
18.
通过对菌落特征的观察,从油泥中筛选出一株区别于校园土壤中的放线菌;并通过对两菌株摇瓶发酵代谢产物的核磁共振氢谱比较,为后续研究的深入提供理论依据.结果表明,从油泥和校园土壤中分离纯化的两菌株其菌落都与培养基牢固结合、不透明、较干燥、正反颜色不同,有泥腥味.但菌落正面＂干粉＂前者呈浅灰色,而后者呈白色;菌落反面呈棕褐色,前者明显深于后者;核磁共振氢谱表明两种菌的代谢产物有明显差异.因此,不同环境中的放线菌菌落特征有差异,其色泽表现出对环境的适应;其代谢产物也有差异. 相似文献
19.
李晓华 《四川三峡学院学报》2014,(2):97-104
从创作学角度提出一个新概念“创作介体”,这是以往文艺创作与文艺研究中所忽略的,却是中国文艺的一大特色,并对文艺创作和研究产生着深刻影响。以近年重庆文艺创作实践与经验为例,来论证“创作介体”对创作主体、创作客体、创作载体、创作受体四个方面的统摄作用。 相似文献
20.
The implementation of clay modeling and rat dissection into the human anatomy and physiology curriculum of a large urban community college 
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下载免费PDF全文 After a considerable amount of research and experimentation, cat dissection was replaced with rat dissection and clay modeling in the human anatomy and physiology laboratory curricula at La Guardia Community College (LAGCC), a large urban community college of the City University of New York (CUNY). This article describes the challenges faculty overcame and the techniques used to solve them. Methods involved were: developing a laboratory manual in conjunction with the publisher, holding training sessions for faculty and staff, the development of instructional outlines for students and lesson plans for faculty, the installation of storage facilities to hold mannequins instead of cat specimens, and designing mannequin clean‐up techniques that could be used by more than one thousand students each semester. The effectiveness of these curricular changes was assessed by examining student muscle practical examination grades and the responses of faculty and students to questionnaires. The results demonstrated that the majority of faculty felt prepared to teach using clay modeling and believed the activity was effective in presenting lesson content. Students undertaking clay modeling had significantly higher muscle practical examination grades than students undertaking cat dissection, and the majority of students believed that clay modeling was an effective technique to learn human skeletal, respiratory, and cardiovascular anatomy, which included the names and locations of blood vessels. Furthermore, the majority of students felt that rat dissection helped them learn nervous, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system anatomy. Faculty experience at LAGCC may serve as a resource to other academic institutions developing new curricula for large, on‐going courses. Anat Sci Educ. 7: 38–46. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists. 相似文献