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1.
Zentall TR 《Learning & behavior》2004,32(1):15-23
Action imitation, once thought to be a behavior almost exclusively limited to humans and the great apes, surprisingly also
has been found in a number of bird species. Because imitation has been viewed by some psychologists as a form of intelligent
behavior, there has been interest in how it is distributed among animal species. Although the mechanisms responsible for action
imitation are not clear, we are now at least beginning to understand the conditions under which it occurs. In this article,
I try to identify and differentiate the various forms of socially influenced behavior (species-typical social reactions, social
effects on motivation, social effects on perception, socially influenced learning, and action imitation) and explain why it
is important to differentiate imitation from other forms of social influence. I also examine some of the variables that appear
to be involved in the occurrence of imitation. Finally, I speculate about why a number of bird species, but few mammal species,
appear to imitate. 相似文献
2.
We review socially biased learning about food and problem solving in monkeys, relying especially on studies with tufted capuchin
monkeys (Cebus apella) and callitrichid monkeys. Capuchin monkeys most effectively learn to solve a new problem when they can act jointly with
an experienced partner in a socially tolerant setting and when the problem can be solved by direct action on an object or
substrate, but they do not learn by imitation. Capuchin monkeys are motivated to eat foods, whether familiar or novel, when
they are with others that are eating, regardless of what the others are eating. Thus, social bias in learning about foods
is indirect and mediated by facilitation of feeding. In most respects, social biases in learning are similar in capuchins
and callitrichids, except that callitrichids provide more specific behavioral cues to others about the availability and palatability
of foods. Callitrichids generally are more tolerant toward group members and coordinate their activity in space and time more
closely than capuchins do. These characteristics support stronger social biases in learning in callitrichids than in capuchins
in some situations. On the other hand, callitrichids’ more limited range of manipulative behaviors, greater neophobia, and
greater sensitivity to the risk of predation restricts what these monkeys learn in comparison with capuchins. We suggest that
socially biased learning is always the collective outcome of interacting physical, social, and individual factors, and that
differences across populations and species in social bias in learning reflect variations in all these dimensions. Progress
in understanding socially biased learning in nonhuman species will be aided by the development of appropriately detailed models
of the richly interconnected processes affecting learning. 相似文献
3.
Field experiments can provide compelling demonstrations of social learning in wild populations. Social learning has been experimentally
demonstrated in at least 23 field experiments, in 20 species, covering a range of contexts, such as foraging preferences and
techniques, habitat choice, and predator avoidance. We review experimental approaches taken in the field and with wild animals
brought into captivity and note how these approaches can be extended. Relocating individuals, introducing trained individual
demonstrators or novel behaviors into a population, or providing demonstrator-manipulated artifacts can establish whether
and how a particular act can be socially transmitted in the wild and can help elucidate the benefits of social learning. The
type, strength, and consistency of presented social information can be varied, and the provision of conditions favoring the
performance of an act can both establish individual discovery rates and help determine whether social information is needed
for acquisition. By blocking particular avenues of social transmission or removing key individuals, routes of transmission
in wild populations can be investigated. Manipulation of conditions proposed to favor social learning can test mathematical
models of the evolution of social learning. We illustrate how field experiments are a viable, vital, and informative approach
to the study of social learning. 相似文献
4.
Children''s Awareness of the Biological Implications of Kinship 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Ken Springer 《Child development》1992,63(4):950-959
Preschoolers' thinking about kinship was explored by means of a simple induction task. A target animal was described as possessing a property, and children were asked whether each of 2 other animals shares the property or not. When no information about kinship was given, children in Experiment 1 based their inductions of biological properties on physical similarity. However, when kinship relations were specified, children judged that dissimilar-looking kin share more biological properties than similar-looking but unrelated members of the same species. In Experiment 2, describing the similar animals as socially related did not change the basic pattern of inductions obtained in the first experiment. Moreover, subjects in Experiment 3 did not induce more acquired physical and psychological properties among families than among unrelated animals. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 illustrate one case where young children favor a nonperceptible relation (kinship) over a perceptible one (similarity) as a basis for judgment. The overall pattern of data suggest that young children distinguish to some extent between the biological and social domains. 相似文献
5.
Kim Hill 《Learning & behavior》2010,38(3):319-328
Here I discuss how studies on animal social learning may help us understand human culture. It is an evolutionary truism that
complex biological adaptations always evolve from less complex but related adaptations, but occasionally evolutionary transitions
lead to major biological changes whose end products are difficult to anticipate. Language-based cumulative adaptive culture
in humans may represent an evolutionary transition of this type. Most of the social learning observed in animals (and even
plants) may be due to mechanisms that cannot produce cumulative cultural adaptations. Likewise, much of the critical content
of socially transmitted human culture seems to show no parallel in nonhuman species. Thus, with regard to the uniquely human
extent and quality of culture, we are forced to ask: Are other species only a few small steps away from this transition, or
do they lack multiple critical features that make us the only truly cultural species? Only future research into animal social
learning can answer these questions. 相似文献
6.
David Pomeroy 《Gender and education》2017,29(6):748-763
This article contributes to the long-running discussion about the gendering of mathematics learning by exploring the social biographies of six exceptionally high-attaining mathematics students, four women and two men. In contrast to some prior studies, these students appeared to feel no need to downplay being ‘good at maths’ in order to maintain social credibility with their socially privileged peers. I attempt to make sense of their stories from two theoretical standpoints: (1) a post-structuralist approach that emphasises discourses that position mathematics as masculine and (2) an approach, based on Bourdieu, that asks how mathematics is valued in different school and peer group settings. I show how, as I worked with the data, my emphasis moved from the former to the latter, and suggest that research in gender and education has much to gain from theoretical reflexivity alongside personal and methodological reflexivity. 相似文献
7.
Social anxiety has been linked with adverse consequences for adolescents in education, including low self-efficacy, poor academic attainment and difficulties with social functioning. However, studies have not considered the phenomenon from an educator’s point of view. We set out to explore the perceptions of secondary school teachers concerning socially anxious adolescents and the implications of social anxiety for their learning and development. Seven secondary school teachers in the north west of England took part in semi-structured interviews focused on their lived experiences of supporting socially anxious adolescents. The findings suggest that educators perceive social anxiety to have the potential to be persistent and debilitating, impeding learning and development. The findings also demonstrate that teachers are aware of social anxiety and supportive strategies, but face difficulties in disentangling different anxious behaviours and providing differentiation. Conclusions indicate that recurring professional development and teacher training surrounding anxieties and comorbid behaviour may alleviate negative consequences for learning and development. 相似文献
8.
利用均值不等式方法,研究一类食饵和捕食者都具有阶段结构且捕食者存在两个缀块的捕食系统,得到了其持续生存的充分条件. 相似文献
9.
Language learning takes place in the context of social interactions, yet the mechanisms that render social interactions useful for learning language remain unclear. This study focuses on whether social contingency might support word learning. Toddlers aged 24–30 months (N = 36) were exposed to novel verbs in one of three conditions: live interaction training, socially contingent video training over video chat, and noncontingent video training (yoked video). Results suggest that children only learned novel verbs in socially contingent interactions (live interactions and video chat). This study highlights the importance of social contingency in interactions for language learning and informs the literature on learning through screen media as the first study to examine word learning through video chat technology. 相似文献
10.
利用均值不等式方法，研究一类食饵和捕食者都具有阶段结构且捕食者存在两个缀块的捕食系统，得到了其持续生存的充分条件。 相似文献
11.
Milton D. Suboski 《Learning & behavior》1992,20(1):63-82
This review evaluates the bases of the widely held assumption that amphibians and reptiles possess impoverished learning abilities. Procedurally defined forms of learning (instrumental conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning and autoshaping, imprinting, and social learning) are reviewed, as well as evidence for the involvement of learning in various behavioral phenomena, including aversive stimulus and predator avoidance, noxious and palatable food recognition, conditioned aversion formation, search image, conspecific recognition, habitat recognition, and cultural transmission of stimulus recognition. The evidence reviewed suggests that amphibian and reptilian learning, for the most part, consists of a releasing-stimulus-induced redirection of innately organized released responses. Amphibians and reptiles appear to learn what stimulus to respond to rather than how to respond to a particular stimulus. 相似文献
12.
Theoretical analyses within the broad field of social learning research give mixed conclusions on whether the shape of a diffusion
curve can be used to infer that a learned trait increases through social or asocial learning. Here we explore how factors
such as task structure (e.g., multiple-step tasks), task abandonment, subgoal learning, and neophobia affect the shape of
the diffusion curve for both asocially learned and socially learned behavior. We demonstrate that, whereas social learning
increases the likelihood of S-shaped curves, sigmoidal patterns can be generated by entirely asocial processes, and cannot
be reliably interpreted as indicators of social learning. Our findings reinforce the view that diffusion curve analysis is
not a reliable way of detecting social transmission. We also draw attention to the fact that task structure can similarly
confound interpretation of network-based diffusion analyses, and suggest resolutions to this problem. Supplemental materials
for this article may be downloaded from http://lb.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
13.
Two experiments investigating sex differences in the open-field behavior of young chicks are reported. In the first experiment, ambulation latencies of 10-day-old male and female chicks in a novel environment were measured. Half of the chicks were kept in social isolation for 2 days prior to testing; the other half were socially reared until tested. Results showed that in socially reared chicks ambulation latencies were significantly higher in males than in females, whereas in isolation-reared chicks there were no significant sex differences. In the second experiment, latencies of ambulation were measured in socially reared 10-day-old chicks placed in a novel environment with or without a visible predator (i.e., a human being). Sex differences were evident in both conditions, with males showing higher ambulation latencies than females. It is argued that sex differences in open-field behavior of chicks may be due to a stronger motivation for social reinstatement in females, which reduces the usual antipredatory reactions of chicks placed in a novel environment. 相似文献
14.
This article is concerned with exploring the ways in which head teachers’ leadership for social justice is understood and enacted within the context of inclusion. Head teachers’ leadership praxis is influenced by individual understandings of social justice, as well as dominant institutional realities and policy priorities that indicate the extent to which there is commitment to the process of socially just change. This commitment is significantly manifested in the ways in which an educational system advances new forms of professionalism, effectiveness indicators and accountability regimes that are aligned with concerns about providing socially just and non-discriminatory learning communities for learner diversity. 相似文献
15.
Bennett G. Galef Brigitte Rudolf Elaine E. Whiskin Elena Choleris Marisa Mainardi Paola Valsecchi 《Learning & behavior》1998,26(4):448-454
In recent experiments in which the social influences on feeding in Mongolian gerbils were investigated, observer gerbils acquired food preferences from conspecific demonstrators only if the demonstrators and observers were either related or familiar. Even then, the effects of demonstrator gerbils on observers’ food choices lasted less than 24 h. In similar experiments with Norway rats, the familiarity/relatedness of demonstrators and observers had little effect on social learning, and the demonstrators’ influence on observers’ food choices lasted many days. We examined the causes of these differences and found that, after observer gerbils interacted with either unfamiliar or familiar conspecific demonstrators that had been fed using procedures typically used to feed demonstrator rats, they showed long-lasting social learning about foods, whereas observer rats interacting with conspecific demonstrators that had been fed as demonstrator gerbils normally are fed showed effects of familiarity/relatedness to demonstrators on their social learning about foods. Procedural differences, rather than species differences, seem to be responsible for reported inconsistencies in social learning about foods by rats and gerbils. 相似文献
16.
The UK English subject benchmark statements express the discipline’s commitment to contribute to an ‘ideal of lifelong learning’. In this article, I consider what this commitment may mean for practice and explore why its attainment is complex and contentious. In doing so, I examine some of the ways in which lecturers’ professional identities are experienced and enacted in educational settings where students have their first introduction to higher education English Studies. I suggest that the pedagogic principles and practices which lecturers describe need to be seen as deeply embedded within networks of social and discipline-based discourses and social and institutional relations. 相似文献
17.
Albert Stabler 《The International Journal of Art & Design Education》2019,38(4):867-877
Race, history and visibility have a great deal to do with how disability operated socially and educationally in the Chicago public high school art classroom where I taught for ten years. I am severely near‐sighted, and I am also white, educated and often, but not consistently, able to pass for non‐disabled. A large number of my students were identified as having learning, emotional and behavioural disabilities, diagnoses which were certainly conditioned by the institution, but diagnoses which perhaps also underrepresented the amount of socially and historically occasioned impairment or debility that existed in the low‐income majority‐Black community served by my school. In this article I reflect on the overlapping social performances that occurred in terms of ‘disability passing’, a state that can characterise both hidden and exaggerated or invented impairments. My reflections examine my own individual experience in contrast to the long‐term experience of the African diaspora in and beyond the USA, in order to think about other ways to parse the complex factors determining how disability plays out in educational environments. 相似文献
18.
The aims of this study were to investigate the dimensionality of internalizing problems among secondary high school pupils and to find out about their preferences for the social organization of learning formats. We wanted to see if preferences varied for pupils reporting different kinds of internalizing problems. Five hundred and one pupils in Grades 8, 9 and 10 (aged 13–16 years) from two secondary schools in a city in the south of Norway participated in the study. The results indicate that internalizing problems can be sub‐divided into symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety and social passive behaviour. We found a high association between symptoms of depression and symptoms of anxiety. However, scores for social passivity showed relatively low associations with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our results indicated that all pupils with internalizing difficulties had lower than average negative preferences for most of the learning formats. Our results also suggest that depressed pupils have a particularly low preference for individual work, whereas socially passive pupils are most negative about whole class interactions. 相似文献
19.
V. Csányi 《Learning & behavior》1986,14(1):101-109
The possible role of eyespot patterns in predator recognition by paradise fish was examined using a passive avoidance conditioning technique with various dummies or live goldfish. It was found that a low-intensity shock, although clearly uncomfortable, elicited exploratory behavior in the fish and that observable learning did not occur. However, if the paradise fish was shocked in the presence of a live goldfish or various fish dummies, exploration diminished and avoidance learning was detected. This was characterized by a considerable increase in latency to enter the shocked compartment. The most effective dummies were those with two laterally arranged eye-like spots. The possible role of species-specific key stimuli in avoidance learning and organizing defensive behavior of the paradise fish is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Corina J. Logan Alexis J. Breen Alex H. Taylor Russell D. Gray William J. E. Hoppitt 《Learning & behavior》2016,44(1):18-28
New Caledonian crows make and use tools, and tool types vary over geographic landscapes. Social learning may explain the variation in tool design, but it is unknown to what degree social learning accounts for the maintenance of these designs. Indeed, little is known about the mechanisms these crows use to obtain information from others, despite the question’s importance in understanding whether tool behavior is transmitted via social, genetic, or environmental means. For social transmission to account for tool-type variation, copying must utilize a mechanism that is action specific (e.g., pushing left vs. right) as well as context specific (e.g., pushing a particular object vs. any object). To determine whether crows can copy a demonstrator’s actions as well as the contexts in which they occur, we conducted a diffusion experiment using a novel foraging task. We used a nontool task to eliminate any confounds introduced by individual differences in their prior tool experience. Two groups had demonstrators (trained in isolation on different options of a four-option task, including a two-action option) and one group did not. We found that crows socially learn about context: After observers see a demonstrator interact with the task, they are more likely to interact with the same parts of the task. In contrast, observers did not copy the demonstrator’s specific actions. Our results suggest it is unlikely that observing tool-making behavior transmits tool types. We suggest it is possible that tool types are transmitted when crows copy the physical form of the tools they encounter. 相似文献