共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
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Mirka Hintsanen Saija Alatupa Markus Jokela Jari Lipsanen Taina Hintsa Mare Leino 《Learning and individual differences》2012,22(4):490-497
The current study examines associations between self- and teacher-rated temperament traits (activity, inhibition, negative emotionality, persistence, distractibility, and mood) and mathematics grades. The sample includes 310 ninth grade students (mean age 15.0) from several schools in Finland. Analyses were conducted with multilevel modeling. Except for mood, all temperament traits were associated with math grades independent of motivation and standardized cognitive ability test performance (intelligence). However, some relations were found only for teacher-reports and some only for student-reports. The rater dependent differences are of interest and emphasize a need for data from multiple raters before drawing conclusions on how temperament relates to school grades. The results suggest that temperament should be taken into account in schooling and in teacher education. 相似文献
3.
Arthur R. Jensen 《Educational Psychology Review》1992,4(3):271-308
Psychometric g, the general factor in individual differences in all types of tests and performances involving any mental ability, has much wider importance and implications than are encompassed by the field of psychometrics. It is argued that the nature of g must be understood in terms of information processes rather than in terms of the specific knowledge and skills that are seen in the content of conventional mental tests. The wide range of individual differences in g and disparities in the distribution of g in different subpopulations have important implications for understanding some of the major problems confronting public education. 相似文献
4.
Neonatal Temperament in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twin Pairs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marilyn L. Riese 《Child development》1990,61(4):1230-1237
To determine if neonatal temperament was influenced by genetic factors, temperament was assessed in 316 newborn twins from 47 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins, 39 pairs of same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins, and 72 pairs of opposite-sex dizygotic twins. The neonatal assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, activity level, reactivity, and reinforcement value. Examination of intraclass correlations for MZ and DZ twins and the results of model-fitting analyses indicated that heritability estimates for neonatal temperament were not significantly different from zero, and that there was substantial environmental influence on neonatal temperament. Specific perinatal indicators of risk were found to account for some of the intrapair differences observed for the behavioral variables. It was concluded that there is no clear pattern of genetic influence on temperament in the neonatal period. 相似文献
5.
优良的性格是儿童智力、才能得以充分发挥的重要保证,而当前流行的＂狼性＂教育,主张培养儿童个性张扬、敢于挑战、不断超越的＂狼性＂气质,以使他们在激烈的社会竞争中得以生存。但是,这种教育理念,在凸显＂狼性＂教育优势的同时,将＂羊性＂教育作为对立面,认为其已经不适应高速发展的社会需求,只有＂狼性＂教育才能造就社会需要的合格人才,此种观点显然有失偏颇。在对两种文化比较分析的基础上,找出最适合儿童性格教育的模式势在必行。 相似文献
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J B Merbler 《American annals of the deaf》1990,135(5):379-383
This article describes a three-phase program for training special education teachers to teach Logo and artificial intelligence. Logo is derived from the LISP computer language and is relatively simple to learn and use, and it is argued that these factors make it an ideal tool for classroom experimentation in basic artificial intelligence concepts. The program trains teachers to develop simple demonstrations of artificial intelligence using Logo. The material that the teachers learn to teach is suitable as an advanced level topic for intermediate- through secondary-level students enrolled in computer competency or similar courses. The material emphasizes problem-solving and thinking skills using a nonverbal expressive medium (Logo), thus it is deemed especially appropriate for hearing-impaired children. It is also sufficiently challenging for academically talented children, whether hearing or deaf. Although the notion of teachers as programmers is controversial, Logo is relatively easy to learn, has direct implications for education, and has been found to be an excellent tool for empowerment-for both teachers and children. 相似文献
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Toward a Synthesis of Parental Socialization and Child Temperament in Early Development of Conscience 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
Grazyna Kochanska 《Child development》1993,64(2):325-347
It is argued that, while research on conscience development has emphasized the contribution of parental socialization, the influence of children's temperament has been largely neglected. Two developmental processes that result in the formation of two respective components of conscience are proposed: (1) development of the tendency to experience affective discomfort, guilt, and anxiety associated with wrongdoing; and (2) development of behavioral control—the ability to inhibit a prohibited action, to suppress an antisocial or destructive impulse, and to perform a more prosocial/desirable behavior. Individual differences among children and qualities of parental socialization in relation to both processes are considered as they contribute to conscience development. Relevant evidence from neopsychoanalytic, attributional, social-learning, and temperament models is reviewed. New avenues of research that integrate socialization and temperament perspectives in a developmental framework are proposed. The importance of the study of early developmental periods is emphasized. 相似文献
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Antonella D'Amico Maurizio Cardaci Santo Di Nuovo Jack A. Naglieri 《Learning and individual differences》2012,22(1):128-132
Lynn (2010a, 2010b) argued that individuals from south Italy have a lower IQ than individuals from north Italy, and that these differences in IQ are at the basis of north–south gap in income, education, infant mortality, stature, and literacy. In the present paper, we discuss several theoretical and methodological aspects which we regard as flaws of Lynn's studies. Moreover, we report scores of southern Italian children on Raven's Progressive Matrices and a north–south comparison for the PASS theory of intelligence as measured by the Cognitive Assessment System (Taddei & Naglieri, 2006). Both results reveal similar levels of performance of northern and southern Italian children in fluid intelligence and PASS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive) cognitive abilities. 相似文献
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用情绪智力量表、气质量表研究了410名大学生的情绪智力和气质类型及其二者的关系。结果显示:男生在黏液质上的得分显著低于女大学生;不同气质类型大学生的情绪智力具有显著的差异,胆汁质和多血质得分越高的大学生,其情绪智力也越高。 相似文献
10.
We propose and discuss several hypotheses concerning the unique developmental status of peer relations in the first three years of life. We then suggest how these developmental differences might translate into hypotheses regarding early individual differences. The integrating questions revolve around whether individual differences in toddler and early preschool peer relations mean the same thing to young children as they do to older children, and whether they carry the same weight and serve the same functions in toddler peer groups as in peer groups among older children. Specifically, we suggest three ways that peer relations in the first three years are fundamentally different from later childhood peer relations: 1) they are likely to be more directly linked to and determined by temperament and attachment relationships; 2) limits in self and other understanding in the early years we likely to constrain both individual interaction skills and the formation of relationships with peers; 3) because emotion regulation in very young children is different from childhood emotion regulation, its role in governing peer relations will likely be different as well. Together, these proposals lead to the conclusion that individual differences in toddler peer relations must carry different meaning than in later childhood. A developmental perspective on individual differences suggests both continuities and discontinuities between toddler peer relations and childhood peer relations, and we offer several predictions. 相似文献
11.
《Early education and development》2013,24(3):403-413
We propose and discuss several hypotheses concerning the unique developmental status of peer relations in the first three years of life. We then suggest how these developmental differences might translate into hypotheses regarding early individual differences. The integrating questions revolve around whether individual differences in toddler and early preschool peer relations mean the same thing to young children as they do to older children, and whether they carry the same weight and serve the same functions in toddler peer groups as in peer groups among older children. Specifically, we suggest three ways that peer relations in the first three years are fundamentally different from later childhood peer relations: 1) they are likely to be more directly linked to and determined by temperament and attachment relationships; 2) limits in self and other understanding in the early years we likely to constrain both individual interaction skills and the formation of relationships with peers; 3) because emotion regulation in very young children is different from childhood emotion regulation, its role in governing peer relations will likely be different as well. Together, these proposals lead to the conclusion that individual differences in toddler peer relations must carry different meaning than in later childhood. A developmental perspective on individual differences suggests both continuities and discontinuities between toddler peer relations and childhood peer relations, and we offer several predictions. 相似文献
12.
Christian Lundahl 《History of education》2013,42(5):646-663
Between 1946 and 1956, the Swedish Psychological and Pedagogical Institute (SPPI) organised several summer courses for the purpose of training teachers in intelligence testing. The aim of the courses was to make these teachers the first gatekeepers who would meet and direct the youngest pupils into ordinary classes or into special classes. This paper investigates the course leaders and the participants in these courses, as well as the content taught. It is argued that these testing courses are examples of a shift in assessment in education from trusting teachers’ ‘judgements’ of pupils’ skills and abilities to externally standardising the ‘measure’ of these merits. It is also argued that researchers and teachers were part of a larger change in the politics of IQ. SPPI’s role within this process was that of a new and modern institution serving society: making IQ testing a public familiarity and the stratification of children that often followed from it. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of moral education》2012,41(2):99-107
AbstractThree fashionable approaches to moral education are examined to see how far they satisfy the ideal of open-mindedness. It seems clear that (1) values clarification, (2) situation ethics and (3) critical issues all seek to avoid indoctrination, and, in different ways, present an alternative to traditional moral instruction with its emphasis on absolute moral rules. In stressing the autonomy of the individual, in denouncing prefabricated rules, and in promoting discussion of vexed questions, a clear concern for open-mindedness can be detected. It is argued, however, that an inadequate account of open-mindedness pervades these approaches. Moral education would benefit from a positive account of open-mindedness. It is not enough merely to avoid the grosser forms of indoctrination. 相似文献
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Bert Hayslip Jr. 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(6):573-595
In an effort to define a future research agenda for gerontologically oriented cognitive training investigators, a number of issues crucial to the efficacy and utility of fluid (Gf) ability training with the aged are discussed. These issues involve (a) underlying mechanisms for fluid ability training, (b) individual differences in response to training, (c) practice effects in Gf performance, and (d) ecological validity. It is argued that these concerns have yet to be adequately understood as they bear on the modification of intellectual performance in elderly people and on the aging of intelligence. 相似文献
15.
John Mclntyre 《Studies in Continuing Education》2013,35(2):80-97
Those who see research as structured by ‘paradigms’ of inquiry are often unclear about the precise nature of these paradigms due to the complexity of the concept. It is argued that there are competing understandings of paradigm, not simply different substantive paradigms. A ‘strong’ or socio‐historical account associated with Kuhn's work is contrasted with a ‘weak’ or philosophical account of paradigm that has become influential in educational circles. This analysis is applied to adult education as an academic field, which in terms of the ‘strong’ account of paradigm is not a unified scholarly enterprise but one animated by divergent, institutionalised research traditions. Three traditions are discussed in detail: participation studies, adult learning theory and participatory research. It is concluded that the field will be advanced by recognising the paradigmatic depth of its scholarly conflicts, and relating these differences to developments in other fields of human inquiry. 相似文献
16.
Elyse Brauch Lehman Barbara Addy Holtz Kelly L. Aikey 《Early education and development》1995,6(1):53-72
Research Findings. Mothers of 4-, 6-, and 8-year-olds completed two questionnaires: (1) the Object Attachment Questionnaire, which was designed to provide information on children's attachments to soft objects, thumbsucking habits, and pacifier use, and (2) Rothbart's Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), which rated children on sixteen temperament dimensions. Discriminant function analysis showed that the best predictors for distinguishing between children who had never had an attachment to a soft object and children who had were: low intensity pleasure, impulsivity, approach/anticipation, attentional focusing, and sad- ness. Children with soft object attachments were rated higher (i.e. showed more) on all of these dimensions. None of the temperament dimensions distinguished between children who rarely sucked their thumbs and those who frequently did so, while children who had used a pacifier scored higher on two dimensions (activity level and approach/anticipation) than children who had not used a pacifier even though one was available. Results support the hypothesis that individual differences in temperament are associated with the development of attachment to objects. Practice. Children with attachments to soft objects and thumbs were not generally insecure or difficult to manage. The pattern of temperament differences, however, suggests strengths that teachers might make use of in the classroom as well as difficulties that might require staff intervention. 相似文献
17.
This paper reviews the concept of school readiness as it applies to children with disabilities. It is argued that children with disabilities are of two primary types: normative and non-normative. The majority of children in special education are in the non-normative category, whose definition is based on failures in children's early encounters with the educational system. Classification of such children as "not-ready for school" is a function of bureaucratic definition, teacher variability, and the child's ethnicity and social class. The authors have taken the position that children in both disability categories should be considered appropriate for regular general education and that the readiness concept which appears to be most appropriate for children with labeled special needs is actually not appropriate for any child. 相似文献
18.
《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2013,45(2):133-150
In this essay, I attempt to interpret the educational philosophy of John Dewey in a way that accomplishes two goals. The first of these is to avoid any reference to Dewey as a propagator of a particular scientific method or to any of the individualist and cognitivist ideas that is sometimes associated with him. Secondly, I want to overcome the tendency to interpret Dewey as a naturalist by looking at his concept of intelligence. It is argued that ‘intelligent experience’ is the basic concept of education. I suggest how this concept should be understood. I propose to look at it as an interplay between the faculties of imagination and judgment. 相似文献
19.
Visual Imagery: a discussion 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S.V. Thompson 《教育心理学》1990,10(2):141-167
It is proposed that individual differences in visual imagery, together with a lack of understanding that others may think in a radically different way in this respect, may have had a profound effect on theories of thought and knowledge from ancient times onwards. From the end of the nineteenth century, however, there has been a growing awareness of these differences, and of the nature of mental imagery, which has been shown to be constructive and perceptual. Such fundamental differences in thinking style might have been expected to have important didactic and heuristic implications, yet attempts to validate measures of this variable in terms of educationally significant correlates have been relatively unsuccessful. Two possible reasons for this are the self‐report nature of most tests, and the failure to distinguish between different aspects of visual material in the validating tasks. It is argued that increased awareness of the issue of mental imagery, among both teachers and pupils, could lead to more flexible teaching methods which take greater account of a pupil's individual style of thought and its interaction with the nature of the learning task. 相似文献
20.
Les R. V. Burwood 《Educational studies》1992,18(3):311-321
This paper reviews some of the evidence which demonstrates under‐achievement in working‐class children together with important analyses and interpretations, and contemporary practical attempts to redress the problem. It is argued that practical innovations have not greatly influenced or improved the relationship between class and achievement. An attempt is made to discover to what extent the introduction of a National Curriculum as part of the Education Reform Act can be seen as a potential solution to the problem of working‐class under‐achievement. It is argued that the means of redressing working‐class under‐achievement in the National Curriculum must lie ultimately with individual teachers and their ability to present the National Curriculum in relevant forms to all children. In any mass education process there will be those for whom the given curriculum is removed from everyday experience. This does not invalidate the idea of “worthwhile’ knowledge but it means that we must be constantly questioning how we can transmit the curriculum while, as far as is possible, reducing the gap between everyday experience and classroom experience. 相似文献