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1.
Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environments provide learners with multiple representational tools for storing, sharing, and constructing knowledge. However, little is known about how learners organize knowledge through multiple representations about complex socioscientific issues. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate learners’ knowledge organization (KO) through multiple representations in a CSCL environment. We designed a learning unit on nuclear energy and implemented it with a group of 20 college students. The participants used a web-based hypertext KO platform that incorporated three representational modes: textual, pictorial, and concept map. The platform interlinked learners’ knowledge entries based on similar keywords. Utilizing mixed methods research we analyzed the individual entries and the knowledge base to determine KO both at the individual and the collective levels. We found that the density of the knowledge base was high; the learners mostly benefited from their text- and concept map-based entries, though the picture-based entries were also an important means for connecting entries with similar content and hence creating a dense knowledge base. Our results suggest that KO with multiple representations can create a more comprehensive knowledge base. Using distinct analytical approaches will allow CSCL researchers to better identify KO both at the individual and collective levels. 相似文献
2.
Tobin White 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2009,72(1):17-37
This paper introduces an applied problem-solving task, set in the context of cryptography and embedded in a network of computer-based
tools. This designed learning environment engaged students in a series of collaborative problem-solving activities intended
to introduce the topic of functions through a set of linked representations. In a classroom-based study, students were asked
to imagine themselves as cryptanalysts, and to collaborate with the other members of their small group on a series of increasingly
difficult problem-solving tasks over several sessions. These tasks involved decrypting text messages that had been encrypted
using polynomial functions as substitution ciphers. Drawing on the distinction between viewing functions as processes and
as objects, the paper presents a detailed analysis of two groups’ developing fluency with regard to these tasks, and of the
aspects of the function concept underlying their problem-solving approaches. Results of this study indicated that different
levels of expertise with regard to the task environment reflected and required different aspects of functions, and thus represented
distinct opportunities to engage those different aspects of the function concept. 相似文献
3.
Compared with research on the role of student engagement with expert representations in learning science, investigation of the use and theoretical justification of student-generated representations to learn science is less common. In this paper, we present a framework that aims to integrate three perspectives to explain how and why representational construction supports learning in science. The first or semiotic perspective focuses on student use of particular features of symbolic and material tools to make meanings in science. The second or epistemic perspective focuses on how this representational construction relates to the broader picture of knowledge-building practices of inquiry in this disciplinary field, and the third or epistemological perspective focuses on how and what students can know through engaging in the challenge of representing causal accounts through these semiotic tools. We argue that each perspective entails productive constraints on students’ meaning-making as they construct and interpret their own representations. Our framework seeks to take into account the interplay of diverse cultural and cognitive resources students use in these meaning-making processes. We outline the basis for this framework before illustrating its explanatory value through a sequence of lessons on the topic of evaporation. 相似文献
4.
This article investigates whether different formats of visualizing information result in different mental models constructed
in learning from pictures, whether the different mental models lead to different patterns of performance in subsequently presented
tasks, and how these visualization effects can be modified by further external representations during task performance. A
total of 80 university students learned from an illustrated text different day times and different dates exist simultaneously
on the earth. One half of the participants received the text combined with pictures visualizing the earth as a kind of carpet
(carpet pictures), whereas the other half received the text combined with pictures visualizing the earth surface as a circle
(circle pictures). After learning, the participants received a test including different kinds of tasks. In both visualization
groups, one half of the participants solved the tasks with an additional external representation, whereas the other half solved
the tasks without an external representation. The findings indicate that the form of visualization affects the structure of
mental models. Different structures of mental models result in different patterns of performance, when individuals solve tasks
based only on their mental representations acquired during their previous learning. However, these effects decrease, when
further external representations are made available to the learners. The findings are discussed within a broader framework
of learning with multiple external representations. 相似文献
5.
Prior research shows that representational competencies that enable students to use graphical representations to reason and solve tasks is key to learning in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics domains. We focus on two types of representational competencies: (1) sense making of connections by verbally explaining how different representations map to one another, and (2) perceptual fluency that allows students to fast and effortlessly use perceptual features to make connections among representations. Because these different competencies are acquired via different types of learning processes, they require different types of instructional support: sense-making activities and fluency-building activities. In a prior experiment, we showed benefits for combining sense-making activities and fluency-building activities. In the current work, we test how to combine these two forms of instructional support, specifically, whether students should first work on sense-making activities or on fluency-building activities. This comparison allows us to investigate whether sense-making competencies enhance students’ acquisition of perceptual fluency (sense-making-first hypothesis) or whether perceptual fluency enhances students’ acquisition of sense-making competencies (fluency-first hypothesis). We conducted a lab experiment with 74 students from grades 3–5 working with an intelligent tutoring system for fractions. We assessed learning processes and learning outcomes related to representational competencies and domain knowledge. Overall, our results support the sense-making-first hypothesis, but not the fluency-first hypothesis. 相似文献
6.
Erica Rosenfeld Halverson 《学习科学杂志》2013,22(1):121-162
In this article I bring artistic production into the learning sciences conversation by using the production of representations as a bridging concept between art making and the new literacies. Through case studies with 4 youth media arts organizations across the United States I ask how organizations structure the process of producing autobiographical digital art through a focus on representational tasks and how learning can be traced by examining youth artists' representations over time. Using a distributed cognition framework I analyze data on the process of making digital art in terms of the macro and micro tasks performed in order to identify occasions for external representation construction and use across organizations. I then examine how individual youth engage in these macro and micro tasks by producing representations that demonstrate their understanding. These analyses show that youth media arts organization production processes engage young artists in a representational trajectory that begins with developing a story about the self, moves toward a focus on how the tools of the medium afford representation of that story, and culminates in digital representations that reflect an understanding of the relationship between story and tools. 相似文献
7.
Eleni Deliyianni Athanasios Gagatsis Iliada Elia Areti Panaoura 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2016,14(2):397-417
The aim of this study was to propose and validate a structural model in fraction and decimal number addition, which is founded primarily on a synthesis of major theoretical approaches in the field of representations in Mathematics and also on previous research on the learning of fractions and decimals. The study was conducted among 1701 primary and secondary school students. Eight components, which all involve representational transformations, were encompassed under the construct of representational flexibility in fraction and decimal number addition. This structure reveals that, for both concepts, the representational transformation competences of recognition and conversion, and therefore representational flexibility as well, were affected by the complexity of the concepts involved and the direction of the conversion, respectively. Results also showed that two first-order factors were needed to explain the problem-solving ability in fraction and decimal number addition, indicating the differential effect of the modes of representation that is diagrammatic and verbal form on problem-solving ability irrespective of the concepts involved, as in the case of the conversions. Representational flexibility and problem-solving ability were found to be major components of students’ representational thinking of fraction and decimal number addition. The proposed framework was invariant across the primary and secondary school students. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
8.
The aim of the present study was to investigate those factors influencing performance in solving story problems in a web-based environment. A situational simulation, “Hiking across Estonia,” was explored by two samples of voluntary groups of students, comprising 65 and 50 groups, respectively. They solved 25 ecological and environmental story problems and filled in a pre-test and post-test that evaluated problem-solving skills. The groups were clustered according to their characteristics and performance into five clusters: “slow learners,”“quick learners,”“successful learners,”“smart learners,” and “ineffective learners.” The clusters were provided with different types of supportive notes and the sequence of problems was rearranged according to the students' initial results in the first four problem-solving tasks. These treatments demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the outcome in solving story problems in small groups. The main factors determining the effectiveness of problem solving were: (i) time spent on learning; (ii) initial skills in problem-solving; (iii) the presence of support in enhancing situation awareness; (iv) graduated problem tasks sequenced on the basis of complexity and difficulty; (v) ratio of genders in a learning group. However, the importance of these factors depended on the cluster and, therefore, it can be concluded that the design of problem-solving instruction has to be adapted according to the clusters' characteristics. 相似文献
9.
Deliyianni Eleni Gagatsis Athanasios Elia Iliada Panaoura Areti 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2015,14(2):397-417
The aim of this study was to propose and validate a structural model in fraction and decimal number addition, which is founded primarily on a synthesis of major theoretical approaches in the field of representations in Mathematics and also on previous research on the learning of fractions and decimals. The study was conducted among 1701 primary and secondary school students. Eight components, which all involve representational transformations, were encompassed under the construct of representational flexibility in fraction and decimal number addition. This structure reveals that, for both concepts, the representational transformation competences of recognition and conversion, and therefore representational flexibility as well, were affected by the complexity of the concepts involved and the direction of the conversion, respectively. Results also showed that two first-order factors were needed to explain the problem-solving ability in fraction and decimal number addition, indicating the differential effect of the modes of representation that is diagrammatic and verbal form on problem-solving ability irrespective of the concepts involved, as in the case of the conversions. Representational flexibility and problem-solving ability were found to be major components of students’ representational thinking of fraction and decimal number addition. The proposed framework was invariant across the primary and secondary school students. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
相似文献10.
Transition from concrete to abstract representations: the distributive property in a Chinese textbook series 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Through examining a representative Chinese textbook series’ presentation of the distributive property, this study explores how mathematics curriculum may structure representations in ways that facilitate the transition from concrete to abstract so as to support students’ learning of mathematical principles. A total of 319 instances of the distributive property were identified. The representational transition among these instances was analyzed at three tiers: within one worked example, from the worked example to practice problems within one topic, and across multiple topics over grades. Findings revealed four features that facilitate the transition process in the Chinese textbook series. First, it situates initial learning in a word problem context, which serves as a starting point of the transition process. Second, it sets up abstract representations as an ultimate goal of the multi-tier transition process. Third, it incorporates problem variations with connections in carefully designed tasks that embody the same targeted principles. Fourth, it engages students in constant sense making of the transition process through various pedagogical supports. Implementations and future research directions are also discussed. 相似文献
11.
12.
Projects in Technology Education and Fostering Learning: The Potential and Its Realization 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The current study aimed at examining the efficacy of technological projects as learning tools by exploring the following questions:
the extent to which projects in technology develop students as independent learners; the types of knowledge the students deal
with in working on their projects; the role of problem-solving in technological projects; and how projects integrate into
traditional schooling. The subjects were 53 high school (12th grade) students who prepared graduating projects in technology
under the supervision of nine teachers. Data were collected by observing the students in the laboratory, administrating two
questionnaires to both the students and the teachers, and analyzing 25 portfolios prepared by the students of their projects.
The findings indicate that projects in technology provide a good opportunity to engage students in challenging tasks that
enhance their learning skills. To maximize this potential, it is necessary to employ the project method from the early stages
of learning technology. It is especially important that teachers having a strong engineering orientation also acquire pedagogical
knowledge on issues such as fostering independent learning, creativity, peer learning and reflective practice in the technological
classroom. 相似文献
13.
马志强 《集美大学学报(教育科学版》2014,(1):53-58
基于问题解决的网络协作学习越来越受到CSCL领域研究者的重视。本研究利用设计研究的方法,设计并实施了一轮基于问题解决协作学习活动。数据分析显示50％以上的学习者认为问题解决网络协作学习活动可以发展他们的问题解决能力,并使之获得丰富的在线学习体验。学习者对任务和问题设计的满意度较高,对资源、工具及角色的满意度相对较低。设计存在的主要问题在于角色之间缺乏有效衔接,以至于不同角色的学习者难以协作完成任务。资源与工具缺乏使用提示,以至于学习者难于将资源与工具与具体的学习任务进行整合。 相似文献
14.
Dorothy DeWitt Norlidah Alias Saedah Siraj 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2014,62(4):461-480
Collaborative problem-solving in science instruction allows learners to build their knowledge and understanding through interaction, using the language of science. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools facilitate collaboration and may provide the opportunity for interaction when using the language of science in learning. There seems to be little interaction among students in the science classrooms as teachers only seem to be concerned with teaching the facts of science. An exploratory implementation study for a collaborative mobile learning (CmL) prototype design using CMC tools provides the opportunity for interactions using the language of science. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the CmL prototype can be used for interaction and learning in secondary school science. The prototype, designed based on Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction, was evaluated by five experts before implementation among 14 students. Data collected from interviews with the experts and from students who used the prototype, as well as from online communications, was analyzed. The findings show that interactions when the CmL prototype was used enabled the language of science to be modeled for knowledge-building. This study is explorative in nature and the preliminary results seem to indicate that the CmL prototype has the potential to increase interactions in learning. However, further investigation is required to determine whether the CmL prototype could be used for collaborative problem-solving in science as well as in other subjects, especially in the current educational environment in Malaysia. 相似文献
15.
Miriam Reiner Roy D. Pea Daniel J. Shulman 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》1995,4(3):199-226
We examine the conceptual development resulting from an instructional experiment with an interactive learning environment in geometrical optics for introductory high school physics. How did teaching-learning processes come to change the ways in which students depicted various everyday optical situations in paper and pencil graphical representations? We view conceptual development as a process resulting in part from increasingly aligning one's practices to a target community by means of participating in a community of practice that uses the target concepts. For formal science learning, this participation requires changes in concepts, epistemological attitude, and in the development and use of representational tools, including diagrams and technical language, as a means of communication. Results of our instructional experiment indicated that students went through major conceptual developments as reflected in the diagrams they constructed and supported by other representational tools and as judged in terms of several perspectives: in identifying the formation of shadows and images, in recognizing the eye as a participating factpr in the optical system, and in changing the types of justifications they provided in their optical reasoning from presuppositional to causal. 相似文献
16.
Kay E. Ramey 《学习科学杂志》2017,26(2):277-319
Spatial thinking is important for success in engineering. However, little is known about how students learn and apply spatial skills, particularly in kindergarten to Grade 12 engineering learning. The present study investigated the role of spatial thinking in engineering learning at a middle school summer camp. Participants were 26 students (13 female, 13 male), predominantly from underrepresented groups. We took a cognitive ethnographic approach, using observations of hands-on engineering learning activities to identify moments when spatial problems arose and how learners made sense of these problems. We describe these processes as distributed spatial sensemaking because they involved both internal (cognitive) processes and also interactions with other learners, materials, and representations. We identified 90 distributed spatial sensemaking episodes in our data set. These episodes facilitated important engineering practices such as hypothesis testing and design iteration. We also found that different activities elicited different types of distributed spatial sensemaking episodes. Our results demonstrate how spatial thinking matters in everyday engineering learning and speaks to the types of engineering learning activities that scaffold particular spatial processes and practices. Our research also shows how cognitive, situated, and distributed theories can be used in tandem to make sense of a complex phenomenon like engineering learning. 相似文献
17.
Despina A. Stylianou 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2011,76(3):265-280
Representation is viewed as central to mathematical problem solving. Yet, it is becoming obvious that students are having
difficulty negotiating the various forms and functions of representations. This article examines the functions that representation
has in students’ mathematical problem solving and how that compares to its function in the problem solving of experts and
broadly in mathematics. Overall, this work highlights the close connections between the work of experts and students, showing
how students use representations in ways that are inherently similar to those of experts. Both experts and students use representations
as tools towards the understanding, exploration, recording, and monitoring of problem solving. In social contexts, experts
and students use representations for the presentation of their work but also the negotiation and co-construction of shared
understandings. However, this research also highlights where students’ work departs from experts’ representational practices,
hence, providing some directions for pedagogy and further work. 相似文献
18.
There is growing research interest in both the challenges and opportunities learners face in trying to represent scientific
understanding, processes and reasoning. These challenges are increasingly well understood by researchers, including integrating
verbal, visual and mathematical modes in science discourse, and making strong conceptual links between classroom experiences
and diverse 3D and 2D representations. However, a matching enhanced pedagogy of representation-rich learning opportunities,
including their theoretical justification, is much less clearly established. Our paper reports on part of a three-year project
to identify practical and theoretical issues entailed in developing a pedagogical framework to guide teacher understanding
and practices to maximize representational opportunities for learners to develop conceptual understandings in science. 相似文献
19.
Jeroen Janssen Gijsbert Erkens Paul A. Kirschner Gellof Kanselaar 《Instructional Science》2010,38(1):59-88
This research investigates the role of representational guidance by comparing the effects of two different representational
tools. We used a design with two different groups defined by the type of argumentative diagram students co-constructed while
working in a computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environment. The Graphical Debate-tool offered different representational
guidance than the Textual Debate-tool. The results show that groups that worked with the Graphical Debate-tool constructed
representations of higher quality and wrote essays that were better in terms of grounds quality. Furthermore, working with
the Graphical Debate-tool was found to have a positive effect on students’ learning as measured by a knowledge post-test.
In contrast to our expectations however, there was little difference between the two conditions regarding the online collaboration
process. It can be concluded that representational guidance has an impact on group and individual performance and should therefore
be taken into account during instructional design. 相似文献
20.
In this study, we examined the use of cognitive tools provided in a problem-based hypermedia learning environment for sixth
graders. Purposes were to understand how the built-in tools were used, and if tool use was associated with different problem-solving
stages. Results showed that tools supporting cognitive processing and sharing cognitive load played a more central role early
in the problem-solving process, whereas tools supporting cognitive activities that would be out of students' reach otherwise,
and hypothesis generation and testing were used more in the later stages of problem-solving. The findings also indicated that
students increasingly used multiple tools in the later stages of their problem-solving process. The various tools, performing
different functions, appeared to enable students to coordinate multiple cognitive skills in a seamless way and, therefore,
facilitated their information processing. Results also suggested that students with higher performance scores made more productive
use of tools than students with lower performance scores. Findings of the study, are discussed. 相似文献