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1.
Despite the fact that the Maslow＇s hierarchy of basic needs has been vastly applied in literatures, a majority of resources has neglected to take the need to know and to understand into account. Moreover, there is a wide disagreement in the rest of resources in situation of that need. This article attempts to show that （1） Maslow has had faith in that need as a basic need; and （2） even though Maslow has not explicitly mentioned the situation of this need in his hierarchy, it is possible to find its situation through implications of Maslow＇s writing and other researchers＇ findings.  相似文献   

2.
Why is Norway, the first nation in the world defining digital literacy, as the fifth basic competence in the national curriculum？ How has epistemological and ontological issues influenced educational technology and how has this influenced discourse of educational technology in curricula which have led to today＇s ＂technology friendly curriculum＂？ These are central questions in this paper and one of the main aims within the paper is to analyze what kind of impacts, such underlying epistemological and ontological aspect, has been given in Norwegian curricula throughout the last decades in light of Koschmann＇s （1996） technological paradigms. As consequence of this, the paper will highlight the most relevant discourses about educational technology in different curricula as an entry point to ask, if the increased ICT （Information and Communication Technology） status in the new national curriculum has established new discourses and got any impact in the practice field yet.  相似文献   

3.
We formulate a ＂Moore＇s law＂ for photonic integrated circuits （PICs） and their spatial integration density using two methods. One is decomposing the integrated photonics devices of diverse types into equivalent basic elements, which makes a comparison with the generic elements of electronic integrated circuits more meaningful. The other is making a complex component equivalent to a series of basic elements of the same functionality, which is used to calculate the integration density for functional components realized with different structures. The results serve as a benchmark of the evolution of PICs and we can conclude that the density of integration measured in this way roughly increases by a factor of 2 per year. The prospects for a continued increase of spatial integration density are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study is to explore USA educators＇ resistance toward cultural awareness for Korean students and families in the New York metropolitan area. The authors aim to challenge teachers＇ color-blindness that is widely spread among USA educators. Guided by critical race theory, the authors show that the perceived fairness of color-blindness could cause struggles for Korean parents and students in American schools. The authors posit USA teachers need to thoroughly understand that if a teacher does not see color, then s/he does not really see children. This study, hopefully, will help educators recognize the necessity of understanding diverse ethnic parents＇ perspectives and needs. Also, this study will provide an opportunity for educators to rethink assumptions that are embedded in color-blindness, and advance muiticultural education that is more culturally relevant and responsive for different ethnic/racial groups＇ needs.  相似文献   

5.
This study examined the use of Prompt Sentences （PSs） in lower level Chinese classes. By asking three types of PSs to students and quantitatively analyzing their responses, the author tried to answer the questions （1） whether it is effective to use PS in the beginning Chinese class, and （2） when to apply which type of PS to which group of students and what situations. The author found that using PSs in beginning Chinese classes is only effective when students have some grip on vocabulary. No particular type of PS stood out as more or less effective in terms of developing language skills. PS＇s have an insignificant impact on students＇ pronunciation in the short term.  相似文献   

6.
In this paper, the growth of the telecommunication sector in Pakistan and consequent development in the related professional education is studied. The widening gap between the telecommunication industry and associated education sector is identified. The higher educational programs in Pakistan have grown very rapidly to meet the needs of the explosive growth in the telecommunications＇ engineering sector but this growth is not in synchronization with the requirements of the industry due to non-existence of collaboration and co-operation between the two. The professional education in telecommunication in Pakistan and the higher educational degree programs are very precisely focused on producing quality graduates with refined technical and mathematical skills While the telecom sector in Pakistan is in principle a service provider and a consumer market that mainly requires engineers for operation and maintenance related activities. As such the skills imparted by the education sector are rarely utilized, which results in dissatisfaction among the telecommunications＇ engineers. A survey of both the telecommunication sector and the academia has been conducted along with detailed discussions to explore the reasons for this ever-increasing gap, ways and means to arrest this trend and future course of action for the academia and the telecom sector to develop. A study related to other emerging technical fields like computer science has also been made for the comparison. On the basis of this extensive exercise outlined above, measures have been suggested to bridge the gap between the education and the industrial needs of the telecom sector. By adopting these measures not only our education sector will become more beneficial to the industry, but the industry would also get the advantage of immense potential of young graduates and the academic research.  相似文献   

7.
It is clear from past research that family atmosphere influences the course of many mental illness such as schizophrenia. EE （emotional express） is a measure of emotional response of a relative towards a person with a diagnosed health problem （Lobbon, et al., 2006）. EE has three aspects like critical, hostile, and emotionally over-involved attitudes that relatives have toward patients. The goals of this study is to investigate EE＇s role in Eastern countries especially in Iran, compared to Western countries. 120 schizophrenia patients and their key relatives are selected to answer the family questionnaire. The results indicated that in Iranian families are regarded to emotionally over involvement attitude more seen than western countries. Parents who were emotional over involvement report self- blaming and more controlling parents than other parents. When the EE in Iranian families were compared to western countries, the differences were clear. For instance, in western countries hostile and critical attitude were more than Iranian families. In addition, they are less self-blaming and controlling their patients. But in Eastern countries mental illness is viewed as the fate or predestination, so there are fewer attempts to follow up therapeutic interventions. It is important to note that the role of culture is explored in explaining the specific manner in which EE relates to relapse among Iranian families, also for programming and family psycho- education interventions.  相似文献   

8.
Many studies have focused on factors affecting e-learning and its effectiveness by comparing e-learning with face-to-face traditional classes. This study, however, aspires to contribute to the literature by exploring factors that contribute to student success in the e-learning environment. This study tested the assumption that a student＇s success in e-learning is a function of the specificities that are linked to this pedagogical model. It further postulated that these attributes are outcomes of an affective learning behavior. Data for this study were collected from a random sample of 486 respondents （close to 10% of the total student population） in a small university. The empirical data helped map out the hierarchy of the attributes that contribute to the development and experiences with e-learning. This study further provided suggestions to improve the areas that seem essential for a successful e-learning environment.  相似文献   

9.
Ma  Yan-hong 《美中教育评论》2013,(9):702-706
Since Krashen put forward the Affective Filter Hypothesis, more and more concern has been paid to the anxiety problem in Second and foreign language teaching and learning. Meanwhile, CL （cooperative learning） has gained much attention in recent years, both at home and abroad. Most researches （Oxford ＆ Ehrman, 1993; Kagan, 1994; Slavin, 1995） on CL indicated that CL is a classroom procedure which can lower anxiety and improve learning outcomes. Although the researches abroad have suggested that CL has a positive impact on reducing foreign language learning anxiety, few empirical researches on CL have been conducted in China. Moreover, according to the author＇s observation, anxiety is most obvious in oral English activities. Therefore, this thesis attempts to investigate some Chinese non-English freshmen＇s foreign language learning anxiety. Two classes are involved in the study： one as the experimental class instructed with CL method, the other as the control class taught with the traditional teaching method. By using a classical instrument, the FLCAS （foreign language classroom anxiety scale）, this study examined the subjects＇ foreign language learning anxiety. According to the analysis and comparison of the first and second FLCAS, the author finds CL has a significant effect on reducing students＇ foreign language learning anxiety.  相似文献   

10.
The results of lEA （The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement） PIRLS 2006 （Progress in International Reading Literacy Study） has showed that Latvia has the 6th largest gender gap in reading literacy scores and that is an indication of a serious problem of education in this country. The purpose of the paper is to find out reasons behind boys＇ low achievement to help improve their reading literacy. The proposed hypothesis is that boys and girls are differently affected by the same factors. If that is so, teachers, parents and other education practitioners should be aware of this fact to adapt reading literacy studies for both genders at maximum efficiency. In this research, PILRS 2006 data are used and different structural equation models are created to find out which factors have the most influence on boys＇ reading achievement. Structural equation modeling （SEM） is based on achievement scores and student and parent questionnaire data. The model formed using all population data was applied to boys＇ and girls＇ data separately to observe different influence of the same factors on students reading achievement scores. The comparison of standardized coefficients of structural equation model among five countries （Spain, Russian Federation, Lithuania, Latvia and Trinidad and Tobago） has been performed. Running the same model over different boys＇ and girls＇ data of different countries has showed that the strengths of relationships among the variables are similar. It was expected to observe noticeable differences between SEM coefficients of boys＇ and girls＇ data, but it turned out that big gender differences in reading achievement does not mean big differences in standardized coefficients of structural equation model and vice versa. It is found that school environment has greater impact on boys reading literacy.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT     
The Meaning, Content and Level of Needs of the People＇s Livehood
Needs of the peoples＇livehood are the needs for peopleg living, thatg to say, people using various living conditions to safeguard and improve their own lives and to create a better life. Needs of the people＇s livehood is a comprehensive category combined with many-sided contents including Material needs, social needs and spiritual life needs and environmental needs including material needs, social needs, spiritual needs and ecological needs. Needs of the peoples＇ livehood is a need with directional trend, and it registers as the different levels from low to high, which can be divided into three basic levels： survival needs, enjoy needs and development needs.  相似文献   

12.
Over the last five decades, modem directions in technological areas such as wireless networks and communications, complex robotic systems, satellites and space structures have been immensely benefited by the use of system and control＇s conceptual framework. Estimation, stability, controllability, robustness, optimality, adaptation, information and statistical engineering are only some of the fundamental ingredients of the so-called new and emerging technologies, which are within the collective preview of this paper. Furthermore, these two, contrarily to technological trends, well established fields of science have been continuously supported by formal modelling techniques, and advanced computational and simulation tools, which enable the analysis and design of new powerful and effective methodologies. Consequently, in this article the authors＇ aim follows two equal directions. At first, the authors would like to provide a profusion of many practical examples and real life problems arising in different application areas that may have in the past abstractly engaged the authors＇ attention and have offer a wealth of opportunities for creative system modelling and practical solutions development. That is the core of our paper. However, in order to be more explicit, and to further illustrate the authors＇ thoughts, the case of a tele-medicine-assisted home support system is used; a system of great interest in the emerging field of information technology and medical health care. Secondly, by developing the necessary conceptual framework and some more efficient methods, important and straightforwardly challenges are inevitably derived. Moreover, a strong effort to develop a formal approach requires the definition of a generic system framework. It is a central objective of this paper to clarify and unify the alternative notions of a ＂conceptual model＂ and thus, to create a basis for the systematic development of formal methods, control/information architectures and decision-making strategies. AMS （Classification）： 97U50, 97U70, 97U80, 97D99.  相似文献   

13.
This article highlights how the digital revolution, high technology density, digital confident students and the new educational reform necessitates other theoretical gateways in our contemporary school system. Today we find a consensus among policy-makers, researchers, teacher educators and teachers that competence aims and digital literacy must be given high priority and needs to be explored more deeply in our elementary school as a consequence of the implementation of a new national curriculum. Despite this consensus, ICT （information and Communication Technology） in previous curricula have been marked by weak theoretical foundations, and therefore implementation of ICT has been more strongly anchored rhetorically than in teacher＇s theoretical ballast. Consequently, this article focuses on whether we now in the new educational reform, the knowledge promotion, are entering a time of upheaval within this area where the increased status of digital literacy and competence aims in the subjects necessitates new, or complementary theories which can capture some of these digital challenges. The article focuses on the ＂paradigm debate＂ within education and specially one theory, situated learning, is presented and analysed in light of other theories, educational policy documents and contemporary societal streams,  相似文献   

14.
The purpose of this study was to explore the influencing and effective models of Chinese early childhood teachers＇ job satisfaction. Using a questionnaire of 317 teachers from 21 kindergartens in Shanghai, China, the present study established the influencing and effective structure model of teachers＇ job satisfaction. The results demonstrated that organizational climate and teachers＇ involvement in curriculum reform are the direct factors to affect teachers＇ job satisfaction, which is the important intermediate variable to influence on teachers＇ professional commitment, autonomy and burnout. It is also concluded that organizational climate improves teachers＇ professional commitment. What＇s more, involving in curriculum reform not only facilitates teachers＇ autonomy but also declines teachers＇ burnout.  相似文献   

15.
霍鑫红 《海外英语》2013,(5X):91-92
There are three student-centered approaches introduced in this essay. The first one focuses on the design of syllabuses that relate specifically to an analysis of students’needs. The second one is about the provision of classroom activities that encourage more student participation. Last one is concerned with allowing students a greater role in the management of their learning, by providing opportunities for student choice in the method and scope of study . These can contribute a lot to Chinese English class in the situation where many so-called students-centered approaches which mislead many teacher.  相似文献   

16.
A diversity of sources of literature encompassed by the management disciplines appears to result in a growing need for a systematic methodology to map the territory of management theory. As such, when scoping out a study, structured literature review （SLR） can be considered as a means by which any critical, central literature might be considered. However, there is little guidance, or evidence, of this being undertaken for the purposes of small scale projects such as undergraduate or masters＇ dissertations. This paper reports four case studies of master＇s degree students following management programmes of undertaking a structured literature review （SLR） and the issues and problems they had to encounter during their journey. The findings from the case studies suggest that in terms of time to complete and the volume of output required in terms of word count, Tranfield, et al＇s （2003） approach to SLR＇s, whilst suited to doctoral level research is not appropriate generally when dealing with undergraduate and masters research projects. Therefore, this paper provides accounts of the experiences of four students who undertook SLR for their undergraduate or master＇s degree dissertation. The paper identifies that these students had to deal with a new set of conceptual problems relating to this ＂unorthodox＂ approach to a postgraduate research dissertation in coming to terms with new paradigms of enquiry that are not normally taught as part of a traditional research methods course. This was despite gaining a greater depth of insight into the subject area through a more rigorous and structured manner. The paper presents alternative remedies by way of a rapid structured literature review （RSLR） model. This would appear to be more appropriate to the conducting of small scale literature based research projects when used with undergraduate and master＇s degree students than SLR identified for other research activities.  相似文献   

17.
Finite particle method for kinematically indeterminate bar assemblies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
This study presents a structural analysis algorithm called the finite particle method （FPM） for kinematically indeterminate bar assemblies. Different from the traditional analysis method, FPM is based on the combination of the vector mechanics and numerical calculations. It models the analyzed domain composed of finite particles. Newton＇s second law is adopted to describe the motions of all particles. A convected material flame and explicit time integration for the solution procedure is also adopted in this method. By using the FPM, there is no need to solve any nonlinear equations, to calculate the stiffness matrix or equilibrium matrix, which is very helpful in the analysis of kinematically indeterminate structures. The basic formulations for the space bar are derived, following its solution procedures for bar assemblies. Three numerical examples are analyzed using the FPM. Results obtained from both the straight pretension cable and the suspension cable assembly show that the FPM can produce a more accurate analysis result. The motion simulation of the four-bar space assembly demonstrates the capability of this method in the analysis ofkinematically indeterminate structures.  相似文献   

18.
R. Inglehart （1990, 2005） considers values to be one＇s reactions to changes in the environment. According to his approach values develop in the socialisation process. Values can be divided into traditional, modernist and postmodernist. According to Rokeach （1973）, values are an element of culture, an image of the desirable that might not be directly expressed in human behaviour. Kalmus and Vihalemm （2004） found, based on Rokeach＇s and Schwartz＇s （1992） questionnaires, that Estonians consider most important values to be health, strong family ties, peace in the world, clean environment, happiness and state security. Also, the results of the study “infants＇ and toddlers＇ intelligence and the impact of the growth environment” financed by Estonian Science Foundation, allow to conclude that parents consider most important that children are healthy, happy and smart （Veisson, 2001）. In the framework of the state financed project of Tallinn University “school as developmental environment and students＇ coping” （2003-2007） questionnaires were administered to 3838 students, 2048 parents, 620 teachers and 120 school directors. According to the mean value a hierarchy of 14 values was formed. It appeared that students and parents think that the most important is academic success, whereas teachers place academic success on the 3rd-4th place and school directors even on the 8th place. Teachers and school directors consider the most important is their school students＇ security and the second is honesty. Also students and parents think that honesty is the 3rd most important value at school. Students consider politeness and parents discipline worth giving the second place among school values. Students＇ health is relatively highly valued by teachers and school directors （in case of both groups the 3rd place）. Unfortunately, children themselves and their parents think that in their school health is not very highly valued （10th place）. Joy of school came on the last place in the values hierarchy.  相似文献   

19.
Generic skills are skills which contribute towards individual＇s effective and successful participation in the workplace. For juveniles, Technical and Vocational Education （TVE） is one of the platforms that provide them generic skills which enable them to compete for job market. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of generic skills that has been inculcated through TVE on juveniles in one of the juvenile schools in Malaysia, the time the teachers spent on inculcating the skills, and the challenges the instructors face in the process. There are four focuses of the generic skills that are of interest in this study： communication, teamwork, problem solving and technology. Eight teachers and 119 juveniles were chosen as the respondents from the Juvenile School （JS）. The data collected was through a set of questionnaires from the respondents, and these were analyzed by using frequency, percentage and mean score. The findings from this research show that the level of generic skills inculcated as perceived by the juveniles is at a moderate level. The perceived moderate level of skill acquire of the juveniles is justified by the moderate amount of time that the teachers believed they spend in instilling the generic skills. The teachers also suggested that the lack of understanding on what generic skills are is the main reason for not inculcating generic skills at its highest level. In conclusion, generic skills inculcation on juveniles through TVE in Juvenile School is at an average level. Measures have to be taken so that inculcation of generic skills can be increase to a higher level, as these generic skills will benefit juveniles in the labor force market.  相似文献   

20.
Together with National Qualifications Frameworks （NQFs）in England, Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand and Australia, the South African NQF is part of a somewhat elite, even notorious, and often criticized group of first generation NQFs that were established between the late 1980s and early 1990s. These NQFs were rooted in the thinking on competency, lifelong learning and outcomes-based education that prevailed in the United Kingdom at the timeH. In the subsequent period up to 2005, more than 30 additional countries have embarked on NQF development, while three regional qualification framework initiatives are also currently underway, one in the Southern African Development Community （SADC）, another in the European Union （EU）, and yet another amongst English-speaking Caribbean countries （Tuck et al., 2006）. In the background of this continued drive for NQF development across the world, I use this paper to reflect critically on the extent to which the development and implementation of the South African NQF has impacted on the regulation of teacher education. In particular I discuss the extent to which： （1） provisioning of teacher education has been quality assured through NQF sub-systems; （2） teacher qualifications and standards have been developed and realigned to NQF requirements to accommodate, amongst others, un- and under-qualified teachers; and （3） professional development points for teachers are being introduced to complement the NQF credit systemt. The paper is concluded with specific observations that may be of value to other countries that are using, or plan to use, NQFs to regulate and improve teacher education.  相似文献   

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