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1.
To function in the economic realm, two important resources that individuals need are finances and know-how. Whereas there has been considerable attention on microfinancing, we describe an educational program that focuses on enabling generic skills about the marketplace and complements these important efforts. We conducted research aimed at understanding lives and marketplaces in subsistence contexts in urban and rural parts of a state in South India. We used the research as a basis for developing a consumer and entrepreneurial literacy educational program. This program uses the “know-why”, or an understanding of marketplaces, as a basis for the know-how of being an informed buyer or seller. Despite the difficulties with abstract thinking that low-literate individuals experience, we enable deeper understanding of marketplaces by leveraging the social skills that participants bring to the program and relating educational content back to their lived experiences. Such understanding can enable individuals to place themselves on a path to lifelong learning. Implications of this work for research and practice in non-formal education are discussed.  相似文献   

2.
This article deals with the relationship between adults’ free time and further education. More specifically, the paper addresses the question of whether there are similarities and analogies between the leisure time that adults dedicate to non-formal educational activities and free time per se. A structured questionnaire was used to examine the above issue. A total of 787 adults, who were involved in some kind of non-formal education in a region of Greece, replied to the questionnaire. The results of the research revealed that, despite the fact that all those who participated in non-formal education activities have limited free time, they prefer to dedicate some of it to learning opportunities. Furthermore, it seems that a connection between the particular learning programme and the participant’s professional field is an essential factor in the choice of the programme. Conversely, personal needs and preferences, as well as individual flair, have less to do with this choice.  相似文献   

3.
近年来,联合国教科文组织成员国的终身学习政策与实践的发展显示,年轻人和成人在生活经验中对于知识、技能与竞争力获取的需求日益增长,因为,当今他们的生活经验也面临着被衡量、被确认和承认。根据这种需求,许多成员国已经开发出了能够认可、核定与认证各种正式学习和非正式学习成果的机制,而更多的国家还在开发的过程当中。此次演讲将涉及到以下内容:1)回顾正式学习与非正式学习在教育与培训系统中的定位;2)分析正式学习与非正式学习认可、核定与认证对教育、经济和社会发展所做出的贡献;3)认可、核定与认证的过程:方法与工具;4)强调认可、核定与认证的参考点:标准、资格及资格框架;5)对被认可的利益攸关者及他们的作用定义;6)指出开发全国的认可、核定与认证系统面临的机遇与挑战。演讲总结部分包括对于首要任务、核心解决办法和开发全国的认可、核定与认证系统政策与策略的建议。这些建议包括:1)提倡增强将正式学习与非正式学习纳入到国民终身学习战略的认识;2)赋予缺少受教育机会的弱势群体以优先权;3)开发一个综合性的全国资格框架;4)加强过程、标准、衡量、评估工具与技术的开发;5)加强利益攸关者之间的交流与合作;6)转变现有教育和培训机构以及其他教育提供者;7)给学习者和潜在的学习者提供信息、指导和咨询;8)给联合国教科文组织成员国的技术协助提供方便,并加强重要人力资源的能力建设及优秀实践的分享;9)开发一个有成本效益与成本效率的金融支持体系;10)为地区间与次地区间的合作提供方便。  相似文献   

4.
This paper is an investigation of the impact of the Shepherd School Program, a non-formal basic education program implemented in seven pastoral communities in northern Ghana. The paper argues that non-formal basic education programs can have an important impact on the educational development of a community. However, for this to be possible, the context of such programs must answer to communities’ social, cultural, economic and other immediate needs.  相似文献   

5.
Vocational education is assumed to equalize opportunities for low-achieving youngsters by providing them with necessary job training with the expectation it will enhance their employability, productivity, and hence, community and national economic development. Increasing evidence suggests that vocational education, when developed as part of a nation's formal school structure, tends instead to be an expenisve, ‘second-class’ educational track with limited educational and economic benefits. Increasingly, developing nations, pressed by slow-growing modern sector economies and burgeoning youth populations, are as a consequence investigating the potential of non-formal institutions to supply vocational job training.The paper seeks to improve educators' and planners' understanding of non-formal vocational programs by reporting on three recent studies from the United States. Further, the paper draws on organizational theory to explain how non-formal programs' characteristics that account for efficient job training appear to be shaped by market forces that are unimportant to formal programs.The paper suggests that educators and planners distinguish between job training and education, the ends and means of which are considerably different, and give serious attention to shifting job training more to non-formal institutions. Besides apparent efficiencies that appear to characterize non-formal job training, the paper suggests that by removing job training from formal schools and credentialling, greater social equity may result. Formal schools would be thus deprived of an important part of their social selection role. Being freed of the dual function of training and education, schools could be more easily focussed on more fundamental educational reform to provide a common educational experience for all students to improve their literacy and arithmetic abilities and guide their general development to adulthood.  相似文献   

6.
The economic efficiency of vocational secondary schools in improving the employment prospects for graduates has been questioned, leading to policy recommendations in favor of enterprise-based training and training in non-formal training centers. The role of secondary education would be to impart basic skills, perhaps through reformed curricula that, while falling short of vocationalism, better prepare graduates for adult life. This paper examines trends in World Bank investments in vocational education and training for the period 1963–86 to answer three questions. Is there evidence to suggest that educational authorities in developing countries, as well as in the World Bank, have moved away from investments in secondary vocational schools? What does the record suggest about the patterns through which alternative training systems evolve in developing countries? Is there any evidence that a ‘new educational vision’ is emerging for secondary education? The paper concludes that investment in secondary vocational schools has declined substantially in favor of non-formal training systems. Nine characteristics of effective non-formal systems are identified. Diversified secondary schools, as one model of a ‘new vision,’ have not succeeded, raising important questions regarding possible directions for improved secondary education.  相似文献   

7.
This paper is about an experiment in non-formal early childhood education for migrant children in Beijing. The Si Huan Playgroup was set up by a group of volunteers in 2004 and is built on ideas of early childhood pedagogy, equity, life-long learning and non-formal education. Non-formal education has implications for policy makers as this is a model that has the potential to build capacity in disadvantaged communities and provide educational experiences for preschool children. The model, as envisaged by the participants of the Si Huan Playgroup, is a provider of preschool education, operates on a volunteer basis that aims to be an educational experience for both the volunteer parents and the children. The playgroup operates alongside existing preschools in the formal education sector. Policy makers in Beijing can see tensions around the growth of a sector that is developing outside regulatory and legislative guidelines. The Si Huan playgroup has been closed down by the authorities a number of times. In this paper we outline the history and growth of the Si Huan Playgroup, explore the theoretical underpinnings of non-formal education and discuss the problems inherent in such an initiative, as well as commenting on the sustainability of such a model.  相似文献   

8.
Marc Watkins 《Prospects》2009,39(3):215-225
At the general presentation of the 48th session of the International Conference on Education, “Inclusive Education: The Way of the Future”, a “holistic” approach was advocated to improve educational opportunities for children who are excluded from an equal education and adults who are illiterate. The first part of this paper argues that a more effective approach would be “piecemeal social engineering”. The second section presents examples of the piecemeal or targeted approach and offers suggestions for applying it to improve educational opportunities for this group.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

This paper argues that Non-formal Education (NFE) has seen a remarkable revival of interest across both developing countries and the more highly developed countries. Among the factors causing this revival is the search for alternative educations to meet the needs of different groups in society. But in the process, NFE has been relocated – not so much as ‘outside’ formal educational institutions but as a different kind of learning programme within a continuum of lifelong learning covering formal, non-formal and informal learning. It argues that the adult learning targets contained in every one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cannot be met by formal learning programmes alone and require a much expanded non-formal education programme. To deliver this, the paper suggests that the current movement for community learning centres (CLCs) can provide a base for operationalising NFE for the SDGs. It takes a case study, the Folk Development Colleges of Tanzania, as an example of the kind of national system for NFE which can be built. It ends by looking at current redefinitions of NFE and at where such an NFE system might fit into the governmental architecture of educational planning.  相似文献   

10.
The evolving technological landscape in the digital era has a crucial influence on lifelong learning and the demand for problem-solving skills. In this paper, we identify associations between formal, non-formal and informal learning with sufficient problem-solving skills in technology-rich environments (TRE). We focus on adults' problem-solving skills in TRE as a novel approach to investigate formal, non-formal and informal learning based on data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies. This programme measured 16–64-year-old adults' proficiency in problem-solving skills in TRE. The total sample size was 61 654 individuals from 13 European countries. Our results clearly indicate that the skill levels of more than 50% of adults aged 16–64 years old seem to be insufficient to cope effectively in TRE. The findings suggest that the learning ecologies of adults are a combination of formal, non-formal and informal learning activities. The overall level of problem-solving skills in TRE was higher among individuals who indicated that they have participated either formal or non-formal learning activities, compared to those who have not. However, interestingly, the association between formal learning and problem-solving skills in TRE was not major. Instead, our results clearly indicate that informal learning seems to be highly associated with sufficient problem-solving skills in TRE. In practice, we outline those formal, non-formal and informal learning activities that adults perform when applying the skills in TRE. By recognising these activities undertaken by sufficient problem solvers, we can promote lifelong learning skills. Our findings can also be used as a starting point for future studies on lifelong learning.  相似文献   

11.
Increasing the amount of contact with older adults is often proposed as a way to inform young people about aging. This study compares adolescents’ knowledge of aging with the amount and quality of contact they have with an older adult and compares adolescents’ knowledge of aging in 1978 with their knowledge in 1985. The results indicate that adolescents are very misinformed or uninformed about aging and older adults. Profiles of the responses on individual items from Palmore's “Facts on Aging” reveal qualitative differences associated with gender, degree of contact, and changes over time in the nature of the adolescents’ knowledge of aging. How adolescents perceive older adults and the implications this has for educational efforts are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

The challenges of ensuring the right to education are numerous, especially when working with marginalised populations in fragile contexts. Despite having the legislation, strong constitutional support, and even educational innovations designed to guarantee the right to education, a major gap exists in Colombia between political intentions and the reality in flexible non-formal educational models designed for children affected by conflict. This article highlights the experiences of teachers working in this context amidst limitations in the programme design and, often, inadequate training and support. This article explores the prospects of and challenges to guaranteeing the right to education amidst fragility.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this paper is to explore the extent to which non-formal education is being corroded by neoliberal values. Given non-formal education is frequently used to develop young people’s notions of citizenship, and that non-formal education providers are increasingly forced to operate within the free-market paradigm, it is significant to consider what forms of personhood are being championed. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and observations with coaches and young people from a youth sports charity in the UK. Focusing on a core aspect of non-formal education – caring relationships (as understood by Nel Noddings and Carl Rogers) – the findings suggest that the quality of coaches’ care for young people was conditioned by the extent to which adolescents re-shaped their personhood to align with neoliberal values of individual responsibility and discipline. Thus, the meanings of ‘care’ and ‘good citizenship’ were corroded by a neoliberal rationality.  相似文献   

14.
In this paper, the author argues that there is some inevitability to the educational use of computers both in the First and the Third World. One of the issues that will be re-examined as a result of the spreading of computer technology into education will be the distinction between non-formal, formal and informal education. Distinctions between these three modes of educational transmission are usually made on the basis of (i) the type of learning and instruction involved, (ii) the organization of the instruction and learning, and (iii) the purpose or intent of the instructional process. Issues in the educational use of computer technology will affect each of these defining characteristics and present some special challenges to educational managers in the coming decade. The author makes special mention of the implications and challenges for managers in developing educational settings.  相似文献   

15.
We define non-formal education as a part of general education, which gives students the required tools for cognition and creativity. It allows them to fully realize their self-potential and to set their own professional and personal goals. In this article, we outline the fundamental differences between general and non-formal education from the point of view of determining opportunities for student self-development. We reveal opportunities where non-formal education can advance personal development within the modern educational paradigm of the Russian Federation.  相似文献   

16.
Educational decision‐making is a complex process where individual factors such as how adolescents think about and evaluate themselves could play an important role. In this study, (N = 84), we combined behavioral and neural correlates of self‐concept and self‐esteem to examine what characterizes adolescents who struggle with educational decision‐making. We included 38 adolescents (16–24 years, M = 18.7 years) from “the Gap‐Year program.” This program focuses on personal development for adolescents who have dropped out of higher education or stay undecided after high school. We compared these adolescents prior to the start of the training with 46 peers (17–21 years, M = 19.4 years) who reported to have successfully chosen a major. The results showed that adolescents struggling with educational decision‐making reported lower levels of self‐esteem and self‐concept clarity. Neurally, higher self‐esteem was associated with more self‐related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Together, these results suggest that healthy self‐esteem levels are an important condition for the ability to make a well‐suited educational choice.  相似文献   

17.
Individuals in various colleges and universities may dream of their institution's having an educational program designed to serve older adults. Starting such a program is not a simple process. With many demands currently being placed on the educational dollar, administrators are often hesitant to begin new programs. An educational program for older adults is usually not a high priority. I describe how such a program came into existence in a large land‐grant university. Factors that were important to securing administrative support are discussed, along with how the various program dimensions have evolved. The organizational structure is described, indicating how the university is trying to use a membership‐driven format. The factors discussed here should provide other higher education institutions (both 2‐year and 4‐year institutions) with some guidelines as to how they might begin educational programs for older adults.  相似文献   

18.
非学历教育收益率研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
随着学习化社会的到来和终身教育体系的逐步建立 ,非学历教育将成为人们重要的受教育形式。由于非学历教育的作用越来越大 ,单纯描述学历教育的明瑟教育收益率模型已经不能全面地反映现在和将来的教育收益率 ,我们构建了一个新的教育收益率模型。  相似文献   

19.
Many empirical studies on immigrant integration document the benefits of an education acquired in the country of destination. In this article; we study how the degree of human capital transferability affects an immigrant's chances of studying in Spain. We used data from the Spanish Labour Force Survey (2008–2015) for a sample of adults aged 18–55 who had left the educational system. The main findings show that natives are the ethnic group with the highest likelihood of re-enrolling in education. Amongst immigrants, those with fewer limitations on human capital transferability also invest more. These results question the predictions of the Immigrant Human Capital Investment model which expect that immigrants whose human capital depreciates upon arrival and those who can obtain a higher return on a new investment in education are therefore more likely to study. Moreover, the effect of skill transferability differs depending on the type of obstacle and the kind of education. Immigrants with less linguistic and cultural familiarity with the host country are less likely to undertake non-formal education than formal education. However, when the transferability obstacles are related to administrative requirements and legal restrictions, the probability of investing in non-formal education is higher. We conclude that immigrants with low skill transferability are not only less well integrated in the labour market upon arrival, but are also less able to redress that disadvantage through a new investment in education.  相似文献   

20.
我国西部教育存在教育投入少、文盲人口多,人口素质低、基础教育落后、职业教育薄弱、人才流失严重等问题。对此,加快西部教育发展的有效途径在于:加大教育投入;实行“普九”免费教育;大力发展教师教育和职业教育,为西部大开发提供强有力的人才和智力支持。  相似文献   

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