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1.
Peter McHenry 《Economics of Education Review》2011,30(1):39-54
In this paper, I estimate the effect of state school inputs on labor market returns to schooling. The method follows Card and Krueger (1992) and Heckman et al. (1996), but I extend their analysis in two ways. First, I correct state-level returns to schooling for selective migration, adapting a method from Dahl (2002). Second, I use more recent data and assess the degree to which the 1999 labor market capitalized school inputs (with 2000 Census data). Higher state-level school inputs are associated with higher returns to schooling after correcting for selective migration. These positive effects are present in all Census years I study. 相似文献
2.
We use the 2003 National Survey of College Graduates to provide the first estimates of the effect on earnings of having a double major. Overall, double majoring increases earnings by 2.3% relative to having a single major among college graduates without graduate degrees. Most of the gains from having a double major come from choosing fields across two different major categories. Graduates who combine an arts, humanities or social science major with a major in business, engineering, science or math have returns 7–50% higher than graduates with a single major in arts, humanities or social science. But such double major combinations have returns no higher than single majors in business, engineering, science or math. Majors combining business and science or math have returns more than 50% greater than the returns to having a single major in these fields. 相似文献
3.
《Teaching and Teacher Education》1995,11(3):281-292
This article examines the reasons for entry, work perceptions, and the future career plans of 272 preservice teachers who entered a highly selective graduate teacher education program in 1987 and 1988. The profile of their job expectations was compared with that of a sample of experienced teachers. The study concludes that these talented students are entering the profession mainly for altruistic reasons and have fairly realistic views of working conditions; however, many plan to remain only if they derive the expected satisfaction from working which children. The findings are compared to labor market forecasting theories which could direct policy makers in their efforts to attract and retain high ability individuals to the teaching profession. 相似文献
4.
We consider the academic performance of Italian university graduates and their labor market position 3 years after graduation. Our data confirm the common finding that female students outperform male students in academia but are overcome in the labor market. Assuming that academic competition is fair and that individual talent is equally distributed by gender, we suggest that the gender gap evident in degree scores is endogenously due to the greater effort exerted by female students. We find that females face a greater increase in labor market returns from signalling through academic performance. This higher prize explains the greater effort exerted by females and the higher probability of winning the academic competition. 相似文献
5.
This paper addresses the economic returns on tertiary degrees obtained in ages above 30 for individuals with upper-secondary schooling in light of current ideas on lifelong learning. Sweden is a case in point: Swedish tertiary education is open to older students, and labor market legislation supports employees who take a leave to study. The longitudinal data used for this analysis is based on annual population level registers from 1981 to 2007. Matching techniques are combined with fixed effect estimation to account for non-random selection. Late degrees were found to increase the employment rate by 18 percentage points and earnings while employed by 12 percent, which indicates strong employment effects and small effects on earnings while employed. The effects were absent in the higher parts of the earnings distribution, and females gained more than men. The estimated effects are largely stable across periods within a birth cohort. 相似文献
6.
Wenshu GaoRussell Smyth 《Economics of Education Review》2011,30(2):342-352
This article uses data from the China Urban Labour Survey administered across 12 cities in 2005 to estimate the economic returns to speaking standard Mandarin among internal migrants in China's urban labour market. The article builds on studies that estimate the economic returns to international immigrants of being fluent in the major language of the destination country and studies that estimate the economic returns to proficiency in the national language among groups of people who speak a minority language. Importantly, we control for potential endogeneity bias in the estimates of the effect of language fluency on earnings. We find that for migrants as a whole, there are considerable economic returns to speaking standard Mandarin. We also find gender differences. While the coefficient on fluency in standard Mandarin is statistically significant and large for females, the coefficient on fluency is statistically insignificant for males. One possible explanation for this finding is that female migrant workers are engaged more in occupations which have greater contact with urban locals and hence the return to investment in language skills is higher. 相似文献
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8.
Two-year colleges are an important part of the higher education system in the United States but there are concerns as to how attendance at these institutions affects educational attainment and labor market outcomes. This paper uses data from a nationally representative survey to examine the impact of students beginning their college career at a two-year college instead of a four-year college. Treatment effects are estimated using both standard regression techniques as well as propensity score matching. As these estimates may be contaminated because of selection on unobservable characteristics this paper will also employ a number of sensitivity analyses to consider the potential bias. The results show large negative impacts on both educational attainment and labor market outcomes for men and women who begin at a two-year college, even for those students who expect to complete a bachelor's degree. The evidence from the sensitivity analyses suggest that to eliminate these large effects there would need to be substantial, and arguably implausible, selection on unobservable characteristics. 相似文献
9.
大学生自愿性失业的原因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冯霞 《河南职业技术师范学院学报(职业教育版)》2006,(6):86-89
近年来，大学毕业生的就业形势十分严峻，就业问题引起了社会的关注。大学生不能顺利就业的原因之一是自愿性失业。从经济学角度用二元劳动力市场理论分析可知，从地域上看，我国目前存在大中城市劳动力市场和小城镇及广大农村劳动力市场；从职业等级上看，存在高等教育水平的劳动力市场和中初等教育水平的劳动力市场。解决问题的关键在于打破二元劳动力市场的分割，建立完善的劳动力市场。 相似文献
10.
Lowell L. Hargens 《Research in higher education》2012,53(3):311-324
Using data for 638 assistant professors who joined graduate sociology departments between 1975 and 1992, I examine the claim
that when the labor market for new doctorates is weak, assistant professors experience less favorable employment outcomes
than when that labor market is strong. Surprisingly, I find that those hired during the weak sociological labor market during
the early to late 1980s had more favorable employment outcomes than those hired before or after that period. I also find that
those hired during the weak labor market years had higher average journal publication rates than those hired before or after.
I interpret these patterns as showing that those hired during a weak labor market are likely to turn in better academic performances
during their probationary periods than those hired during stronger labor markets. These results imply that it is difficult
to test the labor market model of employment outcomes, and can explain why earlier studies have generally found little support
for it. 相似文献
11.
Using panel data on the salary schedules of public school teachers and administrators, I look for evidence of a tournament wage structure. A tournament model is presented, where teachers compete for promotion to administrators. Districts can create incentives for teachers by offering either a higher pay premium for promotion or a larger probability of promotion. The model predicts an inverse relationship between these two values. Evidence supporting this prediction is found in the data. In contrast, an alternative model of incentive pay, where returns to seniority substitute for imperfect monitoring, is not supported empirically. This result is consistent with intuition that tenure protections make it hard for districts to fire shirking teachers, making returns to seniority a poor method of providing incentives. 相似文献
12.
1999年,我国高校开始扩招,高等教育逐步大众化,高校毕业生数量也呈迅速增加态势。在我国劳动力市场供大于求的总体人才需求环境下,高校毕业生就业难的问题成为一大社会热点。就高等教育大众化背景下大学生就业的现状进行分析,并从我国劳动力市场供需状况、高校扩招、大学生自身素质等方面对大学生就业难的问题进行原因剖析,并针对存在的问题提出理性的对策,以促进大学生培养与就业的和谐、双赢发展。 相似文献
13.
This article tests the existence of credit constraints on higher education access by estimating actual marginal returns in the context of unobserved heterogeneity. We estimate higher education returns for those who attended and compare them with those of individuals who are at the margin of attending. Following the (Carneiro and Heckman, 2002) reasoning, if the returns of the latter group are larger than those of the former one we could be in presence of unobservable barriers to higher education access, such as credit constraints. We use a rich administrative database composed of three sources: data of enrollment and graduation from the Chilean higher education system, test scores and labor market outcomes from the Chilean Unemployment Insurance database. Our results suggest that there is no evidence of credit constraints for enrolling into the Chilean Higher Education system. However, we do find some evidence of credit constraints in graduation. 相似文献
14.
Aggregate unemployment may affect individual returns to education through qualification-specific responses in participation and wage bargaining. This paper shows that an increase in regional unemployment by 1% decreases returns to education by 0.005 percentage points. This implies that higher skilled employees are better sheltered from labour market changes with respect to their jobs but they encounter larger wage changes than less skilled employees. We use representative individual data and panel variation in unemployment between German regions and employee groups. We demonstrate that our results are robust with respect to aggregation bias, time lags and potential endogeneity of the unemployment variable. 相似文献
15.
扩招后我国研究生入学选择的实证研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文采用2008年<高校本专科生学业发展状况调查>和<研究生学业发展状况调查>的数据,对扩招后我国高校研究生入学选择及其入学动机展开了分析.分析集中在以下三个方面:本专科毕业后表示读研意愿的学生群体的特性、研究生入学意愿的影响机制、研究生群体的入学动机及其结构性特征.研究结果显示:1)读研已成为扩招后我国高校学生毕业后的主要发展路径之一;2)毕业后选择升学和选择就业的两大学生群体,其家庭社会经济背景和学业能力存在着显著的差异;3)学生的个体特征、家庭背景、高校教学环境、学生学业参与、学业成绩和经济因素对学生选择升学都具有显著影响;4)研究生入学动机呈现多样化趋势.在保持学术研究兴趣的同时,强化就业竞争力、拓展社会资本以及荻取户籍等非学术型升学导向日趋明显. 相似文献
16.
Most public school districts in the United States use a salary schedule to determine compensation for teachers within the district. However, some school districts have implemented incentive pay schemes that allow flexibility at the school or even individual teacher level. These compensation schemes in some ways may more closely approximate a competitive labor market. This study examines the factors that influence a district's decision to offer incentive pay using districts from the 1999 to 2000 Schools and Staffing Survey. The results suggest that school districts that face barriers to recruitment or retention and districts that face competition from non-sectarian private schools are more likely to offer incentive pay. 相似文献
17.
Alexander Whalley 《Economics of Education Review》2011,30(3):528-545
This paper examines whether conclusions about the relationship between education and labor market risk depend on the use of commonly applied procedures to clean data of extreme values. The analysis uses fifteen years of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to demonstrate that conclusions about the relationship between education and labor market risk are sensitive to how extreme values of labor income are treated. The untrimmed estimates imply that college graduates experience 75% less transitory labor market risk than high school dropouts. However, applying commonly used trimming procedures results in estimates of a one standard deviation transitory labor market shock for high school dropouts being reduced by between $2700 and $4500, or 14% and 24% of annual earnings. The results demonstrate that seemingly innocuous sample selection procedures can have substantive implications. 相似文献
18.
Yuzhuo CAI 《Frontiers of Education in China》2014,9(3):377-402
This paper explores ways to enhance overseas Chinese graduate employability by taking Finnish-educated Chinese students/graduates as an example. In so doing, it understands that graduate employability development is a joint effort of multiple stakeholders including students, graduates, academics, program coordinators, employers, and policymakers. Accordingly, it provides arguments and suggestions for how to enhance the employability of these graduates in terms of the labor market context, employers’ beliefs and actions, the responsibilities of higher education institutions, and student/graduate commitment. It also points out two major challenges faced by overseas Chinese graduates as well as their educational providers, which are linked respectively to gaps between what graduates acquire in higher education and what is required in the labor market, as well as gaps from the employers’ perspective: areas where employers need to understand more about universities and catch up with new ideas generated by them. 相似文献
19.
Panel data on MBA graduates is used in an attempt to empirically distinguish between human capital and signaling models of education. The existence of employment observations prior to MBA enrollment allows for the control of unobserved ability or selection into MBA programs (through the use of individual fixed effects). In addition, variation in the amount of pre-MBA work experience allows for a test to distinguish between the models. In particular, a predominant signaling view is shown to predict smaller returns to the degree, the more pre-MBA work experience one has (controlling for total experience). Additionally, a unique feature of the data is that respondents were asked to report skills or abilities gained through their schooling, allowing us to determine the extent to which these purported skills are valued in the labor market. The combined evidence suggests that while human capital accumulation may contribute to the returns to an MBA, the majority of the returns is derived from the signaling/screening function of the degree. 相似文献
20.
This paper shows that while high school dropouts fare far worse on average than otherwise similar high school completers in early adulthood outcomes such as success in the labor market and future criminal activity, there are important differences within this group of dropouts. Notably, those who feel “pulled” out of school (i.e., they say they dropped out of school to work or take care of family) do similarly with respect to labor market and criminal outcomes in their early twenties to individuals with similar pre-dropout characteristics who complete high school. It is only those who feel they are more “pushed” out of school (i.e., they say they drop out for other reasons including expulsion, poor grades, moving, and not liking school) who do substantially worse than otherwise similar high school completers. These results suggest that any detrimental impacts from dropping out of school arise primarily when the drop out does not have a plan for how to use his time after dropping out. 相似文献