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A partir d’un matériau croisant des sources officielles (lois, règlements, directives) et des sources tirées de la pratique scolaire locale (chroniques, protocoles des réunions pédagogiques d’établissements scolaires), l’article souhaite étudier concrètement la “micro-physique du pouvoir” socialiste dans les écoles de Berlin-Est au début des années 1950. On cherche à comprendre comment l’autorité socialiste s’incarne et s’exerce sur le terrain au quotidien dans la construction d’une nouvelle société au moyen de la formation d’un homme nouveau. En partant de la figure du directeur d’école comme lieu d’observation du travail pour imposer le communisme au quotidien, l’ambition est d’étudier l’exercice de la domination politique dans ses relations et ses interactions avec deux acteurs essentiels de l’institution scolaire que sont les enseignants et les élèves. Dans la mesure où le pouvoir socialiste se veut immanent, il n’est pas concentré uniquement au sein des structures du pouvoir central et son champ d’action s’exerce donc dans des “foyers locaux” où il transite par des individus qui doivent officiellement l’incarner au quotidien. Loin de considérer uniquement l’école comme une simple courroie de transmission d’un régime totalitaire qui imposerait d’en haut un système de règles, nous cherchons à travers la figure du directeur à analyser l’interaction entre Etat et société au “ras du sol”: comment exerce-t-on la fonction de directeur d’école au début des années 1950 à Berlin-Est? Dans quelle mesure l’analyse des modalités d’exercice de cette autorité éducative et politique permet-elle de mettre en évidence et d’expliciter un certain nombre de logiques politiques, culturelles et sociales macro-historiques? 相似文献
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Adelhak Qribi Amélie Courtinat Yves Prêteur 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2010,10(3):683-703
Cette étude analyse différentes orientations identitaires manifestées par des jeunes issus de l’immigration maghrébine en
France en rapport avec leurs conditions de socialisation. L’identité est envisagée dans ses dimensions d’identification culturelle,
d’estime de soi et du rapport actif ou passif à la réalité. La socialisation est étudiée du point de vue des modalités d’inter
construction de l’éducation familiale et de l’expérience scolaire. Une enquête par questionnaire est réalisée auprès de 120
jeunes agés de 18-25 ans, des deux sexes, issus d’un milieu ouvrier. Une analyse multivariée (Classification Hiérarchique
Descendante) permet de dégager la structure de quatre groupes en termes de différentiation ou d’assimilation, et pour chacune
conformante ou individuante. Les stratégies équilibrant préoccupations ontologiques et pragmatiques paraissent s’insérer dans
des dynamiques d’affirmation de soi du sujet et de son autonomie. L’enracinement dans une certaine tradition religieuse para?t
dans ces cas compatible avec la modernité et constitue un facteur d’équilibre psychologique et d’intégration sociale. 相似文献
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Marcel Fouda Ndjodo Virginie Blanche Ngah Erick Patrick Zobo 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2013,59(2):177-196
A competency profile for teachers of Computer Science in Cameroonian secondary education – In 1998, the Cameroonian government decided to introduce Computer Science as a school subject. To implement this decision, it began to train teachers of Computer Science according to the same training model used for teachers of other disciplines. Despite the consensus that seems to be emerging from the scientific community regarding the need to give priority to a cross-disciplinary use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in primary and secondary education, some countries, such as Cameroon, have opted to teach Computer Science. While such a political choice might in principle appear to be inappropriate for the development of students’ ICT skills, the article shows that it nevertheless introduces teachers into the system who have a predisposition to act as catalysts for the pedagogical integration of ICT. Such a development could occur provided these teachers are trained in a range of additional skills – those proposed in the article – which would enable them to contribute effectively. If this approach were implemented, sub-Saharan countries such as Cameroon would, in their Computer Science teachers, have access to human resources capable of quickly generalising the cross-disciplinary use of ICT in the education system. 相似文献
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The Swedish physical education method has had a singular destiny in France. Originally created by the Swedish Per Henrik Ling (1776–1839), it first spread in France thanks to German doctors. From 1902, the Swedish method became the official method of the Ecole normale de gymnastique et d’escrime de Joinville. It caused serious dissension first within the army, between Georges Hébert, a naval officer attempting to spread his own method called ‘Méthode naturelle’, and Emile Coste, a major at Joinville school who was a resolute supporter of Ling’s method; then within Joinville school, where, from 1905, Georges Demeny, renowned physiologist, tried to impose his French method ‘Eclectique’. The three protagonists would use arguments focused on the rationality of the Swedish method to legitimize or criticize it. But this explicit stake based on the validity of the link between a scientific culture – anatomy and physiology – and a physical education method does not mask the implicit stake of real power. 相似文献
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J. Robinet 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1986,17(4):359-386
Résumé A l'aide d'un questionnaire approprié, nous essayons de cerner les modèles des réels qu'ont les élèves de 17–18 ans et les étudiants en première année d'études supérieures. Nous montrons d'une part que, pour cette population, R c'est majoritairement N, Z, Q, D et quelques nombres comme, e, 2 et 3, et d'autre part que si 33% pensent que la droite représente R, il s'en trouve 43% parmi ces 33% qui ont un modèle atomiste de la droite. Enfin cette étude met en évidence que les élèves et les étudiants accordent beaucoup plus d'importance aux différentes écritures des nombres qu'à leurs propriétés spécifiques.
We try to find out the ideas of pupils (17–18 years old) and first year university students about real numbers. To do that we make use of four questions on different aspects of real numbers. We show that for these pupils and students R is, very frequently, N, Z, Q. D and some other numbers such as, e, 2 and 3. We also show that if for 33% of these pupils and students the straight line is a good picture of R, 43% of these 33% think that the straight line has an atomic structure. At last, this study indicates that pupils and students think that the different writings of the numbers are more important than their specific properties.相似文献
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We are interested in the teaching of geometry to primary school (children from 3 to 11) teachers. We define a priori a conceptual frame, which organises geometry upon three kinds of knowledge: intuition, experience and deduction. Drawing on Gonseth's works, we bring out three syntheses of elementary geometry: natural geometry (geometry I), natural axiomatic geometry (geometry II) and formalist axiomatic geometry (geometry III). Next we illustrate this conceptual frame with examples of teaching geometry. Last we bring out different conceptions of geometry in scholar system which could lead to cross purposes.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Pierre Caspard Jean-François Condette 《Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education》2014,50(6):786-796
Two major factors have contributed to the evolution of French historiography in the history of education in the past 50 years. The first relates to the general orientation of public debate about schools, which has shifted from a paradigm concerning democratisation to one that focuses on student success rates and the efforts to eliminate inequalities of all sorts. The second factor that has affected scholarly orientations lies in changes linked to academic positioning between pedagogy, history, and the educational sciences in the context of increasing university hirings, at least until recently. These two changes in terms of scholarly paradigms and scholarly professional identities have encouraged the development of a certain number of approaches and questions: a reconsideration of the historic role of the State, an interest in a greater diversity of actors in the educational process, and a re-evaluation of the cognitive, cultural and social effects of teaching at all levels. Despite this, the history of education plays a minor role today in France, not only in teacher training but also in debates about the future of schools. 相似文献
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Baba-Moussa Abdel Rahamane Fatombi Rodrique 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2019,65(4):655-658
International Review of Education - 相似文献
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Mutual/monitorial teaching was officially introduced in Brazil under the “Decree of the First Letters” on 15 October 1827. Such a decree was the first law on National Public Instruction of the Brazilian Empire and proposed the establishment and the adoption of the Lancasterian approach in elementary schools. This study analyses the beginning of the mutual/ monitorial teaching in Brazil between 1815 and 1827 and the political‐administrative obstacles to its implementation from 1827. Such an approach was influenced by the Société pour l’instruction élémentaire, founded in France in 1815 to promote the diffusion of mutual teaching. It also analyses the teachers’ formation based on the theoretical and practical principles of the mutual/monitorial teaching as explained in Baron de Gérando’s book, widely diffused in Latin America, Cours Normal des instituteurs primaires, ou Directions relatives à l’Education Physique, Morale et Intellectuelle dans les Ecoles Primaires (1832). 相似文献
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Sylvie Coppé 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1998,35(2):129-151
In this paper, we propose to give some results about research done from 1989 to 1993 concerning a written assessment situation in math class (les devoirs surveillés) with high school students (16–17 years old) who are following a science oriented curriculum. In particular, we would like to determine if and how the students are sure of the answers they give and if they verify them.Our research methodology consisted of collecting both test papers and scratch pads from all the students in one class, then of interviewing some of them using the explicatory interviewing technique developed by P. Vermersch.In order to study this specific assessment situation, we use a theoretical framework developed by Y. Chevallard concerning an anthropological approach. Then, we introduce the notions of students' private work, meant to remain unseen and during which the verifications (if any) are done, and of a public trace (the test paper) meant to be shown to the teacher and to be evaluated. From a cognitive and didactic point of view, we want to show the importance of taking into account these two components for the analysis of the students' work in problem solving. 相似文献
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Annick Weil-Barais Gérard Lemeignan 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1990,5(4):391-415
Starting from an analysis of the limits of the formation of of categorial concepts as an approach to formation of physics concepts, and an epistemological analysis of the concepts fundamental to the domain of mechanics, a teaching sequence was conceived of with as its purpose the study of how such concepts («formal» and «relational») can be mastered by pupils using inductive and axiomatic procedures. The experiment described examines the concept of momentum, introduced in the first year of the lycée. The analysis of the teaching sequence shows the limits of induction in the construction of the concept studied. The logging of properties defining this quantity showed itself to be only possible through a number of questions related to previously established relations between the quantities known to the pupils (mass and velocity). An analysis of pupils, behaviours showed that the comprehension of properties (transfer, invariance, additivity…) and of the relation ( \(\vec P = m.v\) ) present less difficulty than the mastering of operational invariants which permit the elaboration of representations of experimental situations (the selection and temporal sequencing of events, the division into systems, the analysis of interaction…) The rupture of modes thinking which then «imposed” the taking into account of such invariants also permitted a comprehension of the difficulties of the conceptual changes. 相似文献
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A. Sasson 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(3):231-244
Summaries English The main stages of the evolution of biology teaching in Africa, after the independence of the countries, have been a better adaptation of the curriculum contents to the natural and socio‐cultural environment of each country, i.e. to go beyond a simple formal adaptation and to conceive curricula closer to the needs of African societies, in line with their specific values, and fitting with the cultural level of the pupils and with the preoccupations associated with a peculiar economic and social environment; an improvement of the teaching conditions, which remain difficult due to the lack of teaching aids of all kinds; a promotion of educational research, thanks to the creation and the development of administrative bodies responsible for the training of teachers and for the supervision of their activities. African countries have universities, faculties or schools of education and teacher‐training institutes, which are in charge of the training of biology teachers for secondary schools; they also have adapted their programmes to their needs; but such in‐depth adaptation must continue, so that biology teaching responds better to social evolution, to the new conditions of economic and social change and to new ethical situations. There remains a lot to be done in the area of elaboration and evaluation of teaching methods and techniques, bearing in mind the great difficulties of the teachers who lack the necessary minimum educational aids, specially in rural areas. The UNESCO pilot project for the improvement of biology teaching in Africa (1966‐1972) is part of a series of projects dealing with the improvement of school programmes and sponsored by UNESCO. The teaching aids produced for the English‐speaking countries of Africa were a handbook and a teacher's guide concerning an initiation course of biology for the junior level of high schools, as well as a series of loop films for the classroom. The aids produced for the French‐speaking countries of Africa were for the senior level and included booklets and colour slides, for the teachers’ use and not the pupils'; the topics involved African ecology, plants and soils, introduction to human biology, conservation and preservation of biological resources. As a contribution to the national endeavours of educational reform, UNESCO published in 1974 and 1975 the English, French and Spanish versions, adapted to Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, of a Teacher's guide on the biology of human populations. This meant to emphasize the necessary adaptation of biology teaching to its social and cultural environment, while presenting the human populations and their relations with their environments. This is a contemporary subject, which also allows the examination of the role of biology and biology teachers’ in the general awareness of environmental problems; a subject which does not need sophisticated equipment or teaching aids, but, rather, appeals to the observation skills of teachers and pupils. It is true that the African experience has, to some extent, followed a trend which European countries acknowledged several years ago. Adaptation of curriculum content is a long‐term task and is pursued in both kinds of countries. The African experience could certainly be beneficial to European curriculum designers. The production of all kinds of teaching aids, of various degree of complexity, in the national language, as well as the evaluation of relevant teaching methods and techniques, are areas of acute shortage, where bilateral as well as multilateral assistance could be most fruitful. 相似文献
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In this paper we tackle the issue of an eventual stability of teachers’ activity in the classroom. First we explain what kind
of stability is searched and how we look for the chosen characteristics: we analyse the mathematical activity the teacher
organises for students during classroom sessions and the way he manages the relationship between students and mathematical
tasks. We analyse three one-hour sessions for different groups of 11 year old students on the same content and with the same
teacher, and two other sessions for 14 year old and 15 year old students, on analogous contents, with the same teacher (another
one). Actually it appears in these two examples that the main stabilities are tied with the precise management of the tasks,
at a scale of some minutes, and with some subtle characteristic touches of the teacher’s discourse. We present then a discussion
and suggest some inferences of these results.
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| J. RogalskiEmail: |
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Samuel Boussion 《Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education》2014,50(1-2):229-243
Cet article aborde l’histoire de l’Association internationale des éducateurs de jeunes inadaptés (AIEJI), une organisation méconnue dans l’histoire de l’éducation spécialisée. Créée en 1951, elle devient un lieu d’échanges pour des éducateurs en recherche de modèles. Elle est constituée dans le contexte de rapprochement franco-allemand, par le biais de rencontres annuelles, notamment initiées par les éducateurs français, qui existent depuis le début des années 1940, exerçant dans des internats récemment ouverts pour accueillir enfants et adolescents placés. De nombreux voyages d’étude structurent les échanges entre éducateurs de pays différents et forment les contours d’une organisation dont l’axe se situe rapidement entre Pays-Bas et France. L’AIEJI contribue aux débats sur le rôle de l’éducateur, entre pédagogue et thérapeute, ce qui ne se déroule pas sans tension ni résistances. Ils rendent compte des évolutions de la conception de l’éducateur et des pratiques et savoirs qui le fondent. L’AIEJI est le lieu où circulent les conceptions issues du case-work, du group-work, de la psychologie sociale, de la sociométrie. Là, se confrontent une vision praticienne du métier d’éducateur, axée sur le groupe et une vision plus technicienne, basée sur la psychologie et les approches psychanalytiques, davantage tournée autour de la prise en charge individuelle. L’AIEJI s’est enfin insérée dans les nouvelles organisations internationales, réussissant à faire reconnaître l’utilité sociale des éducateurs, y compris dans les pays où ils n’existent pas. Ainsi, à la fin des années 1950, l’AIEJI obtient le statut consultatif auprès de l’UNESCO et devient un acteur de l’expertise internationale en matière de jeunesse inadaptée, ce qui correspond à l’extension de son audience. 相似文献