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1.
《Research Policy》2019,48(7):1647-1665
This study investigates how research group characteristics relate to the early career success of PhD candidates who are trained in the group. In particular, I study how the citation impact of early-career PhDs is related to the staff composition and funding of the group. Using data on a cohort of Swedish doctoral graduates in science, engineering, mathematics and medicine, two sets of findings are obtained. First, students who were trained in groups with a lower number of PhD students perform better in terms of academic productivity. From the perspective of research policy, this finding suggests a decreasing return to funding additional PhD student positions allocated to professors who are already maintaining larger research groups. Second, PhD students trained in groups with funding for PhD research that is conditioned by funder influence over the topic of thesis research are more likely to stay in academia. Controlling for career destination, however, PhDs from such groups have lower than average scientific productivity and citation impact. These results suggest that funders of PhD studies face a trade-off between the two different funding objectives of “getting what they want” in terms of research content and fostering successful scholars. 相似文献
2.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):143-158
Using data from two surveys of science and technology academics in major Australian research universities, an assessment is made of researcher involvement in industry-research partnerships, the outputs and personal benefits that result, and the occurrence of delaying publications and withholding data and materials from colleagues. An estimated 40% of academics currently have industry research funding, with many also having other sources of funding. Some 60% of respondents with industry funding have attracted individually, or within a research group, funding of more than $250,000 over the past three years. About 35% of principal investigators with industry funding have total annual research budgets of over $101,000. While about 20% of academics have produced research results of commercial value, most of these have been less successful in increasing their personal incomes through research commercialisation and consulting, and equity in companies. Almost 40% with industry funding report having conducted research where the results are the property of a sponsor and cannot be published for a period without consent. Almost 20% of academics in 1997 and just over 20% in 2000 admitted having delayed publications for more than six months. However, safeguarding the researcher's self-interest appears to be as common a motive for delaying publication or failing to share research results or materials with scientific colleagues as protecting the property of a sponsor. 相似文献
3.
本文根据美国综合性大学的科研团队研究提案的数据,研究考察了跨学科研究团队的组成因素与研究提案通过率的相关关系。研究发现,一方面,跨学科研究团队的学科领域数对于研究提案的成功通过没有显著影响;另一方面,跨学科研究团队的任职部门数与研究提案的通过有负相关关系。同时在团队中,资深教授的参与对研究提案的通过有显著的正面影响,而助理教授的参与则对研究提案的通过有负面影响。该研究显示,跨学科团队科研课题的提出需要避免盲目追求跨学科的程度,而应当注重提高研究团队的相关经验和专注度。 相似文献
4.
产学研协同创新是创新驱动发展战略实施的主要形式,而政府资助作为政策支持的重要手段,两者的关系成为学界和企业界的研究热点和重点。本文通过构建知识生产函数模型,对江苏省高技术产业进行实证分析,并以产学研联合专利数量和新产品销售收入两个指标表征区域产学研协同创新绩效,结果发现：政府资助对新产品销售收入有显著的正向影响,对产学研联合专利存在负向影响,但不显著;区域开放度与政府资助存在正向交互作用,并对新产品销售收入和产学研联合专利均有积极影响。 相似文献
5.
尽管海归创业者拥有优异的资源禀赋,同时享受丰厚的政策扶持,但创业融资活动对他们来说仍然是首要挑战。资本市场是理性的,海归创业者无法单纯依靠“海归”身份充分吸引外部资金,因而在融资活动中可能遇到困难。根据期望违背理论,本文将海归创业者在融资活动中遇到的困难视为融资期望违背,验证了融资期望违背与创业融资环境满意度之间的负向关系。此外,融资期望违背与其他创业环境满意度之间存在晕轮效应,融资期望违背对政策扶持环境、基础设施环境满意度有显著的负向影响,说明海归创业者在融资活动方面的不顺利,还会令其迁怒于当地政府的政策和基础设施建设。本文贡献于期望违背文献,并为海归创业者对政府不满的原因提供了一种新的解释。 相似文献
6.
Scientific breakthroughs coming from universities can contribute to the emergence of new industries, such as in the case of biotechnology. Obviously, not all research conducted in universities leads to a radical change from existing technological trajectories. Patents and patent dynamics have long been recognized as critical in understanding the emergence of new technologies and industries. Specifically, patent citations provide insight into the originality of a discovery that has received patent protection. Yet while a large body of literature addresses the impact of patent originality on various firm performance measures, we address the question of what conditions drive patent originality in the process of knowledge creation within the university. Using data on patented cancer research, we examine how research context – as reflected by the funding source for each scientist – is associated with patent originality. We find that when university scientists are partly funded by their own university, they have a higher propensity to generate more original patents. By contrast, university scientists funded either by industry or other non-university organizations have a lower propensity to generate more original patents. The significance of our findings in the cancer research setting call for further research on this question in other research fields. 相似文献
7.
Siri Brorstad Borlaug 《普罗米修斯》2013,31(2):139-152
European universities have been increasingly pressured since the late 1990s to make a more visible contribution to economic development. This policy interest has produced an increasing focus on knowledge transfer generally, and more specifically on measures to promote a research culture which values patenting and firm formation. This paper presents results from an interview study of academic faculty views on knowledge transfer and commercialisation at five public universities in Sweden. Our results show that, despite the retention of inventor ownership at Swedish universities, there is a high degree of knowledge transfer of all kinds. The overriding driver of entrepreneurial behaviour among faculty appears to be the low level of direct funding for research in universities. We find that attitudes to firm formation vary from positive to ambivalent, and that faculty from the humanities and social sciences engage in a higher level of entrepreneurial and policy adaptive behaviour than they report. We conclude that faculty at Swedish universities perceive the role of public servant and entrepreneurial academic as conflicting. This perceived conflict may be one reason for reluctance to report instances of commercialisation of research. 相似文献
8.
In both the UK and Australia there has been a recent move to use citation analysis in the evaluation of the research of individuals. In particular, the future UK Research Excellence Framework (REF), proposes using citation data in the research evaluation of articles published as recently as the year prior to the evaluation. In response to this move, this research develops an indicator at the level of individual articles that, when normalized, can supplement peer review. The new hybrid indicator is the weighted sum of two indicators in common usage: the article’s total number of citations in a citation window, and the Impact Factor of the journal in which the article was published. This research compares this new indicator with the article’s total number of citations in a longer citation window (the standard indicator of article impact). For citation windows of 0 or 1 years, the correlation of the simplified weighted sum with long-term citation is substantially higher than the correlation of the standard indicator of article citation with long-term citation. Moreover, for citation windows of as long as 3 years the standard indicator of citation correlates significantly with the month of publication, in that articles published earlier in the year are on average more highly cited than those published later in the year. By contrast, the skewing of the simplified weighted sum towards articles published early in the year is considerably less than that of the standard indicator. 相似文献
9.
Thinking of government as entrepreneur is a unique lens through which to view a subset of government actions. The lens is not a template for an evaluation of government policy; rather, it is a characterization that underscores the government's purposeful intent, ability to act in new and innovative ways, and willingness to undertake policy actions that have uncertain outcomes. Our focus is on the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We argue that the innovative action of government - the innovative use of public resources through the SBIR program to target and support research in small firms - does lessen innovation barriers that cause small firms to underinvest in R&D. However, this government action is subject to entrepreneurial risk, namely the a priori uncertainty that the funded research will result in a commercialized product, process, or service. We quantify the uncertainty that the government accepts in the context of innovation supported by the SBIR program; or stated alternatively, we quantify the probability that a project funded by the SBIR program will fail to commercialize its results. Our empirical results show that the entrepreneurial risk that characterizes the SBIR program is, on average, somewhat more than the probability of failing to get heads on the toss of a fair coin. Importantly, however, our evidence shows that there is a large range in the entrepreneurial risk that the government accepts—across the projects, the predicted probability of failure covers essentially the entire range from 0 to 1.0. 相似文献
10.
Although there is some general agreement that increasing levels of collaboration amongst academics produce research papers that receive more citations, and that larger numbers of citations often imply higher quality, the issue of collaboration and its effect upon research output remains a controversial area with a wide range of views of what role collaboration plays and its general implications for quality. This paper re-examines the process of collaboration within research networks. It considers the role of collaboration and its effect on quality by studying the relationship between the level of interaction within research networks (collaboration) and the extent of variability of quality within those research networks. Twenty-two scientific networks from Austria are examined. The findings of the analysis are that increasing levels of collaboration are strongly associated with lower levels of variability of quality within each network. The conclusion is therefore drawn that collaboration at the level of the research network acts upon research quality qua peer review and that this peer review effect is inherent throughout the research process. 相似文献
11.
Universities and industrially relevant science: Towards measurement models and indicators of entrepreneurial orientation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Which university departments engaged in industrially relevant science are likely candidates to become entrepreneurial? At present, there are neither measurement models nor leading indicators that can answer such questions at an international comparative level. This paper introduces concepts, theory, and a measurement model for identifying (the early stages of) a university's enterpreneurial orientation within a quantitative analytical framework. This approach focuses specifically on university–industry interactions, in which the connectivity between academic science and industrial research is captured and measured empirically in terms of (1) public–private co-authored research articles, and (2) references (‘citations’) within corporate research articles to university research articles.The paper examines a range of country-level and institutional determinants of industrially relevant science, across 18 research areas of significant industrial interest, and at two different levels of analysis: research systems of OECD countries, and large sets of research universities within those countries. The results of these large-scale analyses, along with those of a case study dealing with European universities active in the field of immunology research, suggest that many structural factors determine university–industry interactions and (the potential for) entrepreneurial orientation. The two connectivity indicators appear to be of minor significance compared to a university's country of location and the magnitude of its research activities in industrially relevant fields of science. 相似文献
12.
13.
Henry Etzkowitz 《Research Policy》2003,32(1):109-121
Academic entrepreneurship arose from internal as well as external impetuses. The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an “inner logic” of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a focus on teaching to research. The internal organization of the Research University consists of a series of research groups that have firm-like qualities, especially under conditions in which research funding is awarded on a competitive basis. Thus, the Research University shares homologous qualities with a start-up firm even before it directly engages in entrepreneurial activities. 相似文献
14.
企业创业导向与创业绩效之间关系的“黑箱问题”一直是创业管理学界关注的焦点问题之一。在对主要学术文献数据库中有关企业创业导向与创业绩效之间关系相关文献进行系统检索的基础上,利用Meta统计学方法进行了定量的综合分析。研究结果显示：企业创业导向与创业绩效之间存在显著的正向关系,并且创业结果导向较创业过程导向对创业绩效的影响更为显著,而企业创业导向对于创业绩效中客观绩效与主观绩效的影响不存在显著差异。此外,以创业者风险感知和创业者风险倾向为调节变量的研究发现,创业者风险感知要比创业者风险倾向在企业创业导向与创业绩效之间起到更为显著的调节作用。 相似文献
15.
The aim of this paper is to initiate a discussion about links between epistemic properties and institutional conditions for research by providing an exploratory analysis of such links featured by projects funded by the European Research Council (ERC). Our analysis identifies epistemic properties of research processes and links them to necessary and favourable conditions for research, and through these to institutional conditions provided by grants. Our findings enable the conclusion that there is research that is important for the progress of a field but is difficult to fund with common project grants. The predominance and standardisation of grant funding, which can be observed about many European countries, appears to reduce the chances of unconventional projects across all disciplines. Funding programmes of the ‘ERC-type’ (featuring large and flexible budgets, long time horizons, and risk-tolerant selection processes) constitute an institutional innovation because they enable such research. However, while the ERC funding and other new funding schemes for exceptional research attempt to cover these requirements, they are unlikely to suffice. 相似文献
16.
资金支持政策作为创业支持政策的一种重要的政策手段对创业有着深刻的影响.本文将资金支持政策对创业的影响分为对创业活动的促进和对创业绩效的提升两方面分别研究,基于总样本量达282334的66个独立的研究结果,运用Meta分析的方法综合定量分析资金支持政策和创业之间的关系.结果表明,资金支持政策对创业活动和创业绩效均有显著正向影响.同时,通过Meta回归分析发现： 创业精神和行业属性对资金支持政策和创业活动之间的关系没有显著的调节作用,但是在消除发表偏倚之后对资金支持政策和创业绩效之间的关系有显著的调节作用;在高科技行业中,创业精神越强,资金支持政策对创业绩效的提升越明显. 相似文献
17.
创业卷入作为一种认知活动,在科技创业过程中发挥着重要作用。本文基于卷入理论,根据科技创业者角色认同特征将创业卷入划分为创业情境卷入和创业行业卷入,并从创业学习和吸收能力视角,构建了科技创业者创业双重卷入对创业成长的影响机理模型,通过对收集到的193份问卷进行有调节的中介实证检验。结果表明：科技创业者创业双重卷入有助于提升创业成长水平,创业学习在创业双重卷入与创业成长之间起到了中介作用,吸收能力正向调节了创业学习与创业成长之间关系。进一步的研究发现,吸收能力调节了创业学习在创业双重卷入与创业成长之间的中介效应。 相似文献
18.
创业者对新创企业的发展起着至关重要的作用，且对于新创企业资源局限的情况而言，资源拼凑无疑是极具价值的资源管理行为，然而学界很少有把创业者和资源拼凑联系在一起的实证分析。本研究主要研究了从创业者职业价值观，通过创业者的资源拼凑行为影响创业绩效的作用路径，以及环境动态性的调节作用。通过实证研究表明：创业者职业价值观的四个维度会对创业者的资源拼凑行为产生正向影响；资源拼凑对创业绩效有显著的正向影响；资源拼凑在创业者职业价值观和创业绩效之间有部分中介作用；环境动态性负向调节资源拼凑对创业绩效的正向作用。 相似文献
19.
面对资源约束的困境,创业型企业选择合适的市场进入模式对开拓新市场至关重要。基于资源拼凑的理论视角,以四家独角兽企业为研究对象,采用多案例分析方法探究创业型企业市场进入模式。研究发现：第一,创业型企业资源水平越高,采取的拼凑方式越稳定,面临的经营风险越低,更倾向于选择股权涉入程度高的市场进入模式;第二,随着企业成长的延续,创业型企业面临经营风险不断升高,更倾向于选择股权涉入程度低的市场进入模式;第三,创业型企业所处行业实体化程度越高,采取的拼凑方式越稳定,面临的经营风险越低,更倾向于选择股权涉入程度高的市场进入模式。 相似文献
20.
聚焦高校教师群体,探讨内外部创业环境对兼职创业行为的影响.借助数理模型和实证分析,解析各类创业资源对高校教师创新驱动型兼职创业活动的影响机制,并探究创业自我效能感在创业资源和高校教师创新驱动型兼职创业活动之间的中介作用.研究发现:(1)现阶段我国高校兼职创业者呈现较明显的创业群体和创业模式特征;(2)创业时间资源和资产... 相似文献