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1.
Children's use of a verbal-nonverbal consistency principle to infer truth and lying was investigated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, kindergarten (5-year-olds), second- (7-year-olds), and fourth-grade (9-year-olds) children judged the truthfulness of stimulus persons whose verbal communication and nonverbal communication varied in valence (positive, neutral, and negative). In Experiment 2, children from the same 3 grades were presented part of the verbal communications on audiotape and a similar set of general verbal communications. They were asked to predict what facial expression the speaker would show if he or she was telling the truth or lying. The findings yielded by both experiments indicated that the use of the verbal-nonverbal consistency principle increased with age. Use of that principle was demonstrated by fourth grade children who judged that telling the truth, as opposed to lying, was shown by a consistency between the affective valence of the verbal and the nonverbal communications. 相似文献
2.
This study explores the quality of student–teachers’ (STs’) verbal communication during their teaching practice on the ‘Studies for the Environment’ subject, and identifies potential factors affecting it. Forty-one teaching sessions were analysed revealing that STs dominate classroom talking by having almost an equal number of utterances with their students. Moreover, only about one-third of STs’ sentences are questions, with the majority of them being factual (38%), while probing (18%), higher order (18%) or divergent (6%) questions were much less frequent. In addition, although teaching sessions were addressed to very young children (6–9 years old), only a minor percentage of questions were stimulating their emotions (5%). STs’ questioning seems to be independent from the class size, grade level and topic of instruction, while STs’ expressed utterances are significantly higher in smaller classes. A classroom verbal communication pattern was also developed from the available data; however, it is confined within the Greek context. 相似文献
3.
Children's Understanding of Knowledge Acquisition: The Tendency for Children to Report That They Have Always Known What They Have Just Learned 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Children's attention to knowledge-acquisition events was examined in 4 experiments in which children were taught novel facts and subsequently asked how long they had known the new information. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds tended to claim they had known novel animal facts for a long time and also reported that other children would know the novel facts. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2, using facts associated with chemistry demonstrations. In Experiments 3 and 4, children were taught new color words. 5-year-olds, but not 4-year-olds, distinguished between novel and familiar color words, reporting they had not known the novel words before the test session, but they had always known the familiar words. 4-year-olds in Experiment 4 were better able to distinguish novel and familiar color words when the teaching of the novel words was an explicit and salient part of the procedure. 相似文献
4.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the results of a study of the development of analogical reasoning in deaf children coming from two different linguistic environments (deaf children of deaf parents--sign language, deaf children of hearing parents--spoken language) and in hearing children, as well as to compare two groups of deaf children to a group of hearing children. In order to estimate the development of children's analogical reasoning, especially the development of their understanding of different logical relations, two age groups were singled out in each population of children: younger (9- and 10-year-olds) and older (12- and 13-year-olds). In this way it is possible to assess the influence of early and consistent sign-language communication on the development of the conceptual system in deaf children and to establish whether early and consistent sign-language communication with deaf children affects their mental development to the same extent as early and consistent spoken-language communication with hearing children. The children were given three series of analogy tasks based on different logical relations: (a) a series of verbal analogy tasks (the relations of opposite, part-whole, and causality); (b) a series of numerical analogy tasks (the relations of class membership, opposite, and part-whole); and (c) a series of figural-geometric analogy tasks (the relations of opposite and part-whole). It was found that early and consistent sign-language communication with deaf children plays an almost equivalent role in the development of verbal, numerical, and spatial reasoning by analogy as early and consistent spoken-language communication with hearing children. 相似文献
5.
自闭症儿童主动口语沟通行为干预的个案研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用示范、提示—示范、时间延宕、随机教学等干预方法对一名自闭症儿童的主动口语沟通行为进行干预,旨在探讨自闭症儿童主动口语沟通行为的干预效果及启示。结果表明:干预显著增加了被试主动口语沟通行为的发生次数,同时沟通内容及沟通功能也有所扩展。最后,作者建议通过激发儿童兴趣和动机、注意环境的设置和安排等措施来促进自闭症儿童主动口语沟通行为的发展。 相似文献
6.
The ability to recall and organize actions was studied in children from 5 to 11 years in age. 8 different auditory or visual commands were successively presented for 10 trials in each modality in a free-recall task. Younger children performed fewer commands but recalled relatively more recent ones, and they showed the same degree of subjective organization and the same degree and structure of hierarchical clustering as the older children. The hierarchical structure was independent of recall, age, and modality, with the motor actions being organized by the locus of the object or instrument of the verb in the command. The difficulty of the commands was highly correlated with uncertainty of the locus of the action, that is, the number of possible arguments (objects or instruments) a verb could assume, as measured by a subsidiary experiment on 8-year-olds who were asked to name as many parts of the body upon or with which one could perform each action. Developmental differences in recall appear to rise because of primary organization (retrieval) and rehearsal strategies rather than secondary organization. 相似文献
7.
Early understanding and production of graphic symbols 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Callaghan TC 《Child development》1999,70(6):1314-1324
Young children's ability to understand and produce graphic symbols within an environment of social communication was investigated in two experiments. Children aged 2, 3, and 4 years produced graphic symbols of simple objects on their own, used them in a social communicative game, and responded to experimenter's symbols. In Experiment 1 (N = 48), 2-year-olds did not effectively produce symbols or use the experimenter's symbols in the choice task, whereas 3- and 4-year-olds improved their drawings following the game and performed above chance with the experimenter's symbols. Ability to produce an effective graphic symbol was correlated with success on a task that measured understanding of the experimenter's symbols, supporting the claim that children's ability to produce a graphic symbol rests on the understanding of the symbolic function of pictures. In Experiment 2, 32 children aged 3 and 4 years improved their third set of drawings when they received feedback that their drawings were not effective communications. The results suggest that production and understanding of graphic symbols can be facilitated by the same social factors that improve verbal symbolic abilities, thereby raising the question of domain specificity in symbolic development. 相似文献
8.
Maynard AE 《Child development》2002,73(3):969-982
Psychology has considered the development of learning, but the development of teaching in childhood has not been considered. The data presented in this article demonstrate that children develop teaching skills over the course of middle childhood. Seventy-two Maya children (25 boys, 47 girls) ranging in age from 3 to 11 years (M = 6.8 years) were videotaped in sibling caretaking interactions with their 2-year-old brothers and sisters (18 boys, 18 girls). In the context of play, older siblings taught their younger siblings how to do everyday tasks such as washing and cooking. Ethnographic observations, discourse analyses, and quantification of discourse findings showed that children's teaching skills increased over the course of middle childhood. By the age of 4 years, children took responsibility for initiating teaching situations with their toddler siblings. By the age of 8 years, children were highly skilled in using talk combined with manual demonstrations, verbal feedback, explanations, and guiding the body of younger learners. Children's developing competence in teaching helped their younger siblings increase their participation in culturally important tasks. 相似文献
9.
讲解与示范的结合运用是体育教学是最基本的方法,在体育教学过程中,教师不仅要进行讲解性指导,还要做动作性示范,讲解传达的抽象的概念,示范呈现的则是具体的动作形象,因此,讲解与示范在体育教学中有机联系、互为补充、是提高教学质量和效果的重要手段。 相似文献
10.
Abstract reasoning is critical for science and mathematics, but is very difficult. In 3 studies, the hypothesis that alternatives generation required for conditional reasoning with false premises facilitates abstract reasoning is examined. Study 1 (n = 372) found that reasoning with false premises improved abstract reasoning in 12- to 15-year-olds. Study 2 (n = 366) found a positive effect of simply generating alternatives, but only in 19-year-olds. Study 3 (n = 92) found that 9- to 11-year-olds were able to respond logically with false premises, whereas no such ability was observed in 6- to 7-year-olds. Reasoning with false premises was found to improve reasoning with semiabstract premises in the older children. These results support the idea that alternatives generation with false premises facilitates abstract reasoning. 相似文献
11.
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the amount and accuracy of details provided in the eyewitness accounts of preschool-aged children interviewed exclusively with a verbal interview against those interviewed with anatomically-neutral dolls in addition to a verbal interview. Forty-four children, aged 4 to 6 years, were paired up and assigned as participants or observers for an event they engaged in with a confederate. Children's memory was assessed afterwards by (a) The Step-Wise Interview (Yuille, Hunter, Joffe, & Zaparniuk, 1993); (b) the Step-Wise Interview and big dolls; or (c) The Step-Wise Interview and small, detailed dolls and props. Three leading questions were incorporated into the interviews. Results indicated no main effect of interview type on the overall amount or accuracy of the children's accounts. No main effects for interview type or participant versus observer condition were observed for the leading questions. Relative to 4-year-olds, 5-year-olds recalled a greater number of overall details and were more accurate in their accounts with both types of dolls. Females were more accurate than males in their accounts with the small detailed toys and props. Implications for the use of anatomically-neutral dolls in child sexual abuse investigations are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Lynn C. Richman 《Psychology in the schools》1979,16(2):299-305
This study examined verbal reception and verbal mediation skills of children with low verbal/high performance WISC profiles. Of specific interest was the identification of possible sources of language impairment and the relationship between language variables and reading achievement. Eighty-five children in second through fifth grades (ages 8–11) with low verbal/high performance WISC profiles were evaluated, using cognitive tasks requiring verbal reception or verbal mediation strategies without requiring vocal responses. The results support the use of a verbal mediation hypothesis in the diagnostic evaluation of children with verbal deficit. Verbal mediation skills appear to be closely associated with reading ability, while the verbal reception task provided little useful diagnostic information for verbally deficient children. 相似文献
13.
陈化宇 《山西广播电视大学学报》2008,13(2):65-67
人类的交际方式主要有两种:语言交际和非语言交际.非语言行为是文化习得的结果,受到文化的制约和影响,并且在跨文化交际中起着非常重要的作用.英语教学要通过语言交际和非语言交际来完成.因此在英语教学中要充分发挥教师引导作用,运用非语言行为创造良好的课堂氛围,培养学生的非语言交际意识. 相似文献
14.
Verbal abuse has been identified as a common element in the life of children in school. This paper explores how this discursive practice is used in the construction of masculinities and femininities among children aged 14–15 through observations and interviews in classes in two schools in Stockholm. Verbal abuse, often with sexual content, contributed to ‘toughness’, a central component of hegemonic masculinity in the schools. Popular, tough boys generated most of the verbal abuse, but were not necessarily regarded as verbally abusive; rather, responsibility for the bulk of verbal abuse was attributed to ‘rowdy’ boys. Girls’ verbal abuse was not similarly advantageous for their femininity; instead, both through being verbally abusive and being the target of abuse, girls risked being positioned negatively. It appears that verbal abuse in school simultaneously orders masculinities and femininities, and structures heterosexual relations between the genders. 相似文献
15.
74 lower- and middle-class children aged 2 1/2, 3 1/2, and 4 1/2 years who were successful at unidimensional sorting of 2 objects by either color or form were given feedback for correct bidimensional sorting of 3 objects, 2 of which had been used in unidimensional testing. Four of the 10 2 1/2-year-olds and 58 of the 64 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-year-olds reached criterion on the bidimensional sorting task. Neither social class nor performance on a verbal comprehension test (the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) was significantly correlated with success on either unidimensional or bidimensional sorting, although social class and test scores were significantly correlated. The results indicate that Piagetian centration (i.e., the inability to transcend unidimensional attention) is a task- or situation-specific phenomenon, and biodimensional responding is the rule rather than the exception for 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-year-olds in an instrumental situation involving a limited number of stimuli. 相似文献
16.
Using Scaffolding Strategies to Promote Young Children’s Scientific Understandings of Floating and Sinking 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The purposes of this study are to examine young children’s explanations of floating and sinking and to investigate how scaffolding
strategies provided by a tutor could promote their scientific understandings. Fifteen 4-year-olds and fifteen 5-year-olds
from a public kindergarten in northern Taiwan participated in this study. The children were interviewed before and after an
instructional intervention to examine their understandings about how the weight, volume, and material of an object are related
to sinking and floating. During the intervention, children manipulated objects made of different materials and were assigned
to one of the three groups: scaffolding-material (provided with teaching scaffolding and allowed to see the materials of the
objects), scaffolding (teaching scaffolding only), and material groups (seeing the materials only). In the first two groups,
16 teaching strategies based on six scaffolding principles were employed. Analyses of interviews showed that before the intervention,
the 4-year-olds seemed to have a variety of explanations for sinking and floating and a majority of the 5-year-olds used weight
as an explanation for floatation. After the intervention, both 4- and 5-year-olds in the scaffolding-material and scaffolding
groups improved their understandings of floating and sinking. Particularly, three out of five 5-years-olds in the scaffolding-material
group related the material of an object to its buoyancy and generalized their explanations to the objects made of the same
material. The findings suggest that manipulative experiences alone might not be enough for children to further their understandings
about floatation and that combining teaching scaffolding with children’s perceiving of the materials of objects is more effective.
This study provides insight into how to support young children to learn science through effective teaching strategies. 相似文献
17.
Karen Man Wa Kwan Sylvia Yun Shi A. Natisha Nabbijohn Laura N. MacMullin Doug P. VanderLaan Wang Ivy Wong 《Child development》2020,91(4):e780-e798
Gender-nonconforming (GN) children are often perceived less positively, which may harm their well-being. We examined the development of such perceptions and an intervention to modify them. Chinese children’s appraisals were assessed using multiple measures (verbal responses, sharing, and rank order task) after viewing vignettes of gender-conforming (GC) and GN hypothetical peers. In Study 1, children (N = 210; 4-, 5-, 8-, and 9-year-olds) were less positive toward GN than GC peers, especially if they were older or if the peers were boys. In Study 2 (N = 211, 8- and 9-year-olds), showing children exemplars of GN peers who displayed positive and GC characteristics subsequently reduced bias against gender nonconformity. These findings inform strategies aimed at reducing bias against gender nonconformity. 相似文献
18.
Research Findings: We examined relations among preschoolers' behavioral regulation, gender, and school readiness outcomes in preacademic and classroom skills using a sample of South Korean preschoolers aged 3–5 (N = 229). Behavioral regulation was assessed using a direct measure, the Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task, which requires children to switch rules by responding in the opposite way to 4 different oral commands. Results demonstrated nonsignificant gender differences in behavioral regulation and academic skills but significant gender differences in classroom work-related skills and social skills, with higher scores for girls. Multilevel path modeling revealed that behavioral regulation predicted none of the preacademic skills and classroom behaviors after child age, gender, verbal intelligence, maternal education, and classroom nesting were controlled. However, there was an interaction effect of behavioral regulation and gender for early reading; the contribution of behavioral regulation to early reading was positive and stronger for boys. Practice or Policy: These results suggest that behavioral regulation is not an overall strong predictor of school readiness in South Korean children. Early educators need to support the development of behavioral regulation skills, especially for boys, as these skills may work as an important path to school readiness when children lack other classroom social strategies and resources. 相似文献
19.
100 Cree and Ojibwa children, ages 6–15, were administered the WISC. The mean Performance IQ (PIQ) was in the normal range at all ages; the verbal IQ (VIQ) was in the mentally deficient or dull-normal range. The PIQ-VIQ difference diminished with age. Familiarity with the English language increased VIQs but had little effect on PIQs. A significant correlation between IQs and school grades was found only for 9–10-year-olds. A comparison of Indian IQ norms with original WISC normative data is given. 相似文献
20.
Oz Guterman 《The Journal of educational research》2017,110(4):425-432
Much attention has been focused recently on the deepening crisis in the education system. Researchers have attributed these problems to the school environment. One method for examining this claim is to compare specific emotional and behavior problems among children who attend schools and children who do not. This study examined three aspects of children's emotional world—emotional and behavioral problems, depression, and attachment security—in a group of children attending school and a group of homeschooled children, matched for socioeconomic background and research procedure. The findings indicated a lower level of depression among the homeschooled children; no difference was found between the groups in attachment security. With respect to emotional and behavioral problems, no difference was found in internalizing problems, but more externalizing problems were found among the school-going than the homeschooled children, in 9–10-year-olds and 11–12-year-olds, but not in 6–8-year-olds. 相似文献