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1.
We present a view of knowledge construction processes, focusing on partially correct constructs. Motivated by unexpected and
seemingly inconsistent quantitative data based on the written reports of students working on an elementary probability task,
we analyze in detail the knowledge construction processes of a representative student. We show how the nested epistemic actions
model for abstraction in context facilitates following the emergence of a learner’s partially correct constructs (PaCCs).
These PaCCs provide added insight into processes of knowledge construction. They are also used in order to analyze and explain
students’ thinking in situations where some of the students’ answers were unexpected in light of their earlier answers or
inconsistent with earlier answers. In particular, PaCCs are explanatory tools for correct answers based on (partially) faulty
knowledge and for wrong answers based on largely correct knowledge. 相似文献
2.
This study aimed to explore secondary students’ explanations of evolutionary processes, and to determine how consistent these
were, after a specific evolution instruction. In a previous study it was found that before instruction students provided different
explanations for similar processes to tasks with different content. Hence, it seemed that the structure and the content of
the task may have had an effect on students’ explanations. The tasks given to students demanded evolutionary explanations,
in particular explanations for the origin of homologies and adaptations. Based on the conclusions from the previous study,
we developed a teaching sequence in order to overcome students’ preconceptions, as well as to achieve conceptual change and
explanatory coherence. Students were taught about fundamental biological concepts and the several levels of biological organization,
as well as about the mechanisms of heredity and of the origin of genetic variation. Then, all these concepts were used to
teach about evolution, by relating micro-concepts (e.g. genotypes) to macro-concepts (e.g. phenotypes). Moreover, during instruction
students were brought to a conceptual conflict situation, where their intuitive explanations were challenged as emphasis was
put on two concepts entirely opposed to their preconceptions: chance and unpredictability. From the explanations that students
provided in the post-test it is concluded that conceptual change and explanatory coherence in evolution can be achieved to
a certain degree by lower secondary school students through the suggested teaching sequence and the explanatory framework,
which may form a basis for teaching further about evolution. 相似文献
3.
In this paper, we critically analyze how the concept of negative knowledge contributes to the understanding of professionals’
expert practice and learning. Negative knowledge is experientially acquired knowledge about what is wrong and what is to be
avoided during performance in a given work situation. In terms of its theoretical foundation, the concept relates to constructivist
theorization and metacognition. Building on existing conceptions of negative knowledge, we systematically relate the concept
to research on expertise and learning from errors. The concept of negative knowledge augments existing theories of professional
knowledge by emphasizing knowing about what to avoid as part of experts’ effective actions. During routine actions, negative
knowledge enhances professionals’ certainty of how to proceed and increases the efficacy through the avoidance of impasses
and suboptimal problem-solving strategies. Quality and depth of reflective processes after actions are related to the development
of negative knowledge. The potential of negative knowledge for the investigation of professional learning is discussed through
reference to recent empirical work.
Re-submitted for publication in: Vocations and Learning: Studies in Vocational and Professional Education. 相似文献
4.
Luis M. Casas-García Ricardo Luengo-González 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2013,28(2):373-398
The present research approached a problem which has a twofold aspect: the concept of angle and the techniques needed to represent how pupils construct that concept in their cognitive structure during their years in school. In order to access the knowledge of the concept of angle, we used the pathfinder associative networks. This technique provided us with the data of the 458 networks of the participating students, using 11 concepts related to the general concept of angle. We used quantitative indicators on the network characteristics: coherence, complexity, and similarity with others. Results showed how the pupil’s cognitive structure evolutioned during instruction and what were the most relevant concepts for them. On the basis of the results, we have proposed what we call the “Theory of Nuclear Concepts” which offers a new focus to understanding how the processes of teaching and learning occur. 相似文献
5.
6.
Antti Savinainen Jouni Viiri 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2008,6(4):719-740
The Force Concept Inventory (FCI) is a multiple choice test designed to monitor students’ understanding of the conceptual
domain of force and related kinematics (Hestenes et al. Physics Teacher 30:141–158 1992; Halloun et al., 1995, Online at http://modeling.asu.edu/R&E/Research.html). It has gained wide popularity
among both researchers and physics instructors in the United States and elsewhere. The FCI has also been criticized, and its
validity as a measure of the coherence of a student’s understanding of the force concept has been questioned. In this paper
we provide a characterization of students’ conceptual coherence and a way to evaluate it using the FCI. We divide students’
conceptual coherence into three aspects: representational coherence (the ability to use multiple representations and move
between them), contextual coherence (the ability to apply a concept across a variety of contexts), and conceptual framework
coherence (the ability to fit related concepts together, i.e. to integrate and differentiate between them). Postinstruction
FCI results and interview data from two Finnish high school groups (n=49 total) are discussed; the data provide evidence that the FCI can be used to evaluate students’ conceptual coherence—especially
contextual coherence—of the force concept. 相似文献
7.
Stephen Billett 《Vocations and Learning》2008,1(2):149-171
Individuals’ dispositions have long been held to direct and energise cognition in ways that shape how they experience and
respond to events in the social world. Therefore, a consideration of these dispositions is likely to be helpful in understanding
the inter-psychological processes between individual and social world that frame contemporary socio-cultural accounts of learning.
Here, the specific concern is to elaborate the sources, legacies and potency of individuals’ dispositions in the learning
of occupational practice through these processes. Having reviewed ideas about the dispositional underpinnings of individuals’
construal and construction of the knowledge required for work, these conceptions are exercised through illuminating the roles
dispositions play in the process of constructing the knowledge required for an occupational practice (i.e. hairdressing).
The study reported here combines workplace ethnography and problem-solving tasks to identify the source of these subjectivities,
how they shape individuals’ cognitive processes at work tasks and their learning through participation in vocational practice.
In all, it identified how individuals’ dispositions arise through socially-shaped life histories or ontogenies, albeit in
person-dependent ways. The participants’ conceptions, preferences and procedures that shape their learning and the enactment
of their practice were found to be products of earlier socially-derived experiences, thereby making them personally-subjective.
These personally-subjective dispositions were identified as shaping how these individuals engage in work, learning and the
ongoing remaking of work activities, because they influence inter-psychological processes that comprise the immediate experiences
that constitute the enactment of these activities. So, this suggests that the sociogeneses of knowledge and learning likely
includes personally unique social contributions that arise through ontogeny. 相似文献
8.
Markku Kankkunen 《Learning Environments Research》2001,4(3):287-324
This article grapples with the problem of how to track a student's real progress in learning, which cannot be absolutely quantified
at any given point as a result of a particular intervention. Results are presented for a long-term qualitative and quantitative
classroom study, during which the method of concept mapping was applied and interpreted in light of the semiotic paradigm
developed by Charles Sanders Peirce (1931–1958). Peirce's semiotic paradigm was thought to have sufficient intellectual rigour
and flexibility to give new access to the multiplicity of processes at work in the learning environment.
A natural learning environment was built over a four-year period in a Finnish primary school. The students, ranging in age
from 9–12 years, were encouraged to use qualitative judgement (intuition, tacit knowledge) to give them greater intellectual
access to the meanings of the concepts taught. The goal was to bring them to Vygotsky's stage of ‘conceptual learning’, and
to evaluate the effectiveness of concept mapping as an ‘advance organiser’ used in conjunction with Peirce's semiotic paradigm.
This article evaluates the success of concept mapping in constructing a conceptually-meaningful learning environment. The
qualitative results - and certain quantitative evidence - show that concept mapping provided a means for students to discover
tentative meanings for the concepts taught. In parallel, Peirce's semiotic paradigm provided a pragmatic framework for tracking
the process of ‘updating meanings’ which is intrinsic to learning.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Learning in vocational schools and workplaces are the two main components of vocational education. Students have to develop professional competences by building meaningful relations between knowledge, skills and attitudes. There are, however, some major concerns about the combination of learning in these two learning environments, since vocational schools are primarily based on the rationales of learning and theory, while workplaces are based on the rationales of working and practice. This study therefore aims to structure empirical insights into students’ learning processes during the combination of school-based learning and workplace learning in vocational education. A review-study has been conducted in which ultimately 24 articles were analyzed thoroughly. The review shows that students’ learning processes in vocational schools and workplaces are related to six main themes: students’ expertise development, students’ learning styles, students’ integration of knowledge acquired in school and workplace, processes of knowledge development, students’ motivations for learning and students’ professional identity development. Our results show that students are novices who use specific and different learning styles and learning activities in vocational schools and workplaces. It is concluded that the enhancement of students’ learning processes needs to be adaptive and differentiated in nature. Recommendations for further research are elaborated and suggestions for the enhancement of students’ learning processes are discussed using insights from hybrid learning environments and boundary crossing via boundary objects. 相似文献
10.
The purpose of this qualitative interpretive research study was to examine high school students’ written scientific explanations
during biology laboratory investigations. Specifically, we characterized the types of epistemologies and forms of reasoning
involved in students’ scientific explanations and students’ perceptions of scientific explanations. Sixteen students from
a rural high school in the Southeastern United States were the participants of this research study. The data consisted of
students’ laboratory reports and individual interviews. The results indicated that students’ explanations were primarily based
on first-hand knowledge gained in the science laboratories and mostly representing procedural recounts. Most students did
not give explanations based on a theory or a principle and did not use deductive reasoning in their explanations. The students
had difficulties explaining phenomena that involved intricate cause–effect relationships. Students perceived scientific explanation
as the final step of a scientific inquiry and as an account of what happened in the inquiry process, and held a constructivist–empiricist
view of scientific explanations. Our results imply the need for more explicit guidance to help students construct better scientific
explanations and explicit teaching of the explanatory genre with particular focus on theoretical and causal explanations. 相似文献
11.
Martin Carlsen 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2010,74(2):95-116
The aim of this article is to illustrate how students, through collaborative small-group problem solving, appropriate the
concept of geometric series. Student appropriation of cultural tools is dependent on five sociocultural aspects: involvement
in joint activity, shared focus of attention, shared meanings for utterances, transforming actions and utterances and use
of pre-existing cultural knowledge from the classroom in small-group problem solving. As an analytical point of departure,
four mathematical theoretical components are identified when appropriating the cultural tool of geometric series: (1) estimating
of parameters, (2) establishing of the general term, (3) composing of the sum and (4) deciding on convergence. Analyses of
five excerpts focused on the students’ social processes of knowledge objectification and the corresponding semiotic means,
i.e., lecture notes, linguistic devices, gestures, head movements and gaze, to obtain shared foci and meanings. The investigation
of these processes unveils the manner in which the students established links to pre-existing mathematical knowledge in the
classroom and how they simultaneously combined the various mathematical theoretical components that go into appropriating
the cultural tool of geometric series. From the excerpts, it is evident that the students’ participation changes throughout
their involvement in the problem-solving process. The students are gaining mathematical knowing through a process of transforming
and by establishing shared meanings for the concept and its theoretical components. 相似文献
12.
Four year old children’s acquisition of print knowledge during electronic storybook reading 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The experiment reported here explored the importance of engaging 4-year-old children’s interest in the print itself during
storybook reading. We explored the effect of computer animation of the print in order to draw the child’s attention to each
word as it was read. We also investigated the influence of illustrating that not all visual displays are readable print on
the child’s print knowledge. The measures of interest were print concept knowledge and early reading skill. Results indicated
that simply drawing children’s attention to the print during shared reading was insufficient to facilitate children’s learning
of print conventions, but this attention to print while hearing stories read did improve children’s letter reading. The child’s
active engagement with the print during shared story reading led to further improvements in written language skills, as illustrated
by gains in knowledge about print concepts. 相似文献
13.
Younkyeong Nam 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2012,7(2):485-493
This review explores Ben-Zvi Assaraf, Eshach, Orion, and Alamour’s paper titled “Cultural Differences and Students’ Spontaneous
Models of the Water Cycle: A Case Study of Jewish and Bedouin Children in Israel” by examining how the authors use the concept
of spontaneous mental models to explain cultural knowledge source of Bedouin children’s mental model of water compared to
Jewish children’s mental model of water in nature. My response to Ben-Zvi Assaraf et al.’s work expands upon their explanations
of the Bedouin children’s cultural knowledge source. Bedouin children’s mental model is based on their culture, religion,
place of living and everyday life practices related to water. I suggest a different knowledge source for spontaneous mental
model of water in nature based on unique history and traditions of South Korea where people think of water in nature in different
ways. This forum also addresses how western science dominates South Korean science curriculum and ways of assessing students’
conceptual understanding of scientific concepts. Additionally I argue that western science curriculum models could diminish
Korean students’ understanding of natural world which are based on Korean cultural ways of thinking about the natural world.
Finally, I also suggest two different ways of considering this unique knowledge source for a more culturally relevant teaching
Earth system education. 相似文献
14.
Ingeborg Krange 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2007,2(1):171-203
Recent research has to a limited extent explored the characteristics of students’ conceptual practices as sociocultural phenomena
in general and in science education in particular. I approach this issue by studying a group of students while solving a particular
scientific problem from A to Z, and as part of this analyse how different cultural means (the knowledge domain and the tools
in use) structure the students’ interactions and how their interpersonal relations change over this period of time. The aim
is to illustrate how these cultural means intersect in productive and less productive ways during the students’ conceptual
practices. The study has its point of departure in a design experiment where a group of four students, together with their
teacher, solve different problems related to the biological phenomenon of sequencing a DNA molecule (the insulin gene). Video-recordings
of the students’ interactions constitute the basis for this analysis. The cultural means strongly structure the students’
conceptual practices during their problem solving processes. Whereas the knowledge domain structured the whole process, the
significant roles of the website and the computer-based 3D model of the insulin gene were especially apparent during the second
part of the trajectory. The intersection of these cultural means appear productive in terms of disciplinary knowledge when
the students’ became aware of how to handle this relationship. The interpersonal relations between the students and their
teacher altered slightly in the beginning and became increasingly more fixed during the students’ progression. 相似文献
15.
A concept map is a schematic device for representing a set of concept meanings embedded in a framework of propositions. It
can be used to evaluate students’ knowledge structure. This article introduces the comparative study of Chinese and American
secondary school students’ knowledge structure. They are compared quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of mean score,
individual proposition scores, proposition choice and map structure. The results indicate that students’ knowledge structures
in the two countries are remarkably different. Compared with American students, Chinese students’ ability to take an exam
is stronger and their mean score is higher. However, Chinese students need to improve their general knowledge and creativity
although their basic knowledge is solid and they are better in mastering discipline knowledge and knowledge application.
__________
Translated from Bijiao Jiaoyu Yanjiu 比较教育研究 (Comparative Education Review), 2008, (2): 12–16 相似文献
16.
Components of Conceptual Ecologies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hyun Ju Park 《Research in Science Education》2007,37(2):217-237
The theory of conceptual change is criticized because it focuses only on supposed underlying logical structures and rational
process processes, and lacks attention to affective aspects as well as motivational constructs in students’ learning science.
This is a vast underestimation of the complexity and diversity of one’s change of conceptions. The notion of conceptual ecology
provides a context for understanding individuals’ conceptual change learning, as it is the environment through which all information
is interpreted. This research investigated how high school students’ statements, made in answering questions, reflect selected
components of their conceptual ecologies. Data for this study was collected from six interviews in which seven students took
part. The data also include the science teacher’s profiles of each student, the students’ personal journals, their assignments,
and their examinations and answers in class. The analysis presented will here include only those components that were represented
in the discourse of the seven high school students who were interviewed. When students were asked questions, there was evidence
of the engagement of the various components of conceptual ecologies. These components include: epistemological commitments,
metaphysical beliefs, the affective domain and emotional aspects, the nature of knowledge, the nature of learning, the nature
of conceptions, and past experience. Evidence from this study suggests that these components might function as constraints
to learning. This study contributes to the field by expanding our knowledge of the components of high school students’ conceptual
ecologies through its definition of the categories and themes associated with those components. In examining across the range
of components, the study illustrates the variety and sources of science conceptions within high school students’ conceptual
ecologies. 相似文献
17.
Christine Winberg 《Higher Education》2006,51(2):159-172
South African higher education institutions are increasingly under scrutiny to produce knowledge that is more relevant to
South Africa’s social and economic needs, more representative of the diversity of its knowledge producers, and more inclusive
of the variety of the sites where knowledge is produced. Only a small percentage of South Africans are graduates of universities
or technology institutes, and these graduates are not representative of the diversity of the South African population. As
a result there is a shortage of skills to address the country’s reconstruction and developmental needs. This places a burden
on higher education institutions to expand access to their programmes, and to ensure that their programmes are relevant to
the developmental context. Policy makers have found in the Gibbons [Gibbons, M., et al. (1994). The New Production of Knowledge. The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London Sage Publishers] thesis on ‘Mode 2 knowledge production’ a rationale for the transformation of higher education through
the inclusion of practices which are less abstract, less discipline bound and closer to those processes which characterise
the diversity and distribution of knowledge production in the wider society. Nowotny et al. [Nowtony et al. (2001). Re-thinking Science. Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press.] have taken Gibbons’ thesis further and have described society itself as becoming increasingly
‘Mode 2’. In a Mode 2 society, differentiation is replaced with integration, and networks of knowledge producers conduct their
work in transdisciplinary teams across widely distributed sites. Such ‘transgressivity’ both pushes knowledge production systems
forward and distributes and diffuses knowledge more widely throughout society. In this paper, it is argued that there is a
need for higher education practitioners to engage critically – and constructively – with the knowledge bases of policy directives
to ensure that the new teaching and learning processes and systems adequately prepare students for the complexity and diversity
of South African society, and enable them to contribute meaningfully to its reconstruction and development. 相似文献
18.
Michal Ayalon Ruhama Even 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2010,8(6):1131-1154
This study examines the views of people involved in mathematics education regarding the commonly stated goal of using mathematics
learning to develop deductive reasoning that is usable outside of mathematical contexts. The data source includes 21 individual
semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study show that the interviewees ascribed different meanings to the above-stated
goal. Moreover, none of them said that it is possible to develop formal logic-based reasoning useful outside of mathematics,
but for different reasons. Three distinct views were identified: the intervention–argumentation view, the reservation–deductive
view, and the spontaneity–systematic view. Each interviewee’s view was interrelated with the interviewee’s approach to deductive
reasoning and its nature in mathematics and outside it. 相似文献
19.
Michael Meyer 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2010,74(2):185-205
According to theoretical concepts like constructivism, each learner has to build up knowledge on his or her own. The learner
creates hypotheses in order to explain ‘facts’. Hypotheses do not guarantee certainty. They have to be verified. In this article,
a theoretical framework will be presented which can help to understand and analyse the processes of creativity and reasoning.
Peirce’s theory of abduction plays a decisive role in this framework. He elaborated abduction as the third elementary inference,
besides deduction and induction. While abduction will be used to describe and analyse the process of discovering an explanatory
hypothesis, deduction, induction and their combinations will be used to describe the different processes of verifying knowledge.
Theoretical and empirical ways of discovering and verifying mathematical coherences will be presented and illustrated by fictive
and empirical examples. 相似文献
20.
Advocates of constructivist science recommend that school science begins with children’s own constructions of reality. This
notion of the way in which students’ knowledge of science grows is closely paralleled by recent research on teachers’ knowledge.
This paper draws on case study evidence of teachers’ work to show how two experienced teachers’ attempts to develop alternative
ways of teaching science involved reframing their previous patterns of understanding and practice. Two alternative interpretations
of the case study evidence are offered. One interpretation, which focuses on identifying gaps in the teachers’ knowledge of
science teaching, leads to theconstructivist paradox. The second interpretation explores theconstructivist parallel, an approach which treats the process of teachers’ knowledge growth with the same respect as constructivists treat students’
learning of science. This approach, the authors argue, is not only more epistemologically consistent but also opens up the
possibilities of helping teachers lead students towards a constructivist school science.
Specializations: Teachers’ knowledge and culture, educational change, qualitative research methodology.
Specializations: Teachers’ knowledge, imagery and teachers’ work, teacher collegiality, supervision of teachers’ work. 相似文献