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1.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):147-153
Abstract

The compound 5-amino-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (AMT) is utilized in the conservation of archaeological and artistic bronze artifacts, for their protection and for the removal of corrosion products. Many authors have discussed the utility and efficacy of this, but few have studied the products resulting from the reaction of AMT with bronze or with the corrosion products of bronze; this leaves the restorer with many doubts concerning the acceptability of this method. This paper discusses the study of products obtained from the reaction of AMT with synthesized corrosion products of bronze (malachite, paratacamite and brochantite) and with the commercial bronze alloy TM 23 (Cu 72%, Pb 15%, Zn 8% and Sn 5%). It was found that the film obtained from the direct reaction of AMT with the bronze alloy can be AMT itself, or the metallic complex Cu(C2H2N3S2)2·H2O if AMT is applied in a solution of an oxidizing acid. These results are expected to be of value to conservation scientists and restorers/ conservators concerned with the use of AMT for the conservation of bronze artifacts.  相似文献   

2.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):93-106
Abstract

During 1977–78, a conservation project was undertaken by the Federal Government of Canada to preserve the weathered hull of the HD-4, an experimental hydrofoil craft built at the laboratorie of Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. After achieving a world marine speed record of 70·86 m.p.h. (114·01 km.p.h.) in 1919, the craft was beached on the shore of a salt water lake. Forty years’ exposure to severe weathering caused wood rot, metal corrosion and the disintegration of the canvas covering. Due to the deteriorated condition of the craft and the loss of most of the external structures, complete restoration was not desirable or practical. The aim of the project was therefore, to stabilize the wooden hull, while preserving its weathered appearance.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

Sandstone is a common sedimentary rock that is easily carved due to its weakly cemented fine grains and relatively low strength. Therefore, numerous large-scale grottoes in China are made of sandstone. However, these sandstone cultural heritage structures are often seriously damaged due to temperature and humidity changes, air pollution, biodeterioration, and repeated dissolution and crystallization of soluble salts. In general, it is imperative that a consolidant capable of providing cohesion by infilling pores between the stone grains is synthesized. In recent years, it has been reported that using organic consolidation materials for sandstone protection comes with various negative effects, such as a short lifetime, poor compatibility, and preservation damage. Using inorganic consolidation materials to protect sandstone seems to be one of the research trends for the future. Herein, this paper introduces a permeable, inorganic magnesium-based material (MMH solution) for silica sand consolidation. To assess this consolidant, the paper investigates the influence of varying molar ratios of MgO:MgCl2·6H2O:H2O on properties such as penetration depth, consolidation weight, colour variation, and compressive strength. The results demonstrate that the molar ratios of MgO:MgCl2·6H2O:H2O can significantly affect the consolidation performance. Additionally, it is believed that the MMH solution of MgO:MgCl2·6H2O:H2O?=?5:1:16 can be successfully used for the consolidation of silica sand, as the cubic specimens’ surface micrographs show good compatibility between the consolidation product and sand grains. Experiments (i.e. weight loss rate and mineralogical compositions analysis) are performed to evaluate the cubic specimens’ water resistance properties after being immersed in water. Furthermore, the consolidation material’s failure mechanism as a self-sacrificing material is preliminarily analyzed. Results indicate that MMH solution is a promising conservation material that shows great potential for consolidating severely weathered sandstone.  相似文献   

4.
《资料收集管理》2013,38(3):3-13
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5.
《图书馆管理杂志》2013,53(3-4):429-442
Abstract

The development of a new method of providing instruction involves many different issues. This paper examines a pilot project in which videoconferencing was used to provide library instruction to students at remote campuses. The librarians initiating this new service confronted the issues of training, adaptation of instruction techniques to the new format, and collaboration with faculty and administrative staff. They also dealt with administrative issues such as scheduling classes and facilities and staff scheduling. This paper examines how this cross-departmental project developed and was supported, how the initial training was conducted, and how existing class outlines were adapted. Also discussed are the lessons learned from the initial sessions. Varied administrative and collaborative challenges face the library, faculty, and departmental administrators as this project moves from pilot project status into a regular and required part of the curriculum.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Implementing any new service or technology can require a process of trial and error. Often, it is useful to introduce the service as a pilot project, so that the staffing issues and technical details can be worked out prior to fullscale implementation. This is especially important at times when staffing and/or budgetary circumstances are uncertain. Doing so can give the library the ability to test technologies and assess the staffing and procedural impacts of a new service, and to make necessary adjustments in the process. At Christopher Newport University, that was the approach taken to implementing electronic reserves services.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

In June of 2001, the University of California Libraries initiated a pilot project that enabled library patrons to direct request items held in the University of California Special Collection Units. The pilot ended the need for patrons to initiate most requests for unique items in person through the Special Collections department and allowed patrons to self-determine the need for a unique item when searching the shared UC-wide catalog, Melvyl®. The following article discusses the process used to handle the requests, includes perspectives from the two units overseeing the requests, evaluates the overall success of the pilot and offers considerations for implementing a similar service elsewhere.  相似文献   

8.
《资料收集管理》2013,38(3):241-262
ABSTRACT

A Center for Research Libraries working group on cooperative collection development in the sciences and technology identified the geosciences as a domain whose current and historical publications make ideal candidates for a digitization demonstration project, due to their utility and the diverse nature of their text, tables and images. State geological surveys engage in some of the most important and practical fieldwork undertaken by geologists. State geological surveys and maps have had a critical impact in the discovery, exploration, use and conservation of natural resources. As a consequence, close to 2,000 selected publications from the states of Illinois, Pennsylvania, Texas and Wyoming were chosen for the scope, quality and variety exhibited in them. The eighteen-month digitization pilot project will, upon conclusion, design a self-sustaining model for a continuation program.  相似文献   

9.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):49-58
Abstract

Black weathering layers on stone often contain iron. This is particularly true for the Turonian sandstones which were used extensively in architecture and sculpture in Saxony. In order to obtain more knowledge about the oxidic iron phases, samples were collected in the city of Dresden. Mineralogical and analytical characterization was provided for the black layers and the supporting stone. Material originating from Cotta and Posta stone was submitted to Mössbauer spectroscopy. After ample comparisons of Mössbauer parameters and evaluation of infrared spectra it was concluded that the predominant neogenic iron phase is not iron(III) oxide hydrite (ferrihydrite) Fe2O3·1·8H2O or jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 or goethite α-FeO(OH) but a defectively ordered precursor of this last compound, characterized by different environments of the iron(III) ions. By the reducing action of organic matter, magnetite Fe4O4 is formed and this contains up to 45% of the iron present in a black layer.  相似文献   

10.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):161-171
Abstract

Four iron meteorite fragments and 13 archaeological iron objects were exposed to a lowpressure hydrogen plasma for up to two weeks in a pilot apparatus. In the experiment the objects acted as cathodes in a 600–1600V d.c. electrical field. While the chlorine-containing β-FeOOH, akaganeite, was present in all objects before the test, no akaganeite and no chlorides were present afterwards. The objects, including one meteorite which had been exposed for more than 5000 years to seawater, were found to be stable after the glow discharge treatment. The major mineral after treatment was identified as magnetite, and the objects generally assumed an iron-grey surface colour. No sputtering and no reduction to free iron took place under the test conditions, operating at or below 120°C and at pressures of O·4–1mb hydrogen.  相似文献   

11.
Lead white is widely used as a white pigment in the history of Persian painting. This paper focuses on three Persian treatises dated between the twelfth and the sixteenth century, which explained different manufacturing methods of lead white or sefidāb-i-sorb. Experimental reconstruction of each recipe to access the comprehensive meaning of the text and analytical studies with X-ray powder diffraction on products of recipes revealed white compounds other than the previously known products of hydrocerussite (Pb(OH)2?·?PbCO3) and cerussite (PbCO3) in samples. Chlorine-containing raw materials mentioned in these recipes lead to the chemical products of laurionite (Pb(OH)Cl), blixite (Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4), and phosgenite (Pb2Cl2(CO)3) in the final products. These data lead to the hypothesis of the discrepancy of the lead white pigment between Iran and Europe and a marked probability of other compounds in historic Persian lead white samples.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

This paper explores the attitudes of librarians in post-Soviet Kazakhstan regarding their roles at the new National Academic Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NAL). Using ethnographic observation, interviews, and surveys of library staff (n = 24), we find that Kazakhstani librarians either sensed a “calling” to librarianship or “fell into” library careers given life circumstances, and value their library for its contribution to cultural preservation and digital access on a national scale. This pilot project presents NAL to an international community, sharing the voices of Russian- and Kazakh-speaking librarians to highlight the role of libraries in the development of the post-Soviet nation.  相似文献   

13.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):184-194
Abstract

There is a missing link in the strategic introduction of new materials in conservation, which lies between the identification of new processes/materials and their widespread use in conservation treatments. Clinical trials to monitor the results of treatment success provide an effective procedure to evaluate the conservation process. This is now possible due to the increasing power and widespread use in conservation laboratories of computers, which provide an analytical tool for evaluating and examining treatments and procedures. Information, such as object condition, is routinely generated during the conservation of objects. To use this information statistically, it has to be structured to answer specific questions. Medical professionals have already established epidemiological techniques as a means of evaluating patient health and treatment performance. These techniques can be applied to conservation questions to provide statistically valid answers. This is an important tool with which to judge and prioritize strategies in the conservation process.  相似文献   

14.
Pigments on a figurative wall painting in Poudeh village, central Iran, were analysed by micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, micro Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and polarised light microscopy. Red lead, ultramarine blue, chrome yellow, brass powder, white huntite, and lammerite (Cu3(AsO4)2) were identified as red, blue, yellow, golden, white, and green pigments, respectively, while gypsum and barite were used as extender. In addition, glushinskite (MgC2O4·2H2O) was identified as a deterioration product of white huntite. Moreover, several analytical studies suggested that lammerite was a degradation product of emerald green (Cu(CH3COO)2·3Cu(AsO2)2) originally used as green pigment in the painting. The formation of lammerite is suggested to be due to the migration of arsenic throughout the paint layer. Based on the pigments identified, the wall painting is dated from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.  相似文献   

15.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):148-152
Abstract

Mineralogical changes which occur during the reaction of copper(II) chloride with carbonate in aqueous solution have been investigated, and compared with those involving copper(I) chloride, nantokite, CuCI, and copper artifacts coated with malachite, CU2CO3(OH)2 The reactions observed and the products obtained are seen to have implications with respect to the use of aqueous sodium carbonate solutions to stabilize archaeological copper objects. The frequent observation of the mineralogically rare species chalconatronite, Na2Cu(CO3)2·3H2O, on the surface of treated objects is readily explained by known reaction chemistry. Its formation can be minimized by washing the object after treatment.  相似文献   

16.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):284-286
Abstract

The widespread occurrence of thecotrichite, Ca3(CH3COO)3Cl(NO3)2·7H2O, in the museum environment is explained theoretically by construction and examination of its phase diagram. Thecotrichite formation was simulated in the laboratory to identify the key factors involved in its production. This efflorescence occurs on porous limestone or calcareous artefacts such as pottery, stored in wooden cabinets that generate acetic acid vapour. Salt production depends on the moisture content of the object and the concentration of acetic acid in its surroundings. Furthermore, for thecotrichite to form the artefact must contain soluble chloride and nitrate salts.  相似文献   

17.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):265-273
Abstract

This paper reports on the results of experiments to test for visual changes to paint systems after biocidal treatments, using a statistical binary procedure. Four biocides were selected, two of which are fungicides—a quaternary ammoniumorganotin mixture (BioMet 66®)in distilled water and an orthophenylphenol (Lysol®) in a spray— and two of which are fumigants—sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F6), a gas (Vikane®), and nitrogen gas (N2) (as an anoxant). The procedure used to assess the effect of the biocidal treatments was a random field visual scoring regimen by two paintings conservators. The tests were conducted on 30 combinations of linen, rabbitskin glue size, lead white oil ground and oil-based paints. The visual assessment procedure provided information on color change, gloss change, blanching, topography change and precipitation. The results indicated that Vikane adversely affected 10 of 11 pigment systems; Lysol adversely affected six of 11 pigment systems; BioMet 66 had a minor effect on four of 11 pigment systems; and nitrogen had no visible effect on any sample. The visual technique provided a quick and broad method for assessment of non-subtile visual changes.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

In late 1996, Kent State University Libraries began to research electronic reserves software in order to conduct a pilot project. The software chosen was ERes 2.0, developed at Santa Clara University by Philip Kesten and Slaven Zivkovic. This article describes how and why ERes was chosen and how the system was adapted for use at Kent State University. The integration with the OPAC and full-text databases, as well as the pitfalls encountered during the pilot project is detailed. Also described is the experience of learning to scan print documents efficiently.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

Several library directors in the Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) hypothesized that charging for interlibrary loan transactions was a false economy. They suggested that if ASERL libraries implemented ILL reciprocity, savings would be realized. From September 1, 1992 through June 30, 1993, thirty-six ASERL libraries participated in a pilot project. OCLC/ILL transaction data for borrowing and lending activity among the libraries was reviewed for two periods, one prior to and the other during the pilot project period. This paper reports on data analysis and a follow-up survey of participants. The results supported the hypothesis that ASERL library directors would accept terms of ILL reciprocity that were based on standard protocols and analysis of quantitative data.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

In 2001-02, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) Library tested and implemented secure Web ordering and delivery of journal articles, using Prospero for interlibrary loan, photocopy service, Circuit Librarian service, and document delivery between library branches. The goal was to deliver photocopied and interlibrary loan journal articles faster than campus mail, U.S. mail, or the courier service. In December 2001, eight staff began delivering articles electronically to one remote site as part of the Library Electronic Article Delivery (LEAD) pilot project. Electronic desktop delivery has since expanded to serve two branch libraries and UTHSCSA, San Antonio, and South Texas healthcare professionals. By reviewing the basis and describing the three phase pilot project, the author hopes to articulate the implementation of a new electronic service in a medical library.  相似文献   

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