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1.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):228-238
AbstractA procedure for collection of decay rate data from stone samples exposed in actual environmental conditions is described. This provides precise weekly decay rate data. Data were collected for 16 consecutive months for 200-year-old weathered and freshly quarried Portland stone. Problems with the use of an acrylic sheet as a control were encountered and overcome. It is suggested that glass is a better control surface. Decay rates of new and old stone differed, with new stone typically being 60–70mg/m2/day. Close agreement was found between new stone replicates. Rates for old stones were much more variable and ranged from 90–270mg/m2/day. Differences were also found in the relative contributions of solution and particulate loss to total loss between the two stones. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Currently, there is a lack of research on the migration and distribution of soluble salt solutions in the pores of fragile silicate cultural relics, especially the thermodynamic changes during crystallization, and the forces causing the destruction of cultural relics. Thus, this paper used infrared thermal imaging analysis and extended depth-of-field microscopy to observe the changes in temperature, morphology, migration, and crystallization rate of Na2SO4 solution – the most typical solution that causes damages to cultural relics – in the crystallization process and in different capillary pores. The results show that the formation of soluble salt crystal nuclei and subsequent crystal growth mainly occurred in the liquid phase region below the ambient temperature, and then the salt crystals in the deliquescent state became more compact due to the attractive force generated from liquid-phase water evaporation. Additionally, three stages of migration and crystallization of the salt solution in different capillary pores were found. Large-area crystals appeared in the capillary pore with a large diameter, and bubbles were generated. This is likely because the surface tension of the Na2SO4 solution decreased with increasing concentration, and the solubility of the air dissolved at the solid–liquid interface of the mouth of the capillary pore and the pressure in the capillary pore decreased. A self-designed double-layer contact surface internal pressure method and extended depth-of-field microscopy were used to carry out real-time online observation of the force applied on the contact surface during the crystallization of the salt solution. It was found that the airflow determined the direction of capillary movement of the solution, and water migration determined the laminar flow in the capillary pore. Salt crystallization played a role in distortion and shape-fixation of pores. Small spikes in the mass indicated that the expansion–contraction force generated by the salt solution during the crystallization process was in a state of constant change, and the degree of expansion was always slightly more significant than the change caused by contraction. Expansion forces dominated the surface of the sample. In this paper, the change in crystallization and the forces of the soluble salt solution were analyzed. 相似文献
3.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):99-110
AbstractThe deterioration of stone monuments in urban atmospheres mainly involves corrosion by acid solutions. Thus the characterization of the material is of great importance in the understanding of stone decay. In this work, samples were taken from the balcony of the Metropolitan Cathedral (Mexico City), from three different areas of the facade of the National Museum of Tepotzotlán (NW of Mexico City) and also, for comparison, new fresh stone from the quarries of Chiluca and Los Remedios. Mineralogical, petrographic, chemical and structural analyses were carried out on all the samples, and a relationship was established between the degree of decay and the stone characteristics, such as porosity, specific surface area and calcium content. The characterization of the type of stone also influences the selection of conservation treatments. 相似文献
4.
Ainara Zornoza-Indart Paula Lopez-Arce Karima Zoghlami Nuno Leal Joaquim Simão 《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):73-89
ABSTRACTCalcarenite stone samples from a historic building (Bizerte, Tunisia) were collected and treated under different environmental conditions with several consolidating products: alkoxysilane (ethyl silicate), a surfactant-templated novel sol–gel, Ca(OH)2, and SiO2 nanoparticles. These were subjected to marine aerosol accelerated aging cycles and studied by several non-destructive tests and techniques to assess the stability of the products. Results show that weathering caused by salt crystallization is not inhibited but it is slowed down due to the enhancement of superficial mechanical properties (surface cohesion and micro-hardness) achieved after one month of treatments application. A high or low relative humidity of the consolidation environment significantly affects the final mechanical and aesthetical physical properties and therefore conditions the durability of the treated substrates, even producing higher damage than observed in the blank specimens, depending on the product. 相似文献
5.
ABSTRACTBoundary walls are neglected but important parts of historic urban environments, and they are often prone to serious deterioration. Understanding moisture and salt dynamics within boundary walls can help infer the causes and dynamics of deterioration. This investigation investigates the patterns of moisture, salt, and deterioration on a 300 year old limestone boundary wall in Worcester College, Oxford. Multiple methods to assess moisture and salts within and across the wall (electrical resistivity tomography, handheld resistivity-based moisture meter, paper pulp poultices, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and ion chromatography of small scale sampling of deteriorated limestone) were used in conjunction with decay mapping of both sides of the wall. The salt weathering strongly correlates with severely weathered zones at the wall and salts, mainly sulfates, seem to be the main agent of decay processes. The combined results demonstrate that the environmental influences driving stone decay can differ on a very small scale even at a comparatively simple structure like a boundary wall, and that repairs can have adverse effects if the patterns of salt and moisture dynamics are not sufficiently known. 相似文献
6.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):118-126
AbstractA series of corroded stone specimens from Salzburg monuments was examined by electron-probe microanalysis. The crusts arose from environmental effects, in the case of marble primarily from SO2. Deterioration phenomena can be correlated with stone surface features. 相似文献
7.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):298-313
AbstractFive different methods for cleaning the limestone façades on what was originally the Workers Hospital in Madrid are analyzed in this paper. Due to the pollution in the surrounding air, just 20 years after a prior cleaning operation, sulfate crusts had developed on the entire stone surface of the building. The gypsum mortar used in the original masonry constituted an additional source of sulfur. Limestone is a traditional building material in Madrid and its surroundings. The petrography, mineralogy and petrophysical properties of the biomicrite, pelmicrite and biopelmicrite varieties of limestone identified in the hospital walls were determined. Analysis of a black layer on the stone surface showed that it consisted primarily of sulfate crusts. The cleaning methods tested were alkaline gels (sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), pressurized hot water, glass bead blasting and latex peeling. The criteria for assessing the effectiveness and potential risks of the various cleaning systems included changes in the chromatic parameters of the stone, the formation of alteration products (i.e. salts) and modification of the stone surface. The stones cleaned with the three most effective methods, together with a rain-washed stone as a reference, were washed with water to generate an artificial runoff. The collected drain water was analyzed to determine the presence of any by-products from the cleaning process. The method found to be most effective and which caused the least alteration to the stone surface was glass bead blasting, particularly after adjustment of the bead size and pressure conditions used for the test. 相似文献
8.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):178-186
AbstractA radioactive tracer has been used to monitor the deposition of lime, that occurs when friable limestone is treated with a lime poultice and multiple applications of limewater. It has been shown that more than half the lime deposited is in the outer 2mm of the stone. Further into the stone, the amount deposited is so small that no consolidating effect can reasonably be expected. 相似文献
9.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):242-248
AbstractDilute solutions of epoxy resins have been used successfully in the past to consolidate deteriorated, porous stone. However, the appearance change (darkening, yellowing) on curing has proved to be a deterrent to the wider use of these materials by conservators. In the study reported here, it is shown that solvent washing to remove surface-deposited resin and exposure to sunlight are effective methods for restoring the original visual appearance of consolidated outdoor stone. 相似文献
10.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):163-170
AbstractThere is a need for a simple, rapid method which can be used with a minimum of equipment to evaluate whether microbial populations may pose a potential risk to the integrity of stone incorporated into buildings and works of art. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) were compared for detection of microbial activity on stone, using both pure cultures of bacteria from stone and also natural stone samples. Both compounds could detect activity of bacteria and other microorganisms isolated from stone. INT-formazan was produced only by intact microorganisms whereas FDA was cleaved by extracellular enzymes as well. Use of FDA with stone samples was successful but INT required extended incubation times which gave little indication of in situ activity. A positive correlation was found between rapid cleavage of large amounts (> 15μg per gram stone) of FDA and production of INT-formazan after extended incubation periods. FDA was therefore found to be more appropriate as an indirect measure of metabolic activity of microbial populations on stone. The simplicity of the method makes it suitable for use by non-scientific personnel, with a minimum of scientific equipment, to identify stones at risk from active microbial populations. 相似文献
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《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):281-297
AbstractCellulose poultices are frequently used in stone and wall painting conservation for the purposes of soluble salt extraction, consolidation and cleaning. They have the reputation of being easy and pleasant to work with, have a neutral pH, high water absorption and plasticity, exhibit good conformance and adhesion to the substrate, and in most cases leave minimal residues after clearance. The cellulosic materials from which they are composed range from cotton wool, blotting paper or newspaper, to cellulose powders, the latter now by far the most common form of cellulose used today by conservators. Drawbacks of these products include poor water retention when applied to vertical surfaces, a tendency to redistribute salts further into the object substrate, and poor long-term treatment effectiveness for salt extraction. Hence cellulose poultices are used frequently due to good working properties, but apparently are in some situations not very effective. In this paper, existing knowledge of these poultices is outlined, followed by investigations undertaken to fill some of the knowledge gaps. Investigations include characterization of poultice properties such as pore size distribution and workability, and of moisture transport processes within poultice/substrate systems including moisture penetration depth, moisture distribution, and poultice shrinkage during drying. Cellulose powder products known under the trade name Arbocel®, extensively tested and used in conservation over several decades, were a particular focus. Resulting guidelines include counter-intuitive measures such as (when used for salt extraction purposes) the use of thinner poultices to reduce drying shrinkage and salt redistribution further into the substrate. The relatively uniform pore size distribution (around 10 μm) of Arbocel® poultices makes them more appropriate for salt extraction on substrates with a medium-coarse pore size (i.e. 15 μm and above), while on fine porous substrates (10 μm and below), the extraction will not be as efficient. 相似文献
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《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):171-176
AbstractThe weathering of stone monuments results in the leaching of calcite, with a consequent increase in porosity and decrease in integrity. A new method of consolidation uses organic matrix macromolecules extracted from Mytilus californianus shells to induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate within the pores of the stone. The procedure has been tested in the laboratory on samples of bioclastic limestone and dolostone, by measuring changes in total porosity, amount of water absorbed and superficial cohesion. The results appear to confirm the success of the treatment. 相似文献
16.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):105-112
AbstractThe degradation of coupled building stones has been simulated in a laboratory chamber using an artificial acid rain solution (‘wet’ deposition) with wet/dry cycling. The reaction of individual and coupled stones with the artificial acid rain was assessed from the pH, and confirmed by measurement of calcium ion content in the run-off. For the coupled stones, it is evident that there is a build up of damaging reaction products in the region of the lower stone closely adjacent to the upper stone. This behaviour is related to the increased time of wetness due to retained solution, containing calcium ions from runoff and anion species from the artificial acid rain solution, which allows locally enhanced reaction with the lower stone and subsequent development of salts. Where Leinster granite is the lower stone of the couple, calcium ions in the run-off from the upper stone, Portland limestone, accumulate in these regions, leading to the eventual development of gypsum in the near-surface regions of the granite, with extensive resultant degradation. The laboratory chamber allows rapid ranking of various stone combinations in the couple, and early insight into the degradation process which may ultimately assist in the development of conservation procedures. 相似文献
17.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):49-58
AbstractBlack weathering layers on stone often contain iron. This is particularly true for the Turonian sandstones which were used extensively in architecture and sculpture in Saxony. In order to obtain more knowledge about the oxidic iron phases, samples were collected in the city of Dresden. Mineralogical and analytical characterization was provided for the black layers and the supporting stone. Material originating from Cotta and Posta stone was submitted to Mössbauer spectroscopy. After ample comparisons of Mössbauer parameters and evaluation of infrared spectra it was concluded that the predominant neogenic iron phase is not iron(III) oxide hydrite (ferrihydrite) Fe2O3·1·8H2O or jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 or goethite α-FeO(OH) but a defectively ordered precursor of this last compound, characterized by different environments of the iron(III) ions. By the reducing action of organic matter, magnetite Fe4O4 is formed and this contains up to 45% of the iron present in a black layer. 相似文献
18.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):190-192
AbstractThree methods of consolidating stone have been compared using Maastricht limestone as the substrate. They are: impregnation with polymer (Paraloid B 72) from solution; impregnation with a mixture of monomers followed by (a) γ-ray polymerization or (b) free-radical initiated thermal polymerization. The best results were obtained with the third method. 相似文献
19.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(1):63-64
AbstractWhite crystals have been found to grow on the surface of a number of wax artifacts. Analysis was carried out on samples of wax and crystals taken from a Victorian wax fruit arrangement displaying crystalline growth. The possible relationship between crystallization, cracking and changes in temperature is explored. 相似文献
20.
《College & Undergraduate Libraries》2013,20(1):47-51
Abstract College libraries are not research libraries; hence, college librarians would do well to abandon the notion that size has some relationship to value, to see decay in the stacks as a useful ally, and to use it to weed and improve overall collection quality. 相似文献