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Children gradually develop interpretive theory of mind (iToM)—the understanding that different people may interpret identical events or stimuli differently. The present study tested whether more advanced iToM underlies children’s recognition that map symbols’ meanings must be communicated to others when symbols are iconic (resemble their referents). Children (6–9 years; N = 80) made maps using either iconic or abstract symbols. After accounting for age, intelligence, vocabulary, and memory, iToM predicted children’s success in communicating symbols’ meaning to a naïve map‐user when mapping tasks involved iconic (but not abstract) symbols. Findings suggest children’s growing appreciation of alternative representations and of the intentional assignment of meaning, and support the contention that ToM progresses beyond mastery of false belief. 相似文献
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Bert van Oers 《International Journal of Early Years Education》1997,5(3):237-245
Reflection on the relationship between a sign and its meaning (i.e. semiotic activity) is a fundamental form of cognitive activity that already occurs at an early age. The improvement of this semiotic activity in young children prepares for their later learning activity. Iconic representations are one important category of signs for young children (3‐7 years old). Iconic representations (drawings, diagrams, schemes) are generally conceived of as means bridging the gap between early enactive, perception‐bound thinking and abstract‐symbolical thinking. From the Vygotskian perspective iconic representations are complex signs referring to some object (situation, action) in a special way. On the bases on the analysis of children's drawings it is argued that iconic representations are narrative in nature for young children. Children tend to supplement their drawings with verbal symbols in order to make sure that their intended meanings are maximally clear. In doing so, children learn to carry out semiotic activity and improve this activity with the help of more abstract symbols 相似文献
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姜姗 《郴州师范高等专科学校学报》2013,(6):72-75
现当代科技、多媒体的发展改变了人际交流方式和意义表达方式。除了语言,图像、颜色、三维物体等其他社会符号同样也具有社会功能,也能够表达意义与构建意义。借助视觉语法的次级系统——接触、社会距离、态度和情态,对炎帝塑像进行了社会符号学的视觉解读。通过研究发现,设计者经过精心创意、构思,使炎帝塑像与观看者及社会文化环境具有良好的互动。, 相似文献
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凌斌 《浙江教育学院学报》2005,(3):81-85
称职的英语导游翻译不仅要有渊博的知识,而且要有高超的语言表达能力.英语导游翻译的技巧主要有:理解原意,力求用词准确;增强跨文化翻译意识;适时采用解释法;灵活使用富于幽默和文学色彩的语言. 相似文献
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Generic noun phrases (e.g., "Bats live in caves") are important for expressing knowledge about abstract kinds. Past work has found that parents frequently use generic noun phrases in their speech to young children. However, little is known regarding how children understand these expressions, nor which cues signal generic meaning. The present set of 5 studies examined the influence of linguistic form class (e.g., "What color are dogs?" [generic] versus "What color are the dogs?" [nongeneric]) and of pragmatic context (e.g., "What color are they?" in the presence of either a single exemplar [generic] or multiple exemplars [nongeneric]). Participants were 2-year-olds (N = 42), 3-year-olds (N = 40), 4-year-olds (N = 40), and adults (N = 51). The data indicate that by 2 years of age, children use linguistic form class, and by 3 years of age, children use pragmatic context. These findings demonstrate that young children have begun to understand the distinction between generic and nongeneric noun phrases from a very young age, and that identification of generics is signaled not by formal or pragmatic cues alone, but by a combination of information from both language form and pragmatic context. It is suggested that children make use of multiple linguistic and conceptual cues to acquire and interpret generics. 相似文献
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First-, fourth-, and ninth-grade hearing students were administered randomly selected items from the Carolina Picture Vocabulary Test (CPVT; Layton & Holmes, 1985) to determine the degree to which signs used in the CPVT are iconic (see note) and can actually convey a sign's meaning at the moment of testing, thus providing an inflated vocabulary score. Hearing students were tested because they had no prior sign knowledge or experience. Results indicate that the signs used in the CPVT are sufficiently iconic to enable students unfamiliar with signs to identify a test picture; 73% of their responses were correct when chance selection was 25%. Such findings signal potential problems with existing receptive sign vocabulary tests; consequently, test results should be interpreted cautiously. Note: Not all signs are iconic. Iconic signs have semantic features nested in their formation, location, and movement that visually convey enough information to manifest word meaning. Formation, location, and movement are also called cheremic features of sign. 相似文献
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This study was designed to investigate learning and retention of isolated sign vocabulary as a function of sign classification (iconic, opaque, or abstract). The subjects were 28 hearing college students naive to sign vocabulary. They were drilled with 30 signs from American Sign Language that had been classified as iconic, opaque, or abstract. Training was conducted using two different media: computer-assisted instruction and videotaped presentation. Performance scores for the three types of signs were significantly different. Scores were consistently higher for iconic signs, regardless of the training mode. The videotaped presentation mode produced the greatest consistency in scores. The results of this study support the notion that it is easier for beginning students of sign language to learn and retain iconic signs. 相似文献
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Dimensional adjectives are inherently relative in meaning, and so provide a test of children's ability to apply nonegocentric standards. The present research investigates children's ability to apply one kind of relative standard assessing the size of an object with regard to its intended use (a functional interpretation). In 3 experiments, children 3-5 years of age were asked to judge objects as "big" or "little" according to their function (e.g., a hat for a doll; a key for a door). Contrary to previous claims, the ability to use nonegocentric functional standards was present by age 3. However, 3-year-olds performed above chance only when their attention was directed to the relevant function, either by means of action (when actually shown how the objects fit together) or by means of language. In contrast, 4-year-olds performed well without additional action-based or linguistic cues. It is suggested that children have an implicit ordering in their interpretations of big and little, such that functional judgments are lower in priority than 2 other standards: normative (the size of an object is compared to a stored mental standard, e.g., a chihuahua is small for a dog) and perceptual (the size of an object is compared to another physically present object of the same type, e.g., a chihuahua 6 inches tall is big compared to a chihuahua 4 inches tall). Even 3-year-olds can make nonegocentric functional judgments of relative size, but the basis of the judgment must be unambiguous. 相似文献
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Data from 1,407 preschoolers were used to examine the implications of classroom age composition for the early learning and development of 4-year-olds in classrooms with 3- and 5-year-olds also in attendance. Results suggest that a greater number of younger classmates did not detract from 4-year-olds’ language development, literacy performance, or inhibitory control, nor did having older peers consistently facilitate learning in these domains. However, 4-year-olds who entered school with low inhibitory control and print knowledge demonstrated greater gains in both domains when attending classrooms with more same-age or older classmates than when in classrooms with more younger peers. When taken together, these results suggest that classroom age composition, in prekindergarten programs serving mostly 4-year-olds, for the most part has little consequence except for those 4-year-olds entering school with lower skill levels in key domains, in which case having older peers is of benefit. 相似文献
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刘朝华 《楚雄师范学院学报》2011,26(2):17-25
索绪尔认为任意性是语言符号系统的第一原则,但象似性学派认为语言符号是非任意的,两者对语言符号性质的看法形成了对立。实际上,任意性和象似性处于语言的两个层级,它们并不是相互对立的。语言的上层是语言符号运用的动态层面,是共时系统内部符号与符号的组合关系,所以是任意的;语言的底层是语言符号产生的静态层面,是从历时系统角度观察到的语言符号形成的源头和根据,所以是象似的。因此,两者谁也不能否定谁。 相似文献
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曾翠媚 《黄石理工学院学报(人文社科版)》2009,26(6):32-36
本文分析了以汉字为代表的网络语言符号在语义构成上的特点、规律及其成因。分析表明，理性意义在网络语言中仍然是完成交际目标不可或缺的，但附加意义的地位似乎更被看重。在各种附加意义中，形象色彩、情趣色彩、个性色彩等似乎尤为受到青睐，如果把网络表情符、图画、动漫等网络常用的其他符号也考虑在内，则更为显见。 相似文献
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语言是一种符号系统,具备表情达意、沟通交流的作用,是不同主体之间传播思想情感的声音媒介,是人所特有的"工具"。而舞蹈语言是一种鲜活的语言,是用肢体传达内在世界的语言形式,它是一种有节奏的身体动态艺术,加之音乐、服饰道具的辅助,表达某种特定的含义、倾泻自己的情感,因而具备了语言的功能,是一种特殊的语言形式。但舞蹈语言又有自己的特殊性存在,最显著的就是视觉成像和动态感,舞蹈要求直接表达而不是拐弯抹角,舞蹈的传达者和居间媒介是人自身,没有这一基础便没有舞蹈内在意义的表达更加生动、形象,是观众解读舞蹈作品的根本途径,也是舞蹈的根本目的所在。 相似文献
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随着认知语言学的发展,象似性研究也越来越受到研究者的关注。这一原则已经被广泛地应用于语言各层面,如语言变化、修辞、句法等。无一例外,在解释词汇的形成和发展方面,这一原则更是体现出极具特色的优越性。本文将探索存在于词汇的语音、词形及词结构各层面的象似性现象,从英汉两种语言入手,进一步发掘英汉语言中存在的语言魅力。 相似文献
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Amanda W. Joyce Jessica H. Kraybill Nan Chen Kimberly Cuevas Kirby Deater-Deckard Martha Ann Bell 《Early education and development》2016,27(6):788-804
Research Findings: A total of 81 children participated in a longitudinal investigation of inhibitory control (IC) from 2 to 4 years of age. Child IC was measured via maternal report and laboratory measures under conditions of conflict and delay. Performance on delay IC tasks at 3 years was related to performance on these same tasks at 2 and 4 years, but performance on conflict IC tasks was not related over time. Delay IC task performance was concurrently related to conflict IC task performance in 3- and 4-year-olds but was not related in 2-year-olds. Measures of IC varied in their associations with measures of verbal ability and maternal-report IC. Such findings highlight important similarities and distinctions between conflict and delay IC abilities in their relation to one another and to temperament and language over time. Practice or Policy: Studies of IC and related concepts reveal that children who are regulated enjoy school more and have higher school competence, particularly in mathematics and reading achievement. Because conflict IC and delay IC show unique patterns of development over time, educators can expect classroom behaviors drawing on the state-like conflict IC to show more fluctuation over time than those drawing on the trait-like delay IC. 相似文献
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Previous studies of children's understanding of big suggest a curvilinear trend. 3-year-olds, like adults, interpret big as referring to area, while 5-year-olds take big to mean tall. The results of 6 experiments indicate that the curvilinear trend is not obtained in all stimulus contexts. When objects vary extremely, younger and older children take big to mean tall. The object to which big is applied also influences whether height, length, or area is attended to. Moreover, in a production task, adults rarely used the work big to describe the stimuli with which children's understanding of big is typically tested. Taken together, the results suggest that the meaning and use of big is complex and that big may not at any age refer simply to the larger object. It is proposed that the meaning of big is a dynamic system driven by a multiple of perceptual, conceptual, and semantic influences. 相似文献
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明安云 《郧阳师范高等专科学校学报》2001,21(4):107-109
人们在交际中往往不是直接表达思想,而是采用婉转的方式,将真正的意图隐含在话语中,读者或听者则需通过字面意义理解其隐含意义.话语的隐含意义可以不只是一种,那么怎样才能正确地理解写者的意图?这就需要借助语境.语境是隐含意义产生的基础和条件,是理解隐含意义的依据.它可以排除多义、歧义,确定和阐释语义. 相似文献
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李文芳 《江西教育学院学报》2011,32(1):131-134
语言是任意的还是象似的,这是一个关系语言本质的问题。对于二者的争论可追溯到古希腊罗马时期。20世纪初Saussure提出的语言符号任意性学说为语言学家广泛接受,在语言学界一直占据着主导地位。70年代后期,语言的象似性重新进入语言学的研究领域。然而,前人对象似性的研究只停留在对大量语言象似性现象进行分类论述的层面上,从而缺乏理论支持,对象似性的形成未能追根溯源。因此,本文试图通过论述象似性在语音、形态和句法三个层面的表现,结合模因论中模因/模因复合体的生命循环特点探讨此三种象似性的形成过程及其原因,以期能够为语言的象似性本质提供最基础的生理理据。同时,也希望能够加深我们对模因论这种新生物学理论的理解与掌握,并将之运用于语言教学课堂。 相似文献
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The effects of object orientation and object type on children's interpretation of the word big 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Previous research indicates that preschool children have persistent difficulty interpreting big: 4-5-year-olds typically interpret big to mean tall, and 3-year-olds fail to use any consistent interpretation. We propose that children's interpretation may vary depending on 2 contextual factors: type of object and orientation of object. 40 children (ages 3 and 5) each saw 35 pairs of items and, for each pair, were asked to point to "the big one." Type of object was varied by showing each child 3 kinds of objects: "people," "brownies," and rectangles. Orientation of object was varied by presenting objects either standing perpendicular to the tabletop (vertical condition) or lying flat on the tabletop (horizontal condition). Older children relied on height more consistently than younger children, all subjects relied on area more often in the horizontal condition than in the vertical condition, and 3-year-olds relied on height more when judging the bigness of people than of rectangles matched for size. Taken together, these results demonstrate that contextual factors clearly influence children's responses. These results demonstrate the interplay of cognitive and semantic factors in the process of semantic development. 相似文献