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《Information processing & management》1999,35(1):31-44
In earlier papers the authors focused on differences in the ageing of journal literature in science and the social sciences. It was shown that for several fields and topics bibliometric standard indicators based on journal articles need to be modified in order to provide valid results. In fields where monographs, books or reports are important means of scientific information, standard models of scientific communication are not reflected by journal literature alone. To identify fields where the role of non-serial literature is considerable or critical in terms of bibliometric standard methods, the totality of the bibliographic citations indexed in the 1993 annual cumulation of the SCI and SSCI databases, have been processed. The analysis is based on three indicators, the percentage of references to serials, the mean references age, and the mean reference rate. Applications of these measures at different levels of aggregation (i.e., to journals in selected science and social science fields) lead to the following conclusions. 1. The percentage of references to serials proved to be a sensitive measure to characterise typical differences in the communication behaviour between the sciences and the social sciences. 2. However, there is an overlap zone which includes fields like mathematics, technology oriented science, and some social science areas. 3. In certain social sciences part of the information seems even to be originated in non-scientific sources: references to non-serials do not always represent monographs, pre-prints or reports. Consequently, the model of information transfer from scientific literature to scientific (journal) literature assumed by standard bibliometrics requires substantial revision before valid results can be expected through its application to social science areas. 相似文献
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Purpose
The study reported in this paper reviewed the literatures of information science, psychology, sociology, political science, education, and communication science to analyze Compelled Nonuse of Information (CNI). This study of a behavior defined by its absence (i.e., the not using of information) involved the development of a methodology consisting of an iterative performance of a nine-step heuristic leading to a retroductive recognition of absence, here termed RRA.Principal results
The study concluded with a hierarchical taxonomy of the mechanisms that compel a person not to use information. The six primary mechanisms are:- 1.
- Intrinsic somatic (bodily) conditions
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- Socio-environmental barriers
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- Authoritarian controls
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- Threshold knowledge shortfall
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- Attention shortfall
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- Information filtering.
Major conclusions
The resultant taxonomy of CNI appears here as a comprehensive checklist with which information workers such as the teacher, librarian, advertiser, politician, or health care professional can respond efficiently and effectively to situations of nonuse of information. For example, a teacher might ask: “Why are students not responding to what I present?” Further, the social implications of any compelled behavior touch the very basis of the social contract, and this paper presents a first step toward understanding the compelled aspects of CNI. 相似文献4.
《Endeavour》2022,46(4):100848
In this paper I analyse Francisco Sánchez’s role in the Quaestio de certitudine mathematicarum debate. Despite some studies on the philosophical and medical scepticism of Sánchez and, his extant letter with Christopher Clavius, a participant in the debate, we have few analyses about Sánchez’s position regarding the certainty of mathematics. Sánchez discussed some problems that Clavius analysed in his Prolegomena to propose an empirical basis for mathematics through a questioning of its certainty. I will trace the conceptual connections between Sánchez’s 1589 letter to Clavius and the Quaestio debate, to introduce Sánchez’s sceptical approach to analysing the certainty of mathematics. 相似文献
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The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is the major funding agency for China''s basic research in natural science. The total budget for NSFC was 26.7 billion Yuan (RMB) in 2017, accounting for 27% of China''s total investment in basic research. In the past decades, continuous increases in the National Natural Science Fund and other funding programs provided strong support for the rapid growth in China''s science and technology (S&T). In the second half of 2018, NSFC unveiled a deep reform plan that aims to build a fair, efficient and standardized new funding system that meets the demands of excellence in science in the twenty-first century in 5–10 years. Why did NSFC propose this reform? What are the major tasks of this reform? And how would NSFC implement this reform? All-in-all, this reform would not only have profound effect on S&T in China but also matters the world for the global collaborative efforts for the science. Recently, National Science Review had an exclusive interview with Jinghai Li, President of NSFC and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to learn his views and perspectives of the future of NSFC. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2016,52(4):658-669
This study identified the influence of the main concepts contained in Zipf's classic 1949 book entitled Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort (HBPLE) on library and information science (LIS) research. The study analyzed LIS articles published between 1949 and 2013 that cited HBPLE. The results showed that HBPLE has a growing influence on LIS research. Of the 17 cited concepts that were identified, the concept of “Zipf's law” was cited most (64.8%), followed by “the principle of least effort” (24.5%). Although the concept of “the principle of least effort,” the focus of HBPLE, was not most frequently observed, an increasing trend was evident regarding the influence of this concept. The concept of “the principle of least effort” has been cited mainly by researchers of information behavior and served to support the citing authors’ claims. By contrast, the concept of “Zipf's law” received the most attention from bibliometrics research and was used mainly for comparisons with other informetrics laws or research results. 相似文献
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论述广东科技创新智库发展的重要性与必要性,分析广东科技创新智库发展的现状及存在的问题,指出广东科技创新智库目前总体上呈现出智库数量不断增多、智库水平明显提高、智库类型多样化、政策影响力增强等特点,但在制度体制、政策供给、社会参与等方面存在一定的局限性,其质量与水平与国内外先进科技智库还有差距等问题;从构建广东创新智库发展机制应注意的基本属性和发展机制的具体构建两大方面指出其具体发展方向;指出广东应通过完善制度、创新体制、社会参与等多方面路径来推动科技创新智库的发展。 相似文献
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2017年3月12日国务院同意并发布了由文化部、工业和信息化部、财政部制定的《中国传统工艺振兴计划》,确定了"振兴传统工艺"的重大任务。广大科技工作者和人文社会科学工作者应该抓住这个历史机遇,立足国情,增强现代科学意识,建立研究中国传统工艺的国学价值、多元社会模式技术文化一体结构和对外交流的宏观框架,提取其独有的生命力要素,包括有国家制度的技术、有价值体系的技术、有社会结构的技术、有中国故事的技术、有丰富历史文献的技术和有专业知识的技术等,提升自我阐释能力和未来传承能力,增加文化自信,积极弘扬中国优秀传统文化。同时,也要掌握现代世界知识体系,做到中西互视,拿出高质量的科研成果,制定世界对话与合作的有效对策,增加国际话语权。此外,还应将那些坚持民族文化主体性的、兼具跨文化视野和具体操作个案的,以及中西学界共享优秀学术成果延伸到我国高等教育中去,加速学科建设,重视人才培养工作,使振兴传统工艺的系列工作成为服务于我国现代化建设和丰富世界文明对话内涵的高端事业。 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2002,38(5):649-670
This study examined the success and information seeking behaviors of seventh-grade science students and graduate students in information science in using Yahooligans! Web search engine/directory. It investigated these users' cognitive, affective, and physical behaviors as they sought the answer for a fact-finding task. It analyzed and compared the overall patterns of children's and graduate students' Web activities, including searching moves, browsing moves, backtracking moves, looping moves, screen scrolling, target location and deviation moves, and the time they took to complete the task. The authors applied Bilal's Web Traversal Measure to quantify these users' effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of moves they made. Results were based on 14 children's Web sessions and nine graduate students' sessions. Both groups' Web activities were captured online using Lotus ScreenCam, a software package that records and replays online activities in Web browsers. Children's affective states were captured via exit interviews. Graduate students' affective states were extracted from the journal writings they kept during the traversal process. The study findings reveal that 89% of the graduate students found the correct answer to the search task as opposed to 50% of the children. Based on the Measure, graduate students' weighted effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of the Web moves they made were much higher than those of the children. Regardless of success and weighted scores, however, similarities and differences in information seeking were found between the two groups. Yahooligans! poor structure of keyword searching was a major factor that contributed to the “breakdowns” children and graduate students experienced. Unlike children, graduate students were able to recover from “breakdowns” quickly and effectively. Three main factors influenced these users' performance: ability to recover from “breakdowns”, navigational style, and focus on task. Children and graduate students made recommendations for improving Yahooligans! interface design. Implications for Web user training and system design improvements are made. 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):271-289
The title of this paper is not meant to imply comprehensive treatment of developments in Australian science from the 1940s to the 1980s. Its more modest objective is to isolate particular parallels in the debates and rhetoric about science in these two decades. It argues that shifting political and economic contexts condition scientists' preferred strategies of self-legitimation. These shifts may cause major realignments within the scientific power structure. Two such shifts occurred during the 1940s. Coinciding with the outbreak of World War II, the catchcry of ‘science for society’ catalysed unprecedented moves to register science as a key national resource. But the projection of the scientist as social engineer/mediator was not to be realised. With the onset of the Cold War, the scientific community reverted to the defence of autonomy and non-interventionism in scientific organisation. Scientific ‘excellence’ rapidly replaced ‘relevance’ as a justification for government support of science. The appeal to freedom from political interference remains a powerful article of faith within the stratified research hierarchy. Increasingly, however, the rationale of autonomy is out of step with the economic and political climate of the 1980s. Some exploratory observations are made about the legacy of the 1940s in the emerging current political debate about Australia's so-called ‘technological dependence’ and a renewed concern about strategic relationships among science, technology, productivity and national wealth. 相似文献
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Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is borne by a set of historically contingent concepts, models, and metaphors. From around 1950 to 1980, its language was dominated by the contract metaphor and the linear model of innovation, both of which have catered for beliefs in stability, orderliness, and distinct social roles for scientists and policymakers. While prominent new models of the 1990s (mode 2, post-normal science, triple helix) had challenged the old contract metaphor, they remained experts’ brainchildren. After 2000, in contrast, we observe the emergence and pluralization of several new and powerful concepts. Building on conceptual history and cognitive linguistics, we analyze three of these new concepts: “frontier research,” “grand challenges,” and “responsible research and innovation” (RRI). Whereas the “frontier” and “grand challenges” convey many layered historical meanings, a distinct metaphorical appeal, and have become popularized beyond expert’s communities, the RRI discourse, though the most ambitious one, has not yet shaken off its roots in the bureaucratic structures of the European Commission. Finally, we discuss which conceptual and metaphorical properties enable the career of STI policy discourses in the 21st century. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2021,50(10):104362
Producing actionable science to improve social and environmental well-being enables the scientific enterprise to uphold expectations that accompany public funding for science. While innovations in the management of science funding may help overcome institutional hurdles to generating actionable science, the role of program managers in implementing such changes is relatively underexamined. Using sustainability science and related fields as a case, this study examines program documents (n = 33) and interviews of program management staff (n = 61) from public science funding programs in the United States and Europe. The results illuminate program management perspectives on the changing relationship between science and society and their own role in shaping it. In many instances, program managers in both regions are actively experimenting with practices that may strengthen links between knowledge and action. In certain contexts, program manager discretion may also amount to a form of science policy formation. However, program managers may still be limited in their ability to enact changes due to capacity constraints and still prevalent norms expressed by the research community. These results provide a window, and basis for future research, into the contemporary practice of science funding program management and its implications for sustainability and the social contract for science. 相似文献
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Jane Qiu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(4):824
China has attached a great significance to bringing science to the public—known as kepu (科普, ‘science popularization’) or kexue chuanbo (科学传播, ‘science dissemination’)—in recent years, partly in response to its unprecedented push for innovation in science and technology. In 2018, it spent 16 billion yuan (US$2.3 billion) on such endeavours, nearly 80% of which was government funding, according to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Science and Technology. With one science-education venue for every million people, approximately 76 million visits were made to the country''s 518 general-science museums and 142 million visits were made to 943 museums dedicated to a specific subject matter, such as the Geological Museum of China.In a forum chaired by National Science Review’s executive editor-in-chief, Mu-ming Poo, scientists, journalists and public-information officers discussed the differences in science communication between China and developed nations, the challenges and opportunities of raising scientific literacy in China, how it has played out in a wide range of controversial topics, from stem-cell research to climate change, and the importance of international collaboration. Tao Deng Director of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Hepeng Jia Science journalist and science-communication scholar at Soochow University, Suzhou, China Brian Lin Director of the Editorial Content Strategy, EurekAlert!, American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC, USA Joy Ma Manager of the Editorial Content, EurekAlert!, American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC, USA Lai Xu Former chief editor of Guokr.com, Beijing, China Shi Yan Deputy director of the China Research Institute for Science Popularisation, Chinese Association of Science and Technology, Beijing, China Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Director of the Insitute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 相似文献
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The diffusion of innovations is identified as an important aspect of technological and social change. Innovations diffuse through segmented networks of knowledge that limit the flow of knowledge from any one technological domain to any other. Despite this segmentation, some organizations are capable of developing pieces of knowledge that overcome these limitations. Within this context, we develop four hypotheses regarding specific R&D strategies that affect a firm’s ability to develop inventions that diffuse beyond the firm’s technological boundaries. Specifically, we examine how a firm's scientific intensity, technological collaborations, technological diversity, and internal focus impact breadth of innovation diffusion. We use two of the main determinants of innovation diffusion, namely, the relative advantage and the observability, as theoretical mechanisms to build our arguments. We empirically test our hypotheses on longitudinal data from the industries of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and chemicals. Our findings show that the extent to which the knowledge embedded in a firm’s inventions diffuses in distant technological areas is positively related to the firm’s scientific intensity and to its extent of collaboration, but it is negatively related to its technological diversity. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2023,60(5):103425
In the long run of fighting distorted information, empowering Internet users is believed to be an economic and sustainable solution. The effectiveness of this approach relies on the assumption that Internet users pay close attention to and hold unbiased perceptions of the distorted information. To obtain a systematic examination of people's perceptions of the distorted information, we performed a two-part meta-analysis based on 24 articles with 20,777 participants across three continents. Drawing on the third-person perception/effect (TPP/TPE) framework, Part I synthesized the literature examining the perpetual gap of distorted information's influence on self and others. Based on 28 effect sizes, the results confirmed a strong third-person perception related to distorted information (d = 0.614, p <.0001). Factors identified as moderating the effect magnitude include distorted information type, TPP operationalization, and study context. Part II was a synthesis of 63 effect sizes examining the potential antecedents and consequences of distorted information TPP. The results indicated that media use, distorted information exposure, and efficacy beliefs are predictors of distorted information TPP. However, policy support, proposed as a potential consequence, was not found to be so. The implications of our findings and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
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2021年10月日本首相岸田文雄在施政演说中表明科技立国是日本增长战略的第一支柱，但近年来日本诸多学者、媒体等指出日本科研发展正在迅速衰落，其国内各界对此似乎已形成共识，但中国学界对这一问题却鲜有研究；而当前，正如20世纪八九十年代的日本，中国的科研实力快速提升，但在此过程中也容易积累诸多问题。在此背景下，通过对Web of Science、InCites等判断各国科学研究发展状况的重要数据库中相关数据进行分析，跟踪研究日本的科研发展历程，解析其产生困难的原因，追踪其破解难题的思路，汲取科学研究发展的有益经验。结果显示：21世纪以来，日本科研竞争力发展陷入困境主要表现在科研产出数量和质量表现不佳、在热门研究领域及小岛型研究领域的参与度下滑和在国际科研合作的存在感减弱三方面，主要受确保科研产出的基本要素（人员、时间、经费）不足、以“选择与集中”为代表的科技政策显现副作用以及部分传统社会习惯和研究的内向化、保守化倾向等抑制作用等多种因素综合影响，对此日本政府不断探索破解困境的举措，重点围绕人才、资金与环境等方面推进政策改革。从科研发展的总体趋势来看，尽管日本科研发展速度有所放缓，但其科研实... 相似文献
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现代文明使他们被迫远离了自然,远离了科学的土壤.我们创造的科学文明要让儿童过这样的“文明”生活吗?他们真的喜欢这样的文明生活吗?他们可以选择吗?孩子们有权利选择,不应该被禁锢,我们有责任还给儿童游戏、田野、连环画、泥巴、小动物、地平线,还有自由的空气……科学课上,孩子们的专注、有序让我动容,动手做小船、捏橡皮泥时的兴奋、快乐感染了我,对实验台上的仪器、教具的好奇让我欣喜,实验成功时的欢呼雀跃让我满足;采摘一片树叶、捉来一只甲壳虫问我“这是什么”、“为什么”时让我备感欣慰;有时,学生竟故意犯点小错,留下来接受“惩罚”——打扫实验室,就是为了多在实验室待会儿,这令我深受感动……我看到了真正的儿童,活生生的儿童,求知的儿童,向往大自然、崇尚科学的儿童. 相似文献
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科技类社会组织是科技人员基于学术自由、平等交流、互动自主机制自愿结合而成的非盈利社会组织,在参与国家治理方面具有其他社会组织不能比拟的天然优势。 秉持多元包容、协同互惠的新时期科技产业价值,顺应国家建设科技强国的战略要求,科技社团作为社会组织的组成之一,有能力也有理由更加积极地参与国家治理。本文聚焦新冠疫情期间中外科技社团参与疫情应对的程度和方式,通过多案例比较研究方法具体分析了对科技社团参与社会治理的情况进行了国际比较,并得出探讨了我国科技社团参与社会治理的优势和不足,并对此从科技社团自身、政策环境和科技社团与上级部门的关系三个角度提出相应建议。 相似文献