共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 622 毫秒
1.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):271-289
The title of this paper is not meant to imply comprehensive treatment of developments in Australian science from the 1940s to the 1980s. Its more modest objective is to isolate particular parallels in the debates and rhetoric about science in these two decades. It argues that shifting political and economic contexts condition scientists' preferred strategies of self-legitimation. These shifts may cause major realignments within the scientific power structure. Two such shifts occurred during the 1940s. Coinciding with the outbreak of World War II, the catchcry of ‘science for society’ catalysed unprecedented moves to register science as a key national resource. But the projection of the scientist as social engineer/mediator was not to be realised. With the onset of the Cold War, the scientific community reverted to the defence of autonomy and non-interventionism in scientific organisation. Scientific ‘excellence’ rapidly replaced ‘relevance’ as a justification for government support of science. The appeal to freedom from political interference remains a powerful article of faith within the stratified research hierarchy. Increasingly, however, the rationale of autonomy is out of step with the economic and political climate of the 1980s. Some exploratory observations are made about the legacy of the 1940s in the emerging current political debate about Australia's so-called ‘technological dependence’ and a renewed concern about strategic relationships among science, technology, productivity and national wealth. 相似文献
2.
目前,我国区县政府科技投入不断增加的同时企业研发支出也不断增长,但是,现有关于两者间关系的研究结论并不统一,包括挤入效应和挤出效应两种。基于此,选择2年滞后期构建动态面板数据模型,并引入GDP增长作为调节变量分析两者间关系。研究结果表明:(1)区县政府对科技资源的投入对当年和第二年企业研发支出的影响并不显著,反而会对第三年的企业研发支出产生挤出效应;(2)GDP增长率的增加对企业研发支出存在正向影响,且滞后期为两年;(3)GDP增长越快的区县政府科技投入对企业研发支出的挤出效应越弱。 相似文献
3.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):107-119
Three megatechnologies will dominate the last decade of the 20th Century: Information Technology, Biotechnology and New Materials Technology. New materials have been the least well publicized, yet they play a crucial precursor role in most other technological innovation. Developments in materials science now give us the ability to design so-called ‘advanced materials’ from scratch for specific purposes. They have a wide variety of applications. In addition, new materials technology extends the notion of choice in the production process and as such it has major implications for engineers, designers and managers. Australia is in theory well-placed to take advantage of the materials revolution in terms of natural resources, environment and existing research strengths. But although some impressive and useful work has been done by the Department of Science in targeting fruitful areas for future research, an international comparison of materials R&D and a review of what the Australian government and private sector has done so far suggests that Australia once again is doing too little too late. 相似文献
4.
Fostering entrepreneurship: Changing role of government and higher education governance in Hong Kong
Ka Ho Mok 《Research Policy》2005,34(4):537-554
The rise of the knowledge economy has generated new global infrastructures with information technology playing an increasingly important role in the global economy. The popularity and prominence of information technology not only changes the nature of knowledge but also restructures higher education, research and learning. It is in such a wider policy context that an increasing number of institutions of higher learning are being established with new missions and innovative configurations of training, serving populations that previously had little access to higher education. Apart from accommodating a larger number of students, higher education institutions are required to improve their administrative efficiency and accountability in response to the demands of different stakeholders like government, business, industry, and labour organizations, as well as students and parents. The present article sets out in this wider context to examine how and what strategies universities in Hong Kong have adopted to promote entrepreneurial spirit and practices by encouraging academic staff to venture in industrial, business and commercial fields. In addition, this article examines how universities in Hong Kong reform their curricula to make students more creative, innovative and international. More specifically, this article reflects upon the role of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR, hereafter) in promoting entrepreneurship, with particular reference to the interactions between the government, the private sector and the tertiary education sector in promoting a vibrant and dynamic economy. 相似文献
5.
David J. Teece 《Research Policy》2018,47(8):1367-1387
The value-capture problem for innovators in the digital economy involves some different challenges from those in the industrial economy. It inevitably requires understanding the dynamics of platforms and ecosystems. These challenges are amplified for enabling technologies, which are the central focus of this article. The innovator of an enabling technology has a special business model challenge because the applicability to many downstream verticals forecloses, as a practical matter, ownership of all the relevant complements. Complementary assets (vertical and lateral) in the digital context are no longer just potential value-capture mechanisms (through asset price appreciation or through preventing exposure to monopolistic bottleneck pricing by others); they may well be needed simply for the technology to function. Technological and innovational complementors present both coordination and market design challenges to the innovator that generally lead to market failure in the form of an excess of social over private returns. The low private return leads to socially sub-optimal underinvestment in future R&D that can be addressed to some extent by better strategic decision-making by the innovator and/or by far-sighted policies from government and the judiciary.The default value-capture mechanism for many enabling technologies is the licensing of trade secrets and/or patents. Licensing is shown to be a difficult business model to implement from a value-capture perspective. When injunctions for intellectual property infringement are hard to win, or even to be considered, the incentives for free riding by potential licensees are considerable. Licensing is further complicated if it involves standard essential patents, as both courts and policy makers may fail to understand that development of a standard involves components of both interoperability and technology development. If a technology standard is not treated as the embodiment of significant R&D efforts enabling substantial new downstream economic activity, then rewards are likely to be calibrated too low to support appropriate levels of future innovation. 相似文献
6.
科技资助促进企业R＆D研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文从科技活动的溢出效应出发，分析科技资助政策的合理性。通过对直接科技拨款促进企业R＆D过程中可能发生的互补和挤出关系分析研究，从整体上确认科技资助政策在促进企业R＆D投入、提高企业R＆D能力、提高国家创新能力等方面的作用。 相似文献
7.
在国内外文献研究基础上,引入产业间技术相近度的概念,基于广义C-D生产函数构建了一个测度政府科技资助溢出效应的计量模型,并采用来自《中国科技统计年鉴》（1997—2006）大中型工业企业的面板数据,对政府科技资助、企业自筹R&D等溢出效应进行了实证分析。结果表明：（1）政府科技资助存在溢出效应,其他产业中企业自筹研发资金也存在溢出效应,而且,政府科技资助的溢出效应明显高于其他产业中企业自筹研发资金的溢出效应;（2）企业研发强度影响政府科技资助的溢出效应;（3）科技资助强度影响政府科技资助溢出效应。对于资助强度大于3%的产业,政府科技资助存在明显的溢出效应,政府科技资助对中等资助产业的溢出效应明显高于高资助产业。研究对我国政府制定创新资助政策有着一定的参考价值。 相似文献
8.
本文基于金融市场中存在的金融错配现象为现实依据，利用2003-2015年我国民营上市公司微观数据，在测算金融错配指数和外部融资依赖的基础上，采用动态面板模型系统GMM方法，从政治关联的视角对上述命题进行验证.研究结果发现，金融错配显著抑制企业的创新产出，特别是对含金量比较高的发明专利抑制作用更为显著，民营企业的政治关联会对二者之间的关系产生显著的负向调节作用。通过进一步探讨民营企业政治关联活动的调节机制发现，政治关联的调节作用是通过影响企业外部融资约束进而影响金融错配与企业创新产出之间的关系。结论表明，合理配置金融资源、建立良好的政企关系，能够有效缓解企业创新活动的融资约束，对提升企业的创新产出具有重要的现实意义 相似文献
9.
论美国先进技术计划(ATP)的风险投资机制及启示 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
ATP作为美国政府资助的R＆D计划,虽然不是由政府设立的风险投资基金,但它有效地发挥了风险投资的功能,弥补了私人风险投资的不足;与私人风险投资形成了合理分工,共同促进了美国高技术产业的发展．ATP对改善我国国家科技计划的管理有参考价值． 相似文献
10.
《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104369
Research about the Covid-19 pandemic has taken center stage in shaping the work of many scholars, inter alia highlighting the importance of research in addressing the grand challenges humanity faces. However, the pandemic has also ushered in increased administrative, teaching and out of work commitments for many researchers, leading to concerns that academics will become less willing to invest time in obtaining resources to undertake non-Covid-related projects. Using a large-scale survey of business, economics and management researchers, coupled with their publication histories and additional institutional data, we examine how far individuals experienced the focus on the pandemic as ‘crowding out’ interest in, and undermining their confidence in applying for grants for work not focused on the pandemic. We found 40% of the sample agree that the pandemic has impaired their confidence in applying for non-pandemic-related grants and ‘crowded out’ other projects. Researchers with current and prior grants, particularly those with the most experience of holding grants, scholars whose work ‘impacted’ beyond academia, and early career researchers, disproportionately considered themselves to be most affected. We also found that researchers’ perceptions differed based on institutional characteristics. We discuss the implications of these findings for grant providers and national research agencies as well as for individual academic researchers and the institutions in which they work. 相似文献
11.
本文在分析金融集聚影响区域内部和周边区域民营经济成长的作用机理的基础上，运用空间面板杜宾模型以中国省域样本进行实证分析发现：(1) 考察期内中国省域金融集聚度大致由东部向中、西部地区递减。(2)东部地区金融集聚度较高，对区域内民营经济成长有一定促进作用，且其“涓流效应”可带动周边区域民营经济成长；中、西部地区金融集聚度较低，不能促进区域内民营经济成长，且其“极化效应”可能阻碍周边区域民营经济成长。(3)东、中部地区民营企业已经开始注重技术研发，而西部地区民营企业还停留在规模扩张阶段。 相似文献
12.
Robert J.W. Tijssen 《Research Policy》2018,47(9):1626-1638
Pasteur’s Quadrant model, published by Stokes in 1997, presents a two-dimensional abstract conceptual framework that proved immensely helpful to study and discuss institutional and policy arrangements in science. However, during the last 10 years the PQ model was also applied in a series of large-scale, survey-based studies worldwide to classify individual modern-day researchers according to their research orientation and performance.This paper argues that such applications are inadequate to capture key characteristics of individual researchers, especially those within the heterogeneous ‘Pasteur type’ group who engage in ‘use-inspired’ basic scientific research. Addressing this shortcoming, Pasteur’s Cube (PC) model introduces a new heuristic tool. Departing from a three-dimensional conceptual framework of research-related activities, the model enables a range of typologies to describe and study the large variety of academics at today’s research-intensive universities. The PC model’s analytical robustness was tested empirically in two interrelated ‘proof of concept’ studies: an exploratory survey among 150 European universities and a follow-up case study of Leiden University in the Netherlands. Both studies, collecting data for the years 2010–2015, applied a metrics-based taxonomy to classify individual academic researchers according to four performance categories: scientific publication output, research collaboration with the business sector, patents filings, and being engaging in entrepreneurial activities.The collective results of both studies provide more clarity on relevant subgroups of use-inspired researchers. The PC model can be used to guide empirical, metrics-based investigations of research activities and productivities, applies this approach to two case studies, and demonstrates the utility of the method while also reinforcing and enriching the growing body of literature showing that cross-sectoral and cross-functional research activities are more scientifically productive than research carried out in isolation of the context of use. Introducing the ‘Crossover Collaborator’ subtype helps to explain why Pasteur type researchers tend to outperform other types of researchers in terms of publication output and citation impact. 相似文献
13.
市场化与规制:世界遗产资源管理模式可能的路径选择 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
学界对遗产资源管理模式的改革方向存在争议。“国家公园论”和“经营权转移论”的分歧在于政府是否直接提供遗产旅游服务。本文借助规制经济学分析工具说明改革中国遗产管理模式首先要打破行政性垄断,并利用拥挤性俱乐部产品模型论证了遗产资源市场化经营的可能性。政府规制突出表现在遗产保护,行使景区规划权和经营开发的审批权,制订价格下限抑制经营者不顾旅游环境承载力追逐经营收入的冲动。 相似文献
14.
R&D经费主要来自政府和企业。企业与政府R&D投入的相互关系与“最佳”组合是关乎政府R&D投入策略的重要问题。这篇论文通过历史数据的分析,从经济增长背景和科技发展政策的视角,研究了典型国家特别是美国R&D资助结构的演变。研究发现：R&D资助结构自身并无一般性的固定比例,“最优”R&D资助结构也不存在固定的比例。基于这个发现,分析了中国R&D资助结构的现状及问题,这些分析对中国确定政府R&D投入战略具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
15.
Mary Gardiner Jones 《The Information Society》2013,29(1):31-52
Abstract Since access to knowledge is a critical source of political and economic power, the new telecommunications technologies pose a challenge to business, government, and the academic community as well as private persons. The individual and social uses of the most recent technological applications in this field are explored in this paper; problems related to the harnessing of these advances to individual information needs and some of the policy issues generated by the new technologies are also discussed. 相似文献
16.
科技社团通过提供科技类公共服务,满足科技工作者需求、提高创新系统效能并服务于国家战略目标。本文采用基于模糊集的定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法,探索使科技社团提供更多、更好科技类公共服务所需的要素及其构型。以中国科协所属全国学会为实证对象,通过对244份有效问卷的分析,分别识别出提供高数量或高质量服务的核心与边缘要素,在此基础上形成5类主要构型,并进一步提炼出“资源驱动”与“领导驱动”两类实现途径。研究发现,组织的资源与领导对良好的公共服务供给具有可替代性。其中,资金状况、内部人才队伍和政府支持是服务数量的核心要素,专家资源和社团领导的价值认知则对服务质量有决定性影响。对构型中各中性排列的分析,为科技社团找准与其目标相匹配的发力点、有效提升在创新系统中的表现提供了理论支撑。 相似文献
17.
东北老工业基地具有地缘政治特异性，研究其经济问题具有重要意义。创业孵化器属于创业生态系统的重要组成部分，其对区域经济的发展提供了重要的动力。所以，基于东北情境下的孵化器运行效率问题研究有其独特性价值。本研究结合东北情境，将创业孵化器分为政府与民营两种主导模式，运用DEA研究方法，分析了东北创业孵化器与其它地区整体性差异与差异等级、自身运行效率问题、不同主导模式运行效率对比以及民营主导孵化器与中东部孵化器差距等系列问题，从而系统性揭示了东北创业孵化器运行效率的本质，最终提出了“两步走”的路径方案。 相似文献
18.
One of the most hotly debated ideas in science studies is the claim that contemporary science is in the midst of a transformation. While ‘transformationalist’ arguments and concepts vary, their core principle is that the norms, values and practices that have enforced the separation of science from society are being challenged by new expectations that scientists pursue closer connections with industry, government and/or civil society, and address research questions of immediate value to non-academic partners. While many major funding agencies have embraced this idea and now pressure scientists to enhance the ‘societal relevance’ of their work, the impact of these changes on scientific practices is still unclear. This paper reports findings from a comparative meso-level analysis of 14 large Canadian research networks funded by an agency with an explicit transformationalist mandate – the Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) programme. Documents and web communications from these 14 NCEs, as well as from the central programme administration office, are analysed and compared to key transformationalist concepts, such as Mode 2 science, post-normal science, the triple helix model, academic capitalism and strategic science. We find that transformationalist ideas have a strong rhetorical presence across the 14 NCE projects and the central office, but that a great deal of inconsistency and confusion exists at the level of implementation and assessment of outcomes. Easily quantifiable outputs, such as the commercialization of research findings, are favoured over softer qualitative outcomes, such as public engagement and knowledge sharing. We conclude by arguing that the NCE programme is having an observable impact on the rhetoric of science, but any resulting transformations in practice are incremental rather than radical. 相似文献
19.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(4):357-372
Virtually everywhere, there is governmental interest in developing and using science and technology as a tool for economic development and other public purposes. States within the United States look to advance vis-à-vis other states, just as nations seek to rise in competitiveness. What institutional mechanisms work? What research and other strategies are effective? The Georgia Research Alliance (GRA) represents an important model that appears successful. During the 1990s, key business executives, university presidents, and state government forged a research partnership - GRA. A non-profit entity, GRA played a catalytic role in getting state government, industry, and universities in a specific region to work in concert to hire scientific luminaries, attract federal research funds, and translate research into economic development. The dynamics of this catalytic entity are discussed using a life-cycle model of organizational development. 相似文献
20.
通过对政府干预企业投资活动的理论阐释与动机的分析,本文研究了政府干预对企业投资效率与价值的影响。研究发现:(1)整体而言,政府干预加剧了企业的过度投资,对企业投资不足的缓解却具有非对称性。(2)由于产权控制特征的不同,政府干预对企业投资效率的影响存在差异,民营企业的投资不足和地方国有企业的过度投资对地区政府干预程度的敏感性交替最大化。(3)政府干预对国有企业投资不足的缓解,是政府推动投资扩张动机整体抬高了投资率的结果。(4)进一步的研究发现:在政府干预程度较高的地区,地方国有企业的过度投资与市场价值之间显著正相关;相反,在市场化进程较快的地区,民营企业的投资不足则具有负面的市场反应。企业投资效率与价值效应的非一致性表明,政府干预是经济转型过程中市场化程度滞后的一种制度性替代机制。 相似文献