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1.
Two groups of pigeons were trained with a go/no-go procedure to discriminate video images of conspecifics based on the individuals or else on their actions. Both groups showed rapid acquisition, and the discrimination transferred to new scenes in Experiment 1 and to static scenes in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, experimentally naive pigeons were trained to discriminate video images of particular birds showing different actions. Transfer to novel scenes, including a new bird and a new motion, revealed the dominance of motion as a cue to discriminate video images. In Experiment 4, the pigeons trained to discriminate video scenes of 2 pigeons showing a variety of activities successfully recognized these stimuli regardless of whether the video was played forward or backward, and transferred the discrimination to still scenes. The findings suggest that pigeons’ discrimination of video images is primarily based on information that is invariant across static and dynamic conditions. 相似文献
2.
A go/no-go procedure was used to train pigeons to discriminate pictures of human faces differing only in shape, with either
static images or movies of human faces dynamically rotating in depth. On the basis of experimental findings in humans and
some earlier studies on three-dimensional object perception in pigeons, we expected dynamic stimulus presentation to support
the pigeon’s perception of the complex morphology of a human face. However, the performance of the subjects presented with
movies was either worse than (AVI format movies) or did not differ from (uncompressed dynamic presentation) that of the subjects
trained with a single or with multiple static images of the faces. Furthermore, generalization tests to other presentation
conditions and to novel static views revealed no promoting effect of dynamic training. Except for the subjects trained on
multiple static views, performance dropped to chance level with views outside the training range. These results are in contrast
to some prior reports from the literature, since they suggest that pigeons, unlike humans, have difficulty using the additional
structural information provided by the dynamic presentation and integrating the multiple views into a three-dimensional object. 相似文献
3.
Pigeons and adult humans searched for a 2-cm2 unmarked goal in digitized images of an outdoor scene presented on a touch-screen monitor. In Experiment 1, the scene contained three landmarks near the goal and a visually rich background. Six training images presented the scene from different viewing directions and distances. Subsequent unreinforced tests in which landmark or background cues were removed or shifted revealed that pigeons’ search was controlled by both proximal landmarks and background cues, whereas humans relied only on the proximal landmarks. Pigeons’ search accuracy dropped substantially when they were presented with novel views of the same scene, whereas humans showed perfect transfer to novel views. In Experiment 2, pigeons with previous outdoor experience and humans were trained with 28 views of an outdoor scene. Both pigeons and humans transferred well to novel views of the scene. This positive transfer suggests that, under some conditions, pigeons, like humans, may encode the three-dimensional spatial information in images of a scene. 相似文献
4.
We investigated whether pigeons are able to discriminate color photographs of male and female pigeons, using a categorical
discrimination procedure. In Experiments 1 and 2B, 10 out of 14 pigeons learned the discrimination. Of these, 5 pigeons showed
transfer to novel stimuli, demonstrating the categorical nature of the trained discrimination. Experiment 3 showed that the
discriminative behavior was based primarily on the body, as opposed to the head and the neck region. In 1 out of 3 pigeons,
the discriminative behavior was maintained by the black-and-white photographs. The results suggest that some pigeons have
the ability to discriminate the sex of conspecifics without behavioral cues. 相似文献
5.
Herrnstein and Loveland (1964, pp. 549–551) successfully trained pigeons to discriminate pictures showing humans from pictures that did not. In the present study, a go/no-go procedure was employed to replicate and extend their findings, the primary focus of concern being to reevaluate the role of item- and category-specific information. The pigeons readily acquired the discrimination and were also able to generalize to novel instances of the two classes (Experiment 1). Classification of scrambled versions of the stimuli was based on small and local features, rather than on configural and global features (Experiment 2). The presentation of gray-scale stimuli indicated that color was important for classifying novel stimuli and recognizing familiar ones (Experiments 1 and 2). Finally, the control that could possibly be exerted by irrelevant background features was investigated by presenting the pigeons with images of persons contained in former person-absent pictures (Experiment 3). Classification was found to be controlled by both item- and category- specific features, but only in pigeons that were reinforced on person-present pictures was the latter type of information given precedence over the former. 相似文献
6.
In three experiments, pigeons were trained to discriminate between uniform arrays of two elements that differed in color, form, or size. They were then tested with arrays that contained different proportions of the two elements on these dimensions. In all cases, orderly discrimination gradients reflected these proportions. The discrimination readily transferred to new arrays with similar stimuli, but with different total numbers of elements. In Experiment 4, the pigeons were taught to discriminate between two groups of categorical stimuli: pictures of birds and pictures of flowers. A test with different proportions of each again produced a gradient based on relative numerosity. Experiment 5 demonstrated transfer of stimulus control on the numerosity dimension when pigeons were trained with one set of instances from two categories, and then were tested with new instances from the same categories. 相似文献
7.
The effects of identical context on pattern recognition by pigeons for outline drawings of faces were investigated by training
pigeons to identify (Experiment 1) and categorize (Experiment 2) these stimuli according to the orientation of the mouth—an
upright U shape representing a smiling mouth or an inverted U shape representing a sad mouth. These target stimuli were presented
alone (Pair 1), with three dots in a triangular orientation to represent a nose and eyes (Pair 2), and with the face pattern
surrounded by an oval (Pair 3). In Experiment 1, the pigeons trained with Pair 1 were most accurate, those trained with Pair
2 were less so, and those trained with Pair 3 failed to acquire the discrimination within eighty 100-trial sessions. The same
ordering was found in Experiment 2 for pigeons trained on the three pairs simultaneously. The authors suggest that a contrasting
finding in humans, the face superiority effect, might be due to a gain in discriminability resulting from recognition of the
pattern as a face. An exemplar model of information processing that excludes linguistic coding accounts for the present results. 相似文献
8.
Eight homing pigeons, trained to fly between two elevated feeders within a flight tunnel, were tested for their ability to discriminate between two magnetic field stimuli and two acoustic stimuli, using a unitary discrete-trials procedure with successive presentation of stimuli. Magnetic stimuli consisted of the ambient magnetic field and a reduced magnetic field in which the vertical component of the field was reduced to 50% of its ambient value. Acoustic stimuli consisted of an ambient white noise and the white noise plus a tone. Stimuli were paired with food reward and either a time penalty (Experiment 1) or electric shock (Experiment 2). Although subjects could discriminate sounds with our procedures, none of the subjects demonstrated discrimination of magnetic fields. The failure of pigeons to discriminate magnetic stimuli is discussed as a consequence of either the failure to provide conditions sufficient for such discrimination or the absence of a magnetic sense in these animals. 相似文献
9.
According to the mixed memory model (Penney, Gibbon, & Meck, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 1770–1787, 2000), different clock rates for stimuli with different nontemporal properties must be stored within a single reference memory distribution in order to detect a difference between the clock rates of the different signals. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained in a between-subjects design to discriminate empty intervals (bound by two 1-s visual markers) and filled intervals (a continuous visual signal). The intervals were signaled by different visual stimuli, and they required responses to different sets of comparison stimuli. Empty intervals were judged as being longer than filled intervals. The difference between the point of subjective equality (PSE) for the empty intervals and the PSE for the filled intervals increased proportionally as the magnitudes of the anchor duration pairs were increased from 2 and 8 s to 4 and 16 s. In Experiment 2, the pigeons were trained to discriminate intervals signaled by the absence of houselight illumination (Group Empty) or the presence of houselight illumination (Group Filled). The psychophysical timing functions for these intervals were identical to each other. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that memory mixing is not necessary for detecting a timing difference between empty and filled intervals in pigeons. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that the nature of the stimuli that signal the empty and filled intervals impacts how pigeons judge the durations of empty and filled intervals. 相似文献
10.
In two experiments, we examined the discrimination of photographs of individual pigeons by pigeons, using go/no-go discrimination procedures. In Experiments 1A and 1B, the pigeons were trained to discriminate 4 photographs of one pigeon from those of a number of pigeons. The subjects learned the discrimination, but their discriminative behavior did not transfer to new photographs taken from novel perspectives. When the pigeons were trained to discriminate between 20 photographs of five pigeons taken from four perspectives as the S+ and 20 photographs of five different pigeons as the S-, the subjects learned the discrimination, and this discriminative behavior partially transferred to new photographs taken from novel perspectives (Experiments 2A-2C). The results suggest that pigeons are able to discriminate among conspecific individuals, using stationary visual cues. This strengthens the assumption in evolutionary theory that animals can discriminate among individuals and encourages further investigation as to how this ability is used in various behaviors of animals. 相似文献
11.
In the present experiment, we investigated whether pigeons rely exclusively on elemental information or whether they are also able to exploit configural information in apeople-present/people-absent discrimination task. Six pigeons were trained in a go/no-go procedure to discriminate between 800 color photographs characterized by the presence or absence of people. Thepeople-present stimuli were designated as positive, and thepeople-absent stimuli were designated as negative. After training and a subsequent generalization test, the pigeons were presented with both familiar and novel people-present stimuli containing human figures that were distorted in one of seven different ways. All the pigeons learned the initial discrimination and also showed generalization to novel stimuli. In the subsequent test, performance on all types of distorted stimuli was diminished in comparison with that on the intact original pictures from which they had been derived. At the same time, however, peck rates clearly exceeded the level of responding found for regular people-absent stimuli. This result strongly suggests that responding was controlled by both the constituting target components and their spatial relations and, therefore, points to the dual importance of elemental and configural information. 相似文献
12.
Pigeons learned to respond at one spatial position when a pair of stimuli matched and at a different spatial position when they mismatched. All birds were then transferred to novel stimuli on an orthogonal dimension. For the positive-transfer group, the correct positions for matching and mismatching stimuli remained as they were during training. For the negative-transfer group, the correct positions were reversed. In Experiment 1, the birds were trained with shape stimuli and transferred to hue stimuli. Significant group differences were found, in spite of considerable stimulus-specific learning. In Experiment 2, when the same birds (counterbalanced for Experiment 1 transfer group) were transferred to steady-intermittent stimuli, even larger group differences were found. The data indicate that pigeons have some capacity for representing the concepts “same” and “different” with arbitrary stimuli (i.e., symbols). The data further suggest that distinctions that have been made between matching/oddity transfer tasks and same/different tasks may be procedural rather than conceptual. 相似文献
13.
The effect of stimulus rotation was assessed in four Guinea baboons (Papio papio), using pictures of familiar human faces presented in a computerized go/no-go task. In Experiment 1, 2 baboons were initially trained to discriminate upright faces, and 2 others were trained to discriminate upside-down faces. For the two groups, postlearning discrimination was impaired when the training faces were rotated 180°. In Experiment 2, upright and upside-down priming faces appeared prior to the display of target faces. For the two groups, response times were faster when the prime and the target faces had the same orientations than when they were depicted under different orientations. Finally, Experiments 3 and 4 identified variations in facial contours as the most salient discriminative cue controlling performance in 2 baboons. Altogether, our results provide no evidence that the baboons processed the pictures as representations of faces. It is suggested that the effect of rotation derived from the encoding of the pictorial faces as meaningless mono-oriented shapes, rather than as natural human faces. 相似文献
14.
Michael E. Young Jessie J. Peissig Edward A. Wasserman Irving Biederman 《Learning & behavior》2001,29(2):97-106
We explored how changes in the depiction of the surface features of a simple volume (a geon) affected the pigeon’s recognition performance. Pigeons were trained to make a different keypeck response to each of four computer-rendered single-geon objects. In Experiment 1, the pigeons were tested with images of the original stimuli in which the light source was shifted from its original position, as well as with silhouettes and line drawings of these objects. All three types of stimulus variations resulted in marked drops in performance: above chance for silhouettes and light-change stimuli, but at chance for line drawings. In Experiment 2, the pigeons were tested with images of the original stimuli in which the contrast levels were either increased or decreased. These transformations resulted in very small drops in performance (except for the complete absence of contrast-a silhouette). These results indicated that the pigeons attended to the shape of the outside contour of an object and to the relative brightness of an object’s surface contours. 相似文献
15.
L. Caitlin Elmore Anthony A. Wright Jacquelyne J. Rivera Jeffrey S. Katz 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(2):204-213
Three pigeons were trained in a three-item simultaneous same/different task. Three of six stimulus combinations were not trained (untrained set) and were tested later. Following acquisition, the
subjects were tested with novel stimuli, the untrained set, training-stimulus inversions, and object shape and color manipulations.
There was no novel-stimulus transfer—that is, no abstract-concept learning. Two pigeons showed partial transfer to untrained
pairs and good transfer to stimulus inversions, suggesting that they had learned the relationship between the stimuli. Lack
of transfer by the third pigeon suggests item-specific learning. The somewhat surprising finding of relational learning by
2 pigeons with only six training pairs suggests restricted-domain relational learning that was controlled more by color than
by shape features. Individual differences of item-specific learning by 1 pigeon and relational learning by 2 others demonstrate
that this task can be learned in different ways and that relational learning can occur in the absence of novel-stimulus transfer. 相似文献
16.
Robert A. Rescorla 《Learning & behavior》1991,19(4):355-360
In two autoshaping experiments, pigeons received training of several modulators with each of two target excitors. Experiment 1 used a conditioned-facilitation (A?/XA+) procedure, and Experiment 2 used a conditioned-inhibition (A+/XA?) procedure. In the first procedure, the X modulators promoted responding to A, whereas in the second they depressed responding to A. Pairs of the X modulators were then presented in conjunction with a novel target stimulus, B. The ability of those pairs to modulate responding to B was greater when the modulators in a pair had both been trained with the same A stimulus rather than with different A stimuli. That suggests an involvement of the original training targets in the transfer of modulators to a novel target. 相似文献
17.
Kelly J. Stanhope 《Learning & behavior》1989,17(3):311-321
A dissociation between the effect of reinforcer type and response strength on the force of the pigeon’s keypeck response was shown in three experiments. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to peck two conditioned stimuli, one paired with water and another paired with grain. The pigeons made more forceful pecks for grain than for water and also showed a tendency, albeit an unreliable one, to respond on a higher percentage of food trials than water trials. In Experiment 2, the pigeons from Experiment 1 were satiated with either food or water and were then presented with the two conditioned stimuli in an extinction test. It was found that, regardless of the drive state, the pigeons made more forceful pecks to the stimulus that predicted food than to the stimulus that predicted water. In the thirsty group, however, this difference in force was not accompanied by a difference in the percentage of trials with a response. In Experiment 3, pigeons trained with a single reinforcer pecked more often on instrumentally reinforced trials than on Pavlovian conditioning trials, but there was no difference in the force of the pecks. Taken together, these results imply that differences in response strength cannot account for the difference between the force of food- and water-reinforced pecks. Instead, stimulus-substitution theory may provide the best account of the topography of the two types of pecks. 相似文献
18.
In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to discriminate short (2 sec) and long (8 sec) durations of tone by responding to red and green comparison stimuli. During delay testing, a systematic response bias to the comparison stimulus correct for the long duration occurred. Tests of responding without the tone reduced accuracy on long-sample trials but not on short-sample trials suggesting that the pigeons were attending to the tone and not simply timing the total trial duration. The pigeons were then trained to match short (2 sec) and long (8 sec) durations of light to blue/yellow comparisons. During delay testing, “choose-long errors” occurred following tone durations, but “choose-short errors” occurred following light durations. In Experiment 2, accuracy was assessed on test trials in which the tone and the light signals were simultaneously presented for the same duration or for different durations. Pigeons responded accurately to durations of light, but were unable to accurately respond to durations of tone simultaneously presented with the light. The data from Experiment 1 suggest that there are important differences between light and tone signals with respect to the events that control the termination of timing. The data from Experiment 2 indicate that pigeons cannot simultaneously time visual and auditory signals independently and without interference. Consequently, they are inconsistent with the idea that there is a single internal clock that times both tone and light durations. 相似文献
19.
Performance during simultaneous matching-to-sample was assessed in pigeons presented with element and compound visual samples. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained with a symbolic matching procedure, in which different pairs of colored comparison cues presented on side keys were mapped onto a bright or dim houselight as one pair of sample stimuli and onto vertical and horizontal lines on the center key as a second pair of sample stimuli. They were then tested with houselight-line compound samples. It was found that matching accuracy for lines was significantly diminished with compound samples relative to element samples. Conversely, house-light intensities were matched as well with compound samples as with element samples. In Experiment 2, a similar effect was found with pigeons that had been trained to match only line samples. In Experiment 3, it was discovered that sample duration had no influence on the matching deficit found with lines following compound samples in birds either trained or not trained to match houselight intensities. These results, taken in combination with recent findings from experiments with auditory-visual compounds, suggest a restricted processing account of pigeon processing of simultaneously presented stimuli from different sources. 相似文献
20.
Four pigeons previously trained to home to the roof of the University of British Columbia psychology building and 4 nonhoming pigeons were trained to discriminate between two sets of color slides projected onto a pecking panel of a Skinner box. One slide set consisted of photographs taken in the vicinity of the psychology building; the other set consisted of similar views taken at locations not previously visited by the homing subjects. All subjects were rewarded for pecking during slides from the first but not the second set. Every few sessions, new “Home” and “Away” slides were introduced during transfer tests. In a final transfer test, a completely new tray of Home and Away slides was introduced. The homing pigeons were slightly (but not statistically significantly) better at discriminating Home from Away slides. The implications of these results for understanding pigeons’ homing behavior, concept attainment, and spatial memory are discussed. 相似文献