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1.
Despite hundreds of studies describing infants' visual exploration of experimental stimuli, researchers know little about where infants look during everyday interactions. The current study describes the first method for studying visual behavior during natural interactions in mobile infants. Six 14-month-old infants wore a head-mounted eye-tracker that recorded gaze during free play with mothers. Results revealed that infants' visual exploration is opportunistic and depends on the availability of information and the constraints of infants' own bodies. Looks to mothers' faces were rare following infant-directed utterances but more likely if mothers were sitting at infants' eye level. Gaze toward the destination of infants' hand movements was common during manual actions and crawling, but looks toward obstacles during leg movements were less frequent. 相似文献
2.
Spoken language consists of a complex, sequentially arrayed signal that contains patterns that can be described in terms of statistical relations among language units. Previous research has suggested that a domain-general ability to learn structured sequential patterns may underlie language acquisition. To test this prediction, we examined the extent to which implicit sequence learning of probabilistically structured patterns in hearing adults is correlated with a spoken sentence perception task under degraded listening conditions. Performance on the sentence perception task was found to be correlated with implicit sequence learning, but only when the sequences were composed of stimuli that were easy to encode verbally. Implicit learning of phonological sequences thus appears to underlie spoken language processing and may indicate a hitherto unexplored cognitive factor that may account for the enormous variability in language outcomes in deaf children with cochlear implants. The present findings highlight the importance of investigating individual differences in specific cognitive abilities as a way to understand and explain language in deaf learners and, in particular, variability in language outcomes following cochlear implantation. 相似文献
3.
Three experiments explored 5- and 7-month-old infants' intermodal coordination of proprioceptive information produced by leg movements, and visual movement information specifying these same motions. The visual information took the form of point light information for leg and feet movements, with visual displays presented in upright, ego-centered on-joint (Experiment 1, N = 48); upright, ego-centered off-joint (Experiment 2, N = 48); and inverted, observer-centered off-joint (Experiment 3, N = 48) orientations. Measures of preferential looking indicated intermodal perception in infants of both ages while seeing on-joint, ego-centered orientations, and for 7-month-olds (and possibly 5-month-olds) while seeing off-joint, ego-centered displays; neither age group demonstrated intermodal perception for off-joint, observer-centered displays. These results suggest that coordination of visual and proprioceptive inputs is constrained by infants' information processing of the displays, and have implications for infants' growing understanding of their self-movement and the development of knowledge of the self. 相似文献
4.
T Sherman 《Child development》1985,56(6):1561-1573
The prototypical category-learning experiences with which infants are confronted are ones in which they have had prior experience with and have clearly noted the differences among a set of objects. Their task, then, is to notice also the similarities among the objects and to form a category based on these similarities. The goals of the current experiments were to create a laboratory situation in which it was clear that 10-month-old infants were distinguishing one category exemplar from another, and then to determine the structure of the category representation the infants developed under these learning conditions. A set of artificially created face stimuli was used in which the mean and modal prototypes were distinct. The infants' performance could not be explained by the context theory; they appear to have retained a count of the feature values observed during study. These data give support to the claim that prior to language, infants have available strategies for abstracting category-level information from their perceptual experiences with discriminable objects and events. 相似文献
5.
模式识别是把所知觉的对象纳入记忆的相应范畴进行比较,两者若实现最佳匹配,模式便得以识别。模式识别依赖于人已有的知识和经验,是人的一种基本的认知能力。现代认知心理学模式识别理论模型主要有模板说、原型说。对于"蒙古语授课班级"学生而言,当蒙古语言文字作为外界刺激感官时,由于刺激与模板匹配,两者编码相类似,产生最大限度的重叠,从而减轻记忆的负担,增强思维的灵活性,提高学生学习质量或成绩,反之则降低。蒙古文教材和蒙汉双语教学以其学生熟悉的视觉听觉信息刺激,与学生头脑中数量巨多的蒙古语言文字模板相匹配,直接关系到学习的效益,关系到教学目标的达成。语言学习的关键期理论表明,在儿童早期创造多种语言学习环境有利于在大脑中贮存多种语言原型,利于以后各种语言模式的识别。 相似文献
6.
Achievement emotions are critical because of their impact on success and failure in important domains such as learning. These emotions may be modified via emotion regulation (ER). The dominant process model of ER (PMER) proposed by J. Gross, however, provides a domain-general account of ER strategies and has not had substantial contact with theories of achievement emotions such as R. Pekrun’s control-value theory (CVT) and the academic achievement literature. Moreover, ER has not been a focal point of major theories related to achievement emotions, such as CVT. We propose an integrated model of ER in achievement situations (ERAS) that integrates propositions about the generation of emotions from CVT with propositions about how emotions are regulated and types of ER strategies from PMER. The ERAS model also offers new propositions regarding how different achievement situations, object foci, and time frames, as well as discrete emotions with different appraisal patterns, impact ER strategies. 相似文献
7.
József Fiser 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(2):141-153
Traditionally, perceptual learning in humans and classical conditioning in animals have been considered as two very different
research areas, with separate problems, paradigms, and explanations. However, a number of themes common to these fields of
research emerge when they are approached from the more general concept of representational learning. To demonstrate this,
I present results of several learning experiments with human adults and infants, exploring how internal representations of
complex unknown visual patterns might emerge in the brain. I provide evidence that this learning cannot be captured fully
by any simple pairwise associative learning scheme, but rather by a probabilistic inference process called Bayesian model averaging, in which the brain is assumed to formulate the most likely chunking/grouping of its previous experience into independent
representational units. Such a generative model attempts to represent the entire world of stimuli with optimal ability to
generalize to likely scenes in the future. I review the evidence showing that a similar philosophy and generative scheme of
representation has successfully described a wide range of experimental data in the domain of classical conditioning in animals.
These convergent findings suggest that statistical theories of representational learning might help to link human perceptual
learning and animal classical conditioning results into a coherent framework. 相似文献
8.
马燕 《宿州教育学院学报》2004,7(1):101-102
As the
country with the largest English learning population in the world, China is deeply
involved in communicative language teaching(DLT). However, several factors constrained the
application of such a method. This essay focuses on the problems that lead to the
constraints of CLT in China. 相似文献
9.
Numerous studies over the past decade support the claim that infants are equipped with powerful statistical language learning mechanisms. The primary evidence for statistical language learning in word segmentation comes from studies using artificial languages, continuous streams of synthesized syllables that are highly simplified relative to real speech. To what extent can these conclusions be scaled up to natural language learning? In the current experiments, English‐learning 8‐month‐old infants’ ability to track transitional probabilities in fluent infant‐directed Italian speech was tested (N = 72). The results suggest that infants are sensitive to transitional probability cues in unfamiliar natural language stimuli, and support the claim that statistical learning is sufficiently robust to support aspects of real‐world language acquisition. 相似文献
10.
Continuity in mental development from infancy 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
In this essay we document moderate continuity in mental development beginning in infancy and extending into childhood. Psychological opinion in the past has tended to favor discontinuity theories of cognitive development from infancy. In recent years, however, the foundations on which discontinuity positions were originally established have themselves come under question and new findings grounded in new assessment procedures have appeared, necessitating revision of opinion on this significant psychological and developmental issue. Our essay has several aims. We first review briefly the bases for contemporary discontinuity theories of mental development. Second, we present current findings that support the alternative proposition of continuity: Recent research demonstrates that infants who more efficiently encode visual stimuli or more efficiently recollect visual or auditory stimuli tend to perform more proficiently on traditional psychometric assessments of intelligence and language during childhood. Third, we scrutinize the assessment methods from which these continuity results derive. Fourth, we offer several models that help to explain the continuity findings. Fifth, we discuss critically the origins and the maintenance of continuity in mental development as it is coming to be conceptualized currently. Finally, we reflect on implications of continuity for the future of infant assessments specifically and for theories of early mental development generally. 相似文献
11.
Di Xu Danny Glick Fernando Rodriguez Bianca Cung Qiujie Li Mark Warschauer 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2020,51(1):211-227
Despite steady investment in English language education made by developing countries over the past few decades, results continue to be constrained by lack of high-quality instructors and language learning resources. Thus, using technology in language instruction has increasingly been recognized as a potential approach for addressing these constraints. This study uses administrative data from a large public university in Mexico to examine the impact of a technology-enhanced blended program on students' English course grades and course completion rates. Specifically, we focus on a campus-wide policy change in all compulsory English language courses that replaces half of the traditional face-to-face class time with an interactive online learning environment developed by a leading technology-mediated English language learning and assessment provider. Our results suggest that, compared to traditional face-to-face instruction, blended learning had a significant, positive impact on students' course grades and course completion rates. In addition, the enrollment-teacher ratio increased after replacing half of the face-to-face instructional time with online learning, suggesting that blended learning environments hold promise for providing high-quality and cost-effective language instruction. 相似文献
12.
根据Dorneyi等多位学者对于第二语言学习者的学习动机的阐述以及学习动机在具体的第二语言学习活动中的表现,并根据对在华留学生学习目的和其对所学内容的需求等的调查,提出了对外汉语听力教材编写应在适应学生的学习需求前提下,依照实际可用、难易相成、明确目的、新鲜有趣及题材多样的原则选择教材内容;并且在遵循技法和保护学生学习动机的情况下,安排自主型、测验型、互动型和团队合作型练习。 相似文献
13.
Despite a large body of research demonstrating the kinds of categories to which infants respond, few studies have directly assessed how infants' categorization unfolds over time. Four experiments used a visual familiarization task to evaluate 10-month-old infants' (N = 98) learning of exemplars characterized by commonalities in appearance or function. When learning exemplars with a common function, infants initially responded to the common feature, apparently forming a category, and only learned the individual features with more extensive familiarization. When learning exemplars with a common appearance, infants initially learned the individual features and apparently only formed a category with more extensive familiarization. The results are discussed in terms of models of category learning. 相似文献
14.
Response summation in pigeons was examined in four experiments. In Experiment 1, summation was not found with a compound of two visual stimuli on a television screen after they had individually been used for instrumental conditioning. In this experiment, the training and test trials were separated by an interval during which the television screen was dark. Summation was found in Experiment 2 for which the television screen was permanently white during the interval between trials and in the region that was not occupied by the experimental stimuli. These results were replicated using a within-subject design (Experiment 3) and autoshaping (Experiment 4). Experiment 2 also revealed summation with compounds of auditory and visual stimuli, but not with compounds of two auditory stimuli or two diffuse lights. The results can be explained by a variety of theories of learning, if they take account of generalization between the stimuli. 相似文献
15.
Rakison DH Lupyan G 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2008,73(1):vii, 1-vii110
We present a domain-general framework called constrained attentional associative learning to provide a developmental account for how and when infants form concepts for animates and inanimates that encapsulate not only their surface appearance but also their movement characteristics. Six simulations with the same general-purpose architecture implement the features of the theory to model infant behavior in learning about objects' motion trajectory, their causal role, their onset of motion, and the initial mapping between a label and a moving object. Behavioral experiments with infants tested novel hypotheses generated by the model, showing that verbal labels initially may be associated with specific features rather than overall shape. Implications of the framework and model are discussed in relation to the mechanisms of early learning, the development of the animate-inanimate distinction, and the nature of development in the first years of life. 相似文献
16.
3 experiments examined 7-month-old infants' ability to discriminate the facial expressions of happy vs. fear. Experiment 1 revealed that infants demonstrated discrimination of happy vs. fear expressions when posed by a single model but that this discrimination was affected by the order of stimulus presentation. In experiment 2 infants were shown 2 models posing the happing and fearful expressions and did not demonstrate generalization of the discrimination of happy versus fear across these models. The third and main experiment varied the test procedure. Here, infants demonstrated reliable generalized discrimination of the 2 expressions across different models. As in experiment 1, however, these results were constrained by the order in which the stimuli were presented. These consistent order effects were not due to the initial salience of the 2 expressions but, instead, appeared to reflect differential rates of habituation to happy vs. fear expressions. 相似文献
17.
To examine the development of look duration as a function of age and stimulus type, 14- to 52-week-old infants were shown static and dynamic versions of faces, Sesame Street material, and achromatic patterns for 20 s of accumulated looking. Heart rate was recorded during looking and parsed into stimulus orienting, sustained attention, and attention termination phases. Infants' peak look durations indicated that prior to 26 weeks there was a linear decrease with age for all stimuli. Older infants' look durations continued to decline for patterns but increased for Sesame Street and faces. Measures of heart rate change during sustained attention and the proportion of time spent in each phase of attention confirmed infants' greater engagement with the more complex stimuli. 相似文献
18.
便携式视频播放设备的普及应用推动了多模态外语视听学习的开展,但由于学习者不熟悉视、听两类符号间的交互关系,干扰现象时有发生。基于Meinhof和Salomon的符号学研究成果,本文总结出五类视听交互类型,并结合示例文章提出应加强学习者视觉素养培养和视听策略运用。 相似文献
19.
张娇娣 《山西广播电视大学学报》2006,11(5):63-64
在中文环境中教英语写作是一项非常困难的任务。如何提高学生的英语写作技巧,可运用交际法和二语习得理论,这些方法经过多年的理论和实际的检验,是任何可行的写作教学不可或缺的支持。 相似文献
20.
Individual Differences in Infant Visual Attention: Are Short Lookers Faster Processors or Feature Processors? 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
John Colombo D. Wayne Mitchell Jeffrey T. Coldren Laura J. Freeseman 《Child development》1991,62(6):1247-1257
Individual differences in the duration of infants' visual fixations are reliable and stable and have been linked to differential cognitive performance; short-looking infants typically perform better than long-looking infants. 4 experiments tested the possibility of whether short lookers' superiority on perceptual-cognitive tasks is attributable to attention to the featural details of visual stimuli, or simply to differences in the speed or efficiency of visual processing. To do this, the performance of long- and short-looking 4-month-olds was examined on separate discrimination tasks that could be solved only by processing either featural or global information. The global task was easier than the featural task, but as the amount of time allotted for infants to solve either type of task was decreased, short lookers' performance was superior to that of long lookers. These results thus lend support to a speed or efficiency of stimulus processing interpretation of infant fixation duration. 相似文献