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1.
Fifty patients were evaluated for serum total PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen), free PSA (f-PSA), free/total PSA ratio (f/t PSA ratio) and TPSTM (Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen). Fifty patients were clinically evaluated and categorized into BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) and CaP (carcinoma prostate) with twenty-five in each category before the serological examination. Serum total PSA concentration is elevated in 80% of BPH cases while it was elevated in all cases of CaP. With total PSA>10ng/mL, f/t PSA ratio was not applicable. For TPSTM, a cell proliferation marker these values were 32% and 92% respectively. The advanced cases of CaP were reflected by the pronounced elevations of PSA and TPStM while f/t PSA ratio was much below the cut-off limit (cut-off limit=0.14). The data suggest that whentotal PSA concentration <10ng/mL, f/t PSA ratio plays a very important role in discriminating BPH and CaP. However, TPSTM can be used as a valuable adjunct in diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer patients, especially in differentiating benign from malignant cases.  相似文献   

2.
This study was conducted to investigate the diagnostic performance characteristics of prostate specific antigen (PSA) by comparing serum PSA value with histological findings in patients suspevted of having prostate cancer in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Nigeria. Clinical and Laboratory records were examined and collated for serum PSA values, together with histological findings of biopsy specimen, clinical diagnosis, age of patients, and mode of presentation. The serum PSA values were determined by ELECSYS 1010 autoanalysers Roche, Germany based on electrochemiluminescence immunoassay technique. The results show that serum PSA values increase with age in the assymptomatic non-cancer patients who came for medical check up but were within normal limit. In prostatic disease conditions PSA values were raised in benign prostatic hyperplasia 35.957± 4.0315ng/ml, in undifferentiated carcinoma 56.22±4.295ng/ml and adenocarcinoma >100ng/ml as compared to the normal range (0–4ng/ml). These cases were confirmed by histological diagnosis. It is concluded that PSA evaluations is a sensitive marker for prostate cancer but because of various other conditions that affect serum PSA concentration, other methods of investigations such as Digital Rectal examination, Trans Urethral Ultra-Sonography and histological examination should be combined to confirm diagnosis. Prognosis of patients will be better if early diagnosis is made.  相似文献   

3.
The serum PSA is universally accepted as the useful and clinically relevant tumor marker for monitoring therapy and identifying early recurrence in patients of carcinoma prostate throughout the world. However, application of serum PSA is limited to screening for early adenocarcinoma prostate among males above fifty years of age. Serum PSA concentration varies from one population to another in different parts of the world. Many groups of workers have selected 4 ng/ml of serum PSA as upper limit of normal range without giving due consideration for age specific increase in serum PSA. There is no single report available on normal decade wise age specific reference intervals for serum PSA in Indian males. The present study is undertaken to establish age specific reference intervals in healthy Indian males from 20–89 years belonging to subpopulation of Andhra Pradesh from South India. Our results revealed lowest concentration of 95 percentile serum PSA in Indian males compared to other populations globally. Contrary to this, healthy Afro Americans were found to have highest concentration of serum PSA compared to all other populations.  相似文献   

4.
Prostate carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death as a result of cancer in men in the US and other parts of the world. There are conflicting reports on the serum levels of testosterone and 17β-estradiol (E2) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the serum concentrations of these hormones in patients with these disorders. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), total testosterone and estradiol were determined in 228 subjects comprising of 116 subjects with BPH, 62 subjects with prostate cancer (CaP) and 50 age-matched apparently healthy controls, using ELISA methods. PSA levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in BPH subjects than controls, while there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in testosterone and estradiol levels of these subjects. PSA and estradiol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in CaP subjects than in controls, while there was no observed significant difference (p > 0.05) in testosterone levels. CaP subjects had significantly raised PSA, testosterone, and estradiol levels than BPH subjects. The mean molar ratio of testosterone: E2 was lowest among CaP patients (134:1) and highest among controls (166:1). Significant positive correlation between PSA and 17β-estradiol was observed in prostate disorders (BPH and CaP patients: r = 0.347; p = 0.000). Significant negative correlations between testosterone and PSA were also observed among BPH patients (r = −0.221, p = 0.049) and control subjects (r = −0.490, p = 0.000). No significant correlation existed between testosterone and PSA in CaP patients (r = 0.051, p = 0.693). Correlations between age and estradiol in both BPH and CaP were not significant (p > 0.05). This study has shown that, there was a significant increase in serum estradiol in CaP subjects, while the testosterone levels in both BPH and CaP subjects were not different from those of controls.  相似文献   

5.
The present preliminary study was performed to find out stability of total prostate specific antigen (PSA) and free prostate specific antigen (FPSA) in serum of healthy males as well as in patients of benign and malignant disorders of prostate at various freezing and nonfreezing temperatures and at different duration of time. The results of our study indicated long-term stability of both the analytes in frozen serum. Serum total and free PSA were stable only for three to four days in regular refrigerators in unfrozen states. Clotted blood kept at room temperature (25°C–30°C) did not cause change in concentrations of both the analytes for twenty four hours.  相似文献   

6.
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) has long been used as a biological marker for prostatic cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that PSA synthesis can be induced by steroid hormones in several tissues of women. Menstrual cycle is regulated by the cyclic variation of estradiol and progesterone. This study was undertaken in order to study the correlation of serum PSA to both these corpus luteal hormones. 110 serum samples and 10 saliva samples were collected from healthy women aged 18–45 years of age having normal menstrual cycles. Active PSA DSL-9700 ultrasensitive kit with detection limit 0.001 ng/ml was used to analyze PSA. 38.2 % of all serum samples and 10 % of saliva samples had detectable concentrations of PSA. The serum PSA was highest during mid follicular phase (between 4th and 8th days of cycle). Variation in PSA levels seemed to follow the variations in progesterone with a lag period of 12–14 days, but did not appear to bear any relationship with the estradiol levels.  相似文献   

7.
The present study deals with the evaluation and comparison of the tumor markers for prostatic carcinoma—The Total Acid Phosphatase (ACP Total) and its Prostatic Fraction (ACP PF) estimated by the enzyme kinetic method, an immunoreactive Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) estimated by enzyme immunoassay. The comparison of all four markers revealed that there was no perfect positive correlation between any of these four markers. PSA had shown a better correlation with ACP Total and its prostatic fraction ACP PF. No correlation was observed between PSA and PAP. Of the four markers PAP exhibited a very low sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values. PSA had shown an absolute specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values for adenocarcinoma prostate. PSA levels in all phases of disease showed a 100% correlation with disease status. Being a marker with very high tissue specificity and sensitivity, it is revolutionizing the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Hence, it could be used effectively for screening of elderly people over 50 years of age who are at high risk for developing prostatic carcinoma for early diagnosis of this disease.  相似文献   

8.
Reactive oxygen species and other free radicals are known to be the mediators of phenotypic and genotypic changes that lead from mutation to neoplasia. There are some primary antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and reduced glutathione, which protect against callular and molecular damage caused by the reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs). The present study was conducted to determine the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), as an index of lipid peroxidation, along with the GPx, GSTs activities and level of reduced glutathione in 45 prostate cancer (PC) patients, 55 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients as compared to the controls. Significant higher levels of MDA and GSTs activities in the serum, (P<0.005) and significant lower levels of reduced GSH concentration and GPx activity in blood haemolysates (P<0.05) of PC and BPH patients were observed as compared to the controls. The relatively higher GSTs activity and low level of reduced GSH may be due to the response of increased reactive oxygen metabolites production in the blood. The higher MDA and lower GPx activities may be inadequate to detoxify high levels of H2O2 into H2O leading to the formation of the*OH radical followed by MDA. This result hypothesizes that oxidant-antioxidant imbalance may be one of the major factor responsible for the development of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.  相似文献   

9.
Prostate specific antigen is considered to be a tumour marker having maximum utility and specificity for prostate cancer since decades. After the discovery of methods to quantify different molecular fractions of prostate specific antigen (PSA), its usefulness in diagnosing early prostate cancer cases has increased tremendously. The “specificity” of PSA, is now challenged by many studies which proved that PSA, once believed to be secreted exclusively by prostatic epithelium, is also present in females. The exact biological role of extraprostatic PSA is still debatable though many theories substantiated by in vitro evidence has been put forward. With the advent of ultrasensitive analytical techniques, PSA is now quantifiable in female serum in its various molecular forms and this has led to many assumptions of it being useful as a marker in female breast cancers. In a similar scenario to prostate cancer, the ratio of free to total PSA is shown to be useful in detecting early breast cancer cases. It is also shown to be a good prognostic indicator and a predictor of response to therapy and recurrence. Apart from its role in breast cancer, it has been advocated to be a marker of hyper androgenic states in women like hirsutism and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Conflicting reports regarding the role of extra prostatic PSA is accumulating but it has been proven beyond doubt that PSA is no longer specific and confined to prostate gland. Various studies have registered that PSA is an ubiquitous molecule, secreted by hormone responsive organs and its synthesis is stimulated by androgens and progesterone but not oestrogens. In this article, a review of various literatures is done about the presence of extra prostatic PSA, its probable role in those sites as well as its utility as a tumour marker in breast cancer.  相似文献   

10.
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aged men and result from prolong chronic inflammation in prostate gland. Cytokines are important molecules responsible for inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in promoter region of cytokine genes have been shown to alter the level of cytokines. Hence we evaluated the association of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine SNPs in a North Indian cohort of BPH patients. We observed that IL-1B −511 CT + TT genotypes conferred protective effect for susceptibility to BPH (OR 0.39, P 0.001). Our results also demonstrated that TNF-A −1031 C allele to be associated with risk for BPH (OR 1.89, P < 0.0001). Moreover, we also observed twofold risk for IL-10 −1082 cytokine gene polymorphism (OR 1.96, P 0.048). No association was observed with risk of BPH for IFN-G +874, IL-1 RN VNTR, IL-6 −174, IL-10 −819 and TGF-B +28. Our findings of IL-1B −511, TNF-A −1031 and IL-10 −1082 suggested that these variants play important role in susceptibility to BPH. Future studies in large cohort of different ethnicity BPH groups are warranted to establish definite associations with other cytokine gene polymorphisms as well.  相似文献   

11.
Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in cord blood of male as well as female babies. The placental progesterone and estradiol up-regulate the synthesis and secretion of PSA in Placenta. This PSA is presumed to play a role in intrauterine growth of fetus by virtue of its proteolytic action on several substrates including insulin-like-growth-factor-binding-protein-3, insulin chains and Interleukin-2. This study was planned with the objective of correlating the levels of PSA in cord blood to gestation at delivery, the type of delivery and gender of the fetus. Fifty-seven cord blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord during delivery or mid-trimester abortion and analyzed for PSA using ‘Active PSA DSL-9700 ultra sensitive’ kit employing two-site immuno-radiometric assay principle and having a detection limit of 0.001 ng/ml. Mean PSA levels in cord blood were found to be 0.112 ± 0.027 ng/ml. The concentration of PSA in cord blood was found to be higher in case of higher gestational age, male baby and operative delivery. 50 % of cord bloods for female babies had PSA below detection limit (range <0.001–0.460 ng/ml), while all the male samples had detectable PSA (range 0.11–0.973 ng/ml). Higher Progesterone levels found in prenatal maternal blood in case of male babies may be responsible for the higher cord blood PSA. Mean cord blood PSA was 0.150 ± 0.150 ng/ml in forceps delivery and 0.078 ± 0.012 ng/ml in normal vaginal delivery. Forceps delivery causes much more stress and strain as compared to a normal vaginal delivery, resulting in increased levels of adrenal glucocorticoids, and therefore, higher cord blood PSA.  相似文献   

12.
Serum β2-microglubin (β2-m) levels were measured in oral carcinoma patients and compared with normal healthy controls. It was observed that there was a significant rise in serum β2-microglobulin in oral carcinoma patients. Progressively higher values were obtained as the cancer advanced clinically. Therefore the estimation of serum β2-microglobulin may be useful as one of a battery of tests in the assessment of oral carcinoma patients.  相似文献   

13.
There are numerous growing evidences of resemblance between carcinomas of the breast and prostate. A total of 45 cases of these two hormone-dependent cancers along with appropriate controls were subjected for status of epidermal growth factor receptors as well as serum lipid profile. Paraffin embedded tissue sections from aforesald tumours were analysed by immunohistochemical staining for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR). Sera from same individuals were studied for serum lipid profile analysis. The study revealed that immunoexpression of all receptor proteins (EGF-R). c-erbB-2 was significantly higher in breast carcinoma. In addition, mean levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were found to be significantly elevated while the level of HDL-cholesterol was observed to be lower among patients with breast cancer as compared to matched controls. Further, ER-positive breast cancer cases have significantly higher mean level of HDL-cholesterol when compared with ER-negative breast cancer patients. Contrary to this, no alteration in different serum lipid fractions was noticed among the patients with prostate cancer. However, a positive relationship was noticed between immunoexpressions of EGF-R and c-erbB-2 in prostate cancer.  相似文献   

14.
In the present study, oxidative stress and lymphocytic DNA damage in both pre-op and post-op benign prostrate hyperplasia (BPH) patients with age >50 years was evaluated and compared with normal healthy subjects (controls- without any evidence of disease) of the same sex and age group. From December 2007 to November 2009, oxidative stress in 45 BPH patients were evaluated both before (pre-op patients) and after 7 days of surgery (post-op patients) in terms of measurements of plasma levels of (1) various anti-oxidative enzymes, (2) non-enzymatic antioxidants and (3) malondialdehyde which is a product of lipid peroxidation. The lymphocyte DNA damage was also evaluated by single cell alkaline gel electrophoresis in terms of tail length migration in these patients. These values were compared with their respective control subjects of similar sex and age group. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of antioxidant, reduced glutathione were found significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in serum samples of pre-operative group of BPH patients as compared to the controls. These altered parameters increased significantly (p < 0.05) and returned to their near normal control values, but not up to baseline values, in post operative patients i.e. after the cancer load was decreased by surgery. Lymphocytic DNA damage was found to be significantly increased in pre-op group as compared to controls and was reduced after surgery in post-op group. The present study therefore, shows significantly increased levels of oxidative stress and DNA damage in BPH patients which were reduced after removal of tumour load. Thus oxidative damage plays an important role in prostate tumourogenesis and timely management of oxidative stress can be of importance in preventing the occurrence of BPH.  相似文献   

15.
Appropriate therapeutic measures can improve the life expectancy of patients with ovarian malignancy. There has been a pressing need for serodiagnostic assays to enable, the close patient monitoring. Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) has been described as a useful marker in patient monitoring for ovarian malignancy. Keeping this in view, the present study was planned. 40 consecutive female patients of ovarian carcinoma (mean age 52.4±10.7 years) were selected for serum CA125 analysis during the period of year 1995–2001. The tumour marker concentration was compared with histologic types of ovarian tumour and the FIGO staging of the disease. 25 healthy females (mean age 35.2–10.4 years) served as control. Mean serum CA125 concentrations in patients with papillary serous adenocarcinoma(Mean±%CV 1571±121.5 U/ml) was much higher than patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma(775±78U/ml). Mean serum CA125 concentration in endometrioid carcinoma was very high(2853±136 U/ml). The patient with clear cell carcinoma however had shown moderate increase(60 U/ml). No correlation was found between serum CA125 concentration and the FIGO staging of disease. Quantitation of CA125 was most helpful in monitoring the response of treatment and followup of the patients after completion of their treatment. Posttherapeutically its concentration showed more than 50% reduction in almost all (91.4%) patients (P<0.001). Importantly these patients had also shown significant regression of the disease clinically and radiologically. 8.6% of patients had shown static or increase in serum CA125 concentration which was associated with either clinically static or progressive disease. Recurrence of the disease was noted in patients who had shown increase in serum CA125 concentration (biochemical recurrence) in the followup However, in our test population biochemical recurrence(increase in serum marker concentration) preceded the clinical or radiological recurrence by an average of 6.5 months. Kaplan meier survival analysis for evaluation of overall survival in our test subjects showed an overall survival of 32% at one year and median survival of 9 months with confidence interval of 6.34 to 11.66. We conclude that serum CA125 is a useful marker for monitoring the treatment and predicting an early recurrence of the disease in ovarian carcinoma patients. A study in larger number of patients is needed to define its exact role in the management of the carcinoma ovary.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the changes in serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and lipid peroxide levels during ageing in human subjects. Random blood samples were collected from a total of 128 apparently normal human volunteers of both sexes, whose age ranged between 21–70 years. The subjects were divided into groups of a decade years of age difference. Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), lipid peroxides as malondialdehyde (MDA), and insulin were analysed in all the subjects recruited in the study. In the present study there was decrease in serum DHEA levels with age (11.30 to 7.99 ng/ml). However the differences were significant only after 50 years up to 70 years. Serum MDA levels of these subjects were higher (3.91 to 4.74 ng/ml) as compared to the values reported earlier (2.64 to 3.94 ng/ml). The serum MDA levels also showed an increasing trend with age but the increase was significant only in the 40–50 years age group and values plateaud off at later ages. The MDA and DHEA levels in women in general were lower than in men and this could be due to female hormones, which are known to protect lipid against peroxidation. There was a significant negative correlation between age and DHEA (r=−0.311 P<0.05) and positive correction between MDA and age (r=+0.405 P<0.01). No significant differences were seen in serum insulin, albumin and total protein levels. These preliminary findings support the possible utility of DHEA and MDA as markers for chronological ageing.  相似文献   

17.
Sialic acid, the end moieties of the carbohydrate chains are biologically important and essential for functions of glycoconjugates and are reported to be altered in cancer patients. Two hundred and twenty five breast cancer (BC) patients, 100 patients with benign breast disease (BBD) and 100 healthy females (controls) were enrolled for the study. Eight hundred and twenty four follow-up samples of 225 breast carcinoma patients were also evaluated. The association of sialic acid forms, sialyltransferase and α-2–6 sialoproteins levels with presence and extent as well as prognosis of breast carcinoma was studied. Serum sialic acid forms and sialyltransferase revealed significantly elevated levels among untreated breast cancer patients as compared to the controls, patients with BBD as well as cancer patients in remission. Non-responders showed comparable levels of the markers with those found in breast cancer patients at the time of diagnosis. Higher levels of sialic acid forms at diagnosis were associated with poor prognosis. A positive correlation between serum levels of different forms of sialic acids and extent of malignant disease was observed. The changes in serum proteins with terminal α-2–6 sialic acid correlated well with alterations in the levels of sialic acid forms and sialyltransferase. Malignant tissues showed elevated levels of sialic acid and sialyltransferase as compared to surrounding normal tissues. The results suggested potential utility of these markers in evaluation of clinical outcome.  相似文献   

18.

Introduction

Although prostatitis is a common male urinary tract infection, clinical diagnosis of prostatitis is difficult. The developmental mechanism of prostatitis is not yet unraveled which led to the elaboration of various biomarkers. As changes in asparagine-linked-(N-)-glycosylation were observed between healthy volunteers (HV), patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer patients, a difference could exist in biochemical parameters and urinary N-glycosylation between HV and prostatitis patients. We therefore investigated if prostatic protein glycosylation could improve the diagnosis of prostatitis.

Materials and methods

Differences in serum and urine biochemical markers and in total urine N-glycosylation profile of prostatic proteins were determined between HV (N = 66) and prostatitis patients (N = 36). Additionally, diagnostic accuracy of significant biochemical markers and changes in N-glycosylation was assessed.

Results

Urinary white blood cell (WBC) count enabled discrimination of HV from prostatitis patients (P < 0.001). Urinary bacteria count allowed for discriminating prostatitis patients from HV (P < 0.001). Total amount of biantennary structures (urinary 2A/MA marker) was significantly lower in prostatitis patients compared to HV (P < 0.001). Combining the urinary 2A/MA marker and urinary WBC count resulted in an AUC of 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (0.70–0.89) which was significantly better than urinary WBC count (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI = [0.59–0.82], P = 0.042) as isolated test.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated the diagnostic value of urinary N-glycosylation profiling, which shows great potential as biomarker for prostatitis. Further research is required to unravel the developmental course of prostatic inflammation.Key words: diagnostic marker, prostatitis, urinary asparagine-linked glycosylation  相似文献   

19.
We describe a case of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of stomach, which did not present typical symptoms of gastrointestinal malignancy on first visit. The patient, a 62 year old smoker presented with shortness of breathe and pain in right lumbar region with no history of fever. Bone scans revealed multiple hot spots in skull, sternum, lumbar vertebrae and both iliac crests. A series of tumor markers were ordered which include PSA, CEA, CA19.9, CA 72.4 and AFP. Serum PSA and AFP concentrations were within normal range. Serum CEA and CA 72.4 were raised significantly. Markedly elevated levels of serum CA19.9 were found (>45000 U/ml) in this patient. CT chest and bronchoscopic examination ruled out the possibility of cancer lung. Upper GI tract endoscopy was done to find out lesion in GI tract. An ulcerative lesion was found in lesser curvature of stomach. Histopathological examination of endoscopic biopsy revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of stomach. An unusually high serum CA19.9 (>45000U/ml) in case of gastric carcinoma has not been reported earlier.  相似文献   

20.
Breast cancer is a hormone dependent neoplasm. Conflicting results regarding the clinical correlation between breast cancer and thyroid diseases have been reported. The objective of this study was to determine the association of anti — TPO levels in patients having complaints of a lump in breast. Serum samples and Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) samples were collected from 31 female patients with a lump in breast between the age group of 20–75 years. 31 age matched normal healthy controls were also examined for the same parameters. Serum samples were analyzed for its anti — TPO levels. FNAC reports confirmed patients as having duct cell carcinoma. They had raised serum anti — TPO levels compared to controls. FNAC results of others (n=26) were reported as fibroadenoma whose anti — TPO levels were less than the controls.  相似文献   

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