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1.
Gordon Porter 《Prospects》1995,25(2):299-309
Conclusion Michael Fullan, Dean of Education at the University of Toronto and an acknowledged expert on educational change, reform and
improvement, has noted that reform in special education ‘represents just about all the issues involved in bringing about educational
reform.’ complexity and leadership are particularly difficult challenges. Fullan has noted that, ‘the solutions to inclusion
are not easily achieved. It is complex both in the nature and degree of change required to identify and implement solutions
that work. Given what change requires—persistence, coordination, follow-up, conflict resolution, and the like—leadership at
all levels is required...’ (Fullan, 1991b).
Organizational support for inclusive education must be in place at the provincial/state level, the regional/school district
level, and at the school level. These structures, programmes and policies must deliver the support needed by classroom teachers
and their students. We have set out specific ways that this can be done, consistent with an inclusive policy framework. The
commitment to equity, as well as access and quality, requires continuing development by building on these approaches. In so
doing, we can achieve better results for students with special needs while simultaneously creating more effective schools
for all students.
A former teacher and school principal, Gordon Porter is now director of student services for the public schools in Woodstock,
New Brunswick. A well-known advocate for integrated education, he has been instrumental in developing inclusionary programmes
for all students in the schools in the Woodstock area, and throughout the province of New Brunswick. Dr. Porter has conducted
training in many parts of Canada as well as the United States. He is currently vice-chair of the Committee on Integrated Education
of the International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped. 相似文献
2.
Bev Rogers 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2003,30(2):65-87
Educational research has been criticised by governments and practitioners. For some politicians and policy makers, there is
a tendency to look for direct links between research and successful, effective and efficient practice. Research is needed
to inform their evidence-based practice as policy makers, and to provide the kind of research teachers need to base their
practice on the best available evidence for doing ‘x rather than y’ (Hargreaves 1996) or predicting the ‘size of the effect
of A on B’ (Blunkett 2000). There is no doubt that both teachers and policy makers do make decisions on a daily basis based
on some form of evidence. This paper explores Hargreaves’ notion of evidence-based practice, providing a range of criticisms.
It also examines Carr’s historical account of ‘praxis’ and ‘poiesis’ to suggest a notion of evidence-based praxis based partly
on the historical notion of ‘phronesis’ — practical wisdom. The basis for this is the argument that wise and practical ethical
and moral judgements are central to an understanding of teachers’ daily work. What to do in a specific educational situation
cannot be determined solely by theoretical beliefs or by ‘techne’. However the ethical dimension is not the only consideration.
The paper suggests that evidence-based praxis use Stenhouse’s notion of ‘actionable evidence’, which includes the ethical
dimension, but also Thomson’s concept of ‘thisness’, which describes the unique contextual characteristics of a school. If
disadvantaged schools can make some sort of difference to learning opportunities for students, it is argued that teachers
might engage in evidence-based praxis which involves them in reflecting on, and theorising what is happening in classrooms,
schools and neighbourhoods. This ‘praxis’ also involves them in modifying their theories, critically analysing ‘what works’,
questioning how they know and developing ideas about how things might be done differently. There will be an element of developing
knowledge about teaching and learning strategies (Hargreaves’ ‘body of knowledge’), but it will be in the context of the ethical
and moral dilemmas associated with education. It will take up the question of local differences as well as a realistic approach
to what constitutes actual school improvement. Evidence-based praxis is also essentially a collective activity not an individual
approach. Future development of the notion of evidence-based praxis might also include involving students in a more reciprocal
and open learning process like that highlighted by researchers who focus on student participation linked to school reform. 相似文献
3.
Changing school loyalties and the middle class: A reflection on the developing fate of state comprehensive high schooling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Craig Campbell 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2005,32(1):3-24
Of all Australian secondary schools in the current period, the government comprehensive high school is in most difficulty.
This article looks at the developing fate of this school in terms of middle class social practice in relation to changing
schooling loyalties. The recent work of Michael Pusey, Stephen Ball, Janet McCalman, Richard Teese and Judith Brett on the
middle class is reviewed to give the discussion an historical and contemporary sociological context. The main idea addressed
is that the middle class is being ‘forced’ to leave public schools. Government policy on state aid since the (1960s is interpreted
as encouraging the departure of the middle class from public schooling, though not evenly in all regions or different kinds
of government school. The article analyses census data for New South Wales from (1976 to 2001, using the categories of family
income, fathers’ occupation and labour force status as quantifiable indicators of changing school loyalties in the middle
class. The article concludes that state comprehensive high schools face a difficult future. Increasingly these schools are
seen as schools of ‘last resort’, or schools to which students are sent where active choices are not possible, or are not
made by apparently neglectful parents. This occurs in a period in which ‘good citizenship’ is defined less in terms of responsibility
to the welfare of broad collectivities in society, but in the informed strategic pursuit of private interest. 相似文献
4.
Perry den Brok Sibel Telli Jale Cakiroglu Ruurd Taconis Ceren Tekkaya 《Learning Environments Research》2010,13(3):187-204
The purposes of this study were to examine how Turkish students perceived their biology classroom environment, how their perceptions
compared to those of students in other countries, and what classroom learning environment profiles could be discerned in Turkish
high school biology classrooms. Data were gathered from 1,474 high school students in four inner city schools, in Bursa, Turkey.
A total of 11 biology teachers participated in the study with 52 of their classes. Data on students’ perceptions of their
learning environment were collected with the What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire. Results indicated that
Turkish classrooms were perceived as being low in terms of Teacher Support and high in terms of Task Orientation. Six distinct
classroom learning environment profiles were found: the ‘self-directed learning classroom’, ‘task-oriented cooperative learning
classroom’, ‘mainstream classroom’, ‘task-oriented individualised classroom’, ‘low-effective learning classroom’ and ‘high-effective
learning classroom’. The most common profile was the ‘mainstream classroom’ for which all WIHIC scales had medium–high scores. 相似文献
5.
A partnership project was developed in which parents volunteered to support teachers in training years 1-3 children in computer
skills at a primary school in a small, low socio-economic community. This article identifies the ways teachers and the ‘tutors’
(as the volunteers were called) understood the value of the project. ‘Being a teacher’ and ‘being a volunteer’ were structured
by different forms of social engagement, which in turn influenced the ways individuals were able to work with each other in
collaborative processes. We argue that the discursive practices encoded in homeschool-community partnership rhetoric represent
ruling-class ways of organising and networking that may be incompatible with those of people from low socio-economic backgrounds.
When such volunteers work in schools their attendance may be sporadic and short-term whereas teachers would like ‘reliable’
ongoing commitment. This mismatch wrought of teachers’ and volunteers’ differing everyday realities needs to be understood
before useful models for partnerships in disadvantaged communities may be realised. 相似文献
6.
This paper is about the interaction between policy and practice, and about how competing policies contributed to a paradoxical
tension within that interaction in one school. Within a paradigm of educational renewal, the Singapore Ministry of Education
(MOE) has initiated a number of policies designed to give schools autonomy in designing and implementing programmes to achieve
optimal educational outcomes for its students. Among these are READ! Singapore, Teach Less, Learn More and the School Excellence
Model. In this context, we review an MOE initiated Extensive Reading (ER) programme in one school. Despite such innovative
policies, Dewey Secondary School’s [The names of the school and individuals have been changed to protect their privacy.] pedagogical
and literacy practices continue to be largely influenced by other dominant features of Singapore’s and the school’s own educational
culture—an exam-oriented focus that prioritises outcome and skill-based pedagogy and the school’s historical practice of restricting
literacies. Competing policies as interpreted by the school and diverse stakeholders result in a morphed ER programme—an adaptation
of a reading programme that reflects the programme intent overtly but one that collides at other times, and as a result, is
pulled in different directions. The story is, thus, one of ‘policies of promise and practices of limit’. 相似文献
7.
8.
This paper investigates the ways in which corporate ideas are impacting on Australian education, with a particular emphasis on secondary schools. We note the growing importance of a culture of enterprise in changing the practices of schooling, indicating how a performative organisational culture is producing different identities and relationships in educational work. The paper begins by considering the imperative for schools and individuals to be enterprising. It then moves on to examine more closely the impact of this discursive shift on teachers, students and school communities as they engage in enterprising practices. We draw on our research of over 50 state and private schools mainly in south-east Queensland to demonstrate how the newly emergent corporate ‘curriculum’ is producing a changing set of imperatives, responsibilities and outcomes for leadership in ‘enterprising’ schools. 相似文献
9.
Johanna Wyn 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2007,34(3):35-52
This article argues that education has a role in promoting young people’s wellbeing. It draws on research on young people’s
lives to highlight the changing world for which educators prepare young people. While older educational agendas such as literacies
and numeracy remain significant, it is argued that education is increasingly important for its role in assisting young people
to develop the capacities and skills that will enable them to live well and that will enhance social cohesion. Although these
more recent social agendas are often acknowledged in significant policy documents, their enactment in schools is compromised
by economistic policy imperatives that see young people primarily in terms of their capacities to attain labour market skills
that will ensure Australia’s international competitiveness. I make a link between the work that young people do to make themselves,
and wellbeing, highlighting the role that education plays in shaping identities — and in enabling them to ‘become somebody
well’. The article concludes that health and wellbeing are marginalised in school curricula not because of a ‘crowded curriculum’
but because not all elements are given equal value within our current policy frameworks. 相似文献
10.
Brahm Fleisch 《Journal of Educational Change》2008,9(1):53-70
Despite significant and sustained gains recorded on the national secondary school leaving examinations between 1999–2004,
South Africa’s large-scale secondary school reform has receive little international attention. Defenders of the reforms have
argued that the ‘success’ in raising student achievement extended beyond gains in the percentage pass rates to include increased
numbers of students completing secondary schooling, a growth in the number of students eligible for admissions to university
and a decline in the number of ‘collapsed’ secondary schools in disadvantaged communities. Using a comprehensive dataset that
includes national examination results for all candidates between 1996 and 2004, survey information from a group of ‘collapsed’
secondary schools located in disadvantaged communities, qualitative data from school ethnographies, as well as official and
unofficial documentary sources, the paper locates student achievement within a framework of structural change in the post-apartheid
social order. It shows how student achievement is embedded in complex shifts in the state, economy and civil society. Specifically,
the paper examines how structural shifts are enacted at the levels of time-in-school, student expectations, school choice
and student selectivity.
相似文献
| Brahm FleischEmail: Email: |
11.
Towards a research training curriculum: What, Why, How, Who? 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Our purpose in this paper is to investigate the ways in which the work of research higher degree supervision is being reshaped from within and outside universities. Our interest is in the means by which new ‘content’ and ‘process’ knowledge — and thus a new set of pedagogical tasks and relationships — are being configured in the field of higher degree research. The outcomes of research training have traditionally been products of a one-on-one supervisory relationship, that is, academic apprentice-to-disciplinary mentor. This is especially the case in the fields of arts/humanities. Any ‘curriculum’ necessary to such a model has been both implicit and at the discretion of the disciplinary ‘master’. 相似文献
12.
Petros Lameras Philippa Levy Iraklis Paraskakis Sheila Webber 《Instructional Science》2012,40(1):141-157
This paper reports findings from a phenomenographic investigation into blended university teaching using virtual learning
environments (VLEs). Interviews with 25 Computer Science teachers in Greek universities illuminated a spectrum of teachers’
conceptions and approaches from ‘teacher-focused and content-oriented’, through ‘student-focused and content-oriented’, to
‘student-focused and process-oriented’. Using VLEs was described as a means of supporting: A—information transfer; B—application
and clarification of concepts; C—exchange and development of ideas, and resource exploration and sharing; D—collaborative
knowledge-creation, and development of process awareness and skills. The study suggests that pedagogical beliefs and circumstances
underpinning face-to-face teaching are more influential in shaping approaches to blended VLE use than VLE system features.
The authors propose that the findings could be used to inform educational enhancement initiatives and that there is a need
for further discipline-focused research on blended teaching. 相似文献
13.
Some proposals for change to the role of the catholic sector in the Australian school funding policy process 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michael Furtado 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2006,33(3):55-90
This paper is set against a history of school funding policies in Australia that begins with the first public policy recognition
of the disadvantages experienced by government and non-government schools in the 1973 Schools in Australia (Karmel) Report.
The paper traces a history of school funding policy linking it with the current backlash against public education and retaliatory
backlash constructions of public schools as the new disadvantaged in an increasingly competitive and deregulated school funding
policy environment. These backlashes, argued to be against the indiscriminate funding of independent schools policy by several
protagonists of public education, are framed in terms equivalent to what Lingard and Douglas (1999) have called ‘recuperative’
politics. From the kind of recuperative statist politics considered in this paper, construing the backlash effects of public
and private schools as damaging and unproductive as those emerging from the gender wars in education policy, I propose a move
to an Australian school funding arrangement in which all schools, both public and private, are integrated into one deregulated
and equally funded sector, as typify diverse school provisions in several OECD polities (Caldwell 2004, FitzGerald 2004).While
briefly tracing a school funding policy chronology, this paper also concentrates on the current policy moment in relation
to school funding, that signals the end of distinctive public and private education sectors, and in the context of which it
argues that private schools should be funded equally to state schools, a trend in evidence since 1996. The focus on the current
policy moment entails an abbreviated analysis of the Fitzgerald Report (‘Governments Working Together: A Better Future for
All Australians’ 2004), which makes a number of recommendations to the Victorian and other governments in relation to the
public funding of all Australian schools1. The paper addresses the impact of this trend especially on the funding of Australian Catholic schools. 相似文献
14.
15.
Todd Campbell Shaing Kwei Wang Hui-Yin Hsu Aaron M. Duffy Paul G. Wolf 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2010,19(5):505-511
This position paper proposes the enhancement of teacher and student learning in science classrooms by tapping the enormous
potential of information communication and technologies (ICTs) as cognitive tools for engaging students in scientific inquiry.
This paper serves to challenge teacher-held assumptions about students learning science ‘from technology’ with a framework
and examples of students learning science ‘with technology’. Whereas a high percentage of students are finding their way in
using ICTs outside of school, for the most part they currently are not doing so inside of school in ways that they find meaningful
and relevant to their lives. Instead, the pedagogical approaches that are most often experienced are out-of-step with how
students use ICTs outside of schools and are not supportive of learning framed by constructivism. Here we describe a theoretical
and pedagogical foundation for better connecting the two worlds of students’ lives: life in school and life outside of school.
This position paper is in response to the changing landscape of students’ lives. The position is transformative in nature
because it proposes the use of cyber-enabled resources for cultivating and leveraging students new literacy skills by learning
‘with technology’ to enhance science learning. 相似文献
16.
This paper examines the experiences and understandings of primary (K6) school pupils with regards to managing issues of risk
and safety during their everyday use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The paper is based on survey and
interview data with pupils aged 7 to 11 years old in five English primary schools (n = 612). Analysis of these data shows that whilst most pupils recognised a general need to be mindful of ICT-related risks
and dangers, their actual experiences of risk tended to be described in terms of operational problems encountered when using
ICTs. Conversely, pupils’ understandings of potential risk were often based upon exaggerated fears deriving from a number
of moral panics relating to child safety. These data suggest that official notions of ‘e-safety’ remain abstract and poorly
understood concepts for many children. In considering what implications these data have for the ongoing ‘e-safety’ agenda
in UK schools the paper concludes by suggesting three possible areas of change: (1) re-orientating the topic and tone of the
official discourses surrounding e-safety; (2) increasing pedagogical interventions in primary schools aiming at enhancing
pupils’ critical literacy skills; and (3) establishing a meaningful and sustained dialogue between pupils, teachers and parents
about safety and risk when using ICTs. 相似文献
17.
Educational reform in Singapore: from quantity to quality 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Pak Tee Ng 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2008,7(1):5-15
In 2004, Prime Minister Lee called teachers to “teach less” so that students might “learn more”. In 2005, the Ministry of
Education clarified this philosophical statement to mean transforming learning from quantity to quality—“more quality and
less quantity” in education. This is in line with the national vision of ‘Thinking Schools, Learning Nation’. This policy
initiative, which began in 2004, is set to change the fundamental nature of education in Singapore. This article discusses
this initiative, its major implications for schools in Singapore and the challenges to be addressed in the implementation
of the policy. In particular, the article discusses the issues of understanding an engaged learning paradigm, establishing
signposts for the shift from quantity to quality and the difficulties of system-wide transformation. The challenge for schools
is to go beyond the form of the initiative to bring real, substantial and sustainable educational change through this movement. 相似文献
18.
Kathy Jordan 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2011,38(4):417-431
It is well over 20 years since information and communication technologies (ICT) was first included as part of a future vision
for Australia’s schools. Since this time numerous national policies have been developed, which collectively articulate an
official discourse in support of a vision for ICT to be embedded in our schools, and routinely used by ‘digital’ learners
and ‘competent’ teachers alike. The purpose of this paper is to critique how ICT, teachers and learners are positioned in
this vision by an analysis of national school-education ICT policies from 1989 to the present day, including the National
Goals of Schooling policies, the Learning in an Online World suite of policies, several Ministerial Statements relating to
ICT and the recent A Digital Education Revolution policy. This paper suggests that determinist views of technology and a utopian
vision underpin these representations, which creates a flawed, future vision for ICT in school education and its use by teachers
and learners. 相似文献
19.
Leanne Dalley-Trim 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2012,39(2):193-205
This paper investigates the ways in which young women come to view gender as being an influence upon their future lives—their
aspirations and expectations for the future. In doing so, it draws upon 327 surveys completed by year 12 female students,
typically 17 years of age, in a range of schools across the State of Queensland, Australia. The paper details key features
of the young women’s survey responses—the dominant storylines evident in the data—as a means of illustrating how they have
come to dismiss gender as an influence. Further, the paper illuminates the power and pervasiveness of neoliberal discourse
in ‘New Times’, the ways in which the young women surveyed embrace neoliberalism and its imperative of individualisation and
do so in ways that locate gender as irrelevant in their imagining and enacting of their life biographies. Finally, the paper
explores the implications of such research findings for these—and other—young women. 相似文献
20.
Scales to assess Japanese school environment were constructed based on the Classroom Environment Scale (CES) (Moos & Trickett,
1974) and a Japanese scale (Hirata, 1994). Factor analysis revealed four factors extracted from 61 items: Teacher Control,
Sense of Isolation, Order and Discipline, and ‘Wa’ Affiliation. The resulting Classroom Environment Scale (CES-J) consists
of 29 items. In Study I, 635 pupils from four junior high schools were compared on the CES-J, and statistically significant
school differences were found for Sense of Isolation, Order & Discipline and ‘Wa’ Affiliation. In Study II, the CES-J was
administered to 266 junior high school students, 106 juvenile delinquents and 11 non-attendant pupils. Delinquents showed
a stronger sense of isolation in the classroom, and non-attendant students reported more maladjustment regarding affiliation
with classmates. The results suggest that the CES-J is useful for assessing students' perceptions of the characteristics of
their schools. It was necessary to modify the CES for use in Japan, as well as for the factors which delineate the Japanese
school environment.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献