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1.
This paper provides new insights into understanding the causes of deterioration of the Corbii de Piatra rupestrian church and shows the significance of studying the geological environment of historical rock-cut settlements when undertaking preservation and restoration actions. The Corbii de Piatra church is one of the few rupestrian churches remaining in Romania and is an important part of the country's heritage. The church is carved in a stratum of polymictic sandstone of Oligocene age, which is part of the Getic Depression, located in the southern part of the South Carpathians. In the 14th century the interior walls of the church were decorated with mural paintings of a high artistic value. Over the centuries, the church's walls and mural paintings have been negatively affected by a series of physicochemical processes. These processes were studied through field investigations and laboratory analyses carried out between October 2007 and November 2010. The investigations revealed that tectonic fissuring and the structural anisotropy of the rock facilitate the infiltration of meteoric water through the walls into the interior of the church, from north to south, maintaining a high-level of humidity in the northern wall and in the interior of the church. The most harmful effects observed were: (i) the partial hydrolysis of the feldspars through reaction with water from the pores, producing a friable mass of phyllosilicates which led to a superficial disaggregation of the rock and to a diminished cohesion between the rock and the mortar of the fresco, (ii) the reprecipitation of the gypsum as efflorescences on the northern wall and ceiling, covering the mural painting in localized areas, as a result of the transportation of the gypsum by water from the upper strata, (iii) the alteration of the cinnabar pigment, as a result of water penetration by diffusion through the fresco from the wet rock to the pictorial layer (the secondary effect observed being the formation of sulfuric acid, which further reacted with the carbonate from the fresco to form gypsum), (iv) the development of biotic crusts, predominately algal, on the interior wet walls, which, facilitated by the permanent high humidity and the semi-obscurity of the interior of the church, have covered large surfaces of the fresco. Compared to the interior, the exterior vertical walls have been exposed to prolonged daily and seasonal variations of temperature and humidity. These variations have caused repeated variations in the volume of the sandstone, leading to contraction fissuring and peeling of the vertical walls. Any future procedures that might be used to conserve the church should strive to reduce the humidity of the sandstone in the interior walls.  相似文献   

2.
The impact of electric overhead radiant heaters on the microclimate, air flows, transport and deposition of suspended particulate matter (SPM) was monitored between March 2004 and March 2005 in the historic churches of Saint Michael Archangel in Szalowa and Saint Catherine in Cracow (Poland). The measurements show that although irradiation at the floor level increases temperature and reduces relative humidity in the interior of the church, the effect out of the heated zone and for the surfaces sheltered from irradiation is very limited, i.e. their extent is comparable with natural fluctuations inherent to the local climate of the church. The radiant heaters proved to generate little convectional flow of the air. Therefore, the heating system was not found to increase the concentration of SPM indoors; in particular, no re-suspension of particles already present in the church was observed. This work has demonstrated that the overhead radiant heaters are capable of providing localised heat to the areas where people congregate without adversely affecting painted walls and the works of arts displayed in churches. Care, however, should be taken that sensitive works of art are not exposed to the direct infrared radiation.  相似文献   

3.
Correct interventions on cultural heritage should have as their starting point an accurate diagnosis of its health, in order to design a compatible care. NDTs seem to offer a promising way in this sense. This paper deals with the combined use of IRT and LDV for the investigation of historical thin vaults made by timber arches, reeds, and plaster and it demonstrates that they can effectively support a deeper knowledge of these vaults as it concerns the presence of detached areas among the different mortar layers of the plaster and of detached areas among the mat of reeds and the nailed connection with the wooden bearing elements. This is a very important goal because these ND methodologies can be employed only on the lower surface of these vaults and sufficiently far from it, and they do not have any mechanical interaction with the historical, eventually frescoed or stuccoed, plaster, thus saving money and time.  相似文献   

4.
In many historical and monumental Italian buildings, frescoes or stuccoes of artistic and historical value are present on the lower surface of flat light vaults, made by wooden arches, reeds and plaster. These vaults are often suspended by wooden or metallic ties to the upper bearing structures. When differential settlements of the wooden arches happen (i.e.: due to a bad working of their hangings) cracks appear on these precious surfaces. This paper experimentally and numerically investigates on this issue, pointing out which constructive parameters mainly influence the cracking behaviour of the frescoed or stuccoed lower surface, and thus providing guide lines for designing compatible conservation and retrofitting interventions.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
Two multivariate statistical tools – principal components analysis and cluster analysis – were applied to aid in the interpretation of the historical development of St. John the Baptist's church (?i?e, Slovenia). With these methods it was possible to distinguish between the types of mortar used in the Romanesque and Gothic time periods. The investigated structure is a ruin with poorly preserved fragments of historical mortars, so tracing the individual stages of its construction proved to be a demanding task. Its chemical composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the results of the content of various oxides were statistically evaluated to interpret the age of the southern wall of the church.  相似文献   

7.
One essential approach in preserving architectural heritage is the documentation of 3D geometries and surface textures of historic buildings. For example, precise colour information, excluding lighting effects, is an intrinsic property of the surface materials of building interiors and exteriors. However, while colour information has been recorded for small sample areas, it has not been accurately documented on the scale of entire building surfaces. This is critical, because building materials decay and their colours fade with time. The goal of this project is to develop a method to assist in recording and documenting the chromatic information of interiors and exteriors of historic buildings with low cost and high efficiency. The method takes advantage of emerging high dynamic range imaging (HDRI) technology, which can store rich information about colour and illumination through digital photography. By recording the colour information, in addition to the geometry and texture information obtained through other existing technologies, we can achieve more complete documentation for architectural heritage. In this paper, we discuss an overview of the problem and present our algorithms for utilizing computer vision techniques to retrieve chromatic information of historic buildings. We also present and discuss our experiments and results of applying our method to studies of lab objects and the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, Beijing.  相似文献   

8.
李响 《中国名城》2021,(5):71-79
保护以北京为代表的国家历史文化名城需要与时俱进,如何以法治思维和法治方式对历史文化名城的保护工作固本强基,是当下面临的一项重要使命与重大课题。近年来全国多地的实践结果显示,公益诉讼为将历史文化名城保护纳入法治轨道提供了有效抓手,其不仅有利于激发社会公众的参与热情,而且也有助于发挥司法机关的监督力量。然而,将公益诉讼机制引入历史文化名城保护工作并非轻而易举,需要全国人大、地方政府、检察机关各司其职、齐抓共管,只有切实做到制度供给充分、政策支持到位、资源配置合理,才能为更好地保护以北京为代表的历史文化名城提供足够法治支撑。  相似文献   

9.
This paper aims to view the implications of an identification of wood species found during an archaeological excavation on a medieval church building and a surrounding graveyard at Thorarinsstadir in Seydisfjordur, east Iceland. The excavation in Seydisfjördur is a part of a project entitled ‘The transition from paganism to Christianity in Iceland’ sponsored by The East Iceland Heritage Museum, the Research Council of Iceland and The European Commission. It started in 1997 and from 1998 it has been a part of the PARABOW project, in the frame of the Raphael project. The project involves archaeological researches on pagan and Christian remains from the early medieval times in Iceland. The aim is to examine the origin and development of the Christian religion in Iceland. Furthermore, it is the intention to investigate how Christianity evolved alongside paganism assuming the conversion to Christianity was a long process, climaxing in the year 1000 when Christianity was adopted as a national religion. The wood identification uncovered evidence concerning church architecture, limiting actors for building traditions, Icelandersˈ ritual practices as well as their contacts with the foreign countries during the Viking Age and early medieval times. It did show that the native species were mainly used as fuel but drift timber was probably mainly used for construction purposes and for making coffins. According to the results from the wood identification, for instance, the excavation at Thorarinsstadir in Seydisfjördur revealed a wooden church made of drift timber.  相似文献   

10.
Roads built by civil or military engineers from the 18th century onwards form an essential part of our heritage, but currently considered on a very infrequent basis. They represent one of the main turning points in the development of the transport system and serve to gain a better understanding of the historic construction of many landscapes and their current arrangement and operation. Their consideration as heritage has to be made on a territorial scale. This approach regards landscape as a cultural artifact, which is undergoing constant design, construction and transformation, where the road is considered as an axis that shapes the landscape and that contains individual elements such as associated structures or buildings. One of the most important characteristics of historic roads undoubtedly lies in the fact that they are a heritage that is still in use. Many of the roads built for carriages or the first automobiles have, in fact, served to trace the current network of roads and motorways. For this reason, many historic routes have undergone considerable modification and a large percentage of their heritage has disappeared. Likewise, their original or more intact sections, that is to say those that were replaced during their gradual adaptation to the automobile in the 20th century, are not always easy to identify. The distinction and undoubted documental value of historic roads, together with the neglect and vulnerability of these assets, makes it essential to define specific strategies with some degree of urgency in order to appraise this heritage. In this respect, the purpose of this article is to establish a methodology with which to identify sections of historic roads that were replaced by new alignments. The decision to focus the work on these sections is based on the fact that the infrastructure of these and particularly the older sections, have undergone a smaller degree of change and subsequently retain their original routing and geometry and a far higher number and variety of heritage elements more intact. This has made it possible to ascertain the diversity of elements composing the heritage of historic roads and enables the classification of the same. The identification methodology has been applied to a significant proportion of the Spanish main road network on selecting some 15 sections of historic roads of very different characteristics. Files have been prepared for each of these sections on the basis of cartographic analysis and detailed field work, these files including data related to location, characteristics and inventory of historic elements forming the road's heritage and will subsequently include references to road layout (both longitudinal and cross-sectional), structures (essentially drainage works), auxiliary elements (signalling) and associated buildings (inns, roadworkers’ houses…). Finally, and on the basis of the experience gained during the research, an initial proposal is laid out for the heritage assessment of these assets, considering aspects such as historic, technological and documental singularity which will depend on the degree of transformation and definition of the section in question.  相似文献   

11.
An investigation has been undertaken at St Andrew’s church, Walpole St Andrew, Norfolk, to establish the underlying causes of the observed stone decay to the upper parts of the six stone piers. The stone decay was first recorded in the early 1930s. The salt-contaminated masonry within the church has been shown to undergo severe salt decay during the summer, with little damage occurring over the winter months. The south aisle piers have been shown to decay 2.5 times faster than the north aisle piers. Although crystallization–hydration cycles have been identified, the rate of decay is at its greatest when the cycling is relatively infrequent. This was not the expected trend. Furthermore, it has been shown that during extended periods where the ambient relative humidity is less than 75%, the rate of decay reaches a maximum. It is the length of this ‘drying’ period that apparently has the greatest influence on the rate of decay and could explain the significant difference in the rate of decay between the south and north aisle piers. The results have serious implications for passive conservation, where it is often recommended to lower the ambient relative humidity to well below the equilibrium relative humidity of the salt contaminant, to avoid crystallization–hydration cycles. Since, at the time of building, the church was situated on the coast, it is possible that the sodium chloride contamination occurred during the building process (1440–1520), particularly since the area was prone to sea-flooding at this time. Alternatively, the salt could have been applied as a treatment during the general restoration of 1897. Whatever the source of the salt, it seems likely that the ambient environment was changed by the insertion of a sealed floor in 1897, which could account for the onset of the salt decay.  相似文献   

12.
The concentrations of CO2, CO, formaldehyde (H2CO) and water vapour were simultaneously monitored in various sections of a mountain church situated in the village of Rocca Pietore in the Italian Alps. The performance of a conventional, hot-air heating system and a novel design for heating the church, consisting of low-temperature heating elements, such as electrically heated pews and carpets, were compared for the supply, transport and removal of gases, the deposition and/or transformation of which may affect the preservation of displayed works of art. Experiments with sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer-gas showed a considerable influx of external air through the hot air carrier ducts of the old heating system, and also the leakage of the internal air mostly via the apertures of the doors. The ventilation rates for the total volume of the church with the hot-air heating system (on for 1.5 h), the new heating system (on for 2 h), and without heating were calculated to be 0.25, 0.18, and 0.13 h−1, respectively. Without heating, a nearly homogeneous distribution of gases has been observed along both the horizontal and the vertical cross-sections of the church. Immediately after switching on the hot-air heating system, the levels of CO2 and water vapour showed a sharp increase. After turning this system off, the levels of gases showed a slow fall and they developed a highly non-homogeneous spatial distribution indoors for many hours. In the upper region of the church, being airtight, higher concentrations of the pollutants could be detected. The low levels of CO and H2CO, mostly originating from incense burning during services, were correlated to that of CO2. The hot-air heating system has been proved to present a potential deterioration risk to artworks, as it increases the supply, transport and deposition probability of air pollutants. On the other hand, the novel, symmetrical heating system eliminates these undesirable effects, thus its application is advantageous to all churches involved in the preservation of works of art.  相似文献   

13.
The focus of this work is the wood polychrome model of the church of S. Maria della Consolazione in Todi, an artefact whose author and historical events are not completely known except a general reference to the construction period of the church (1508–1607 AD). In this study, original and additional materials were examined in order to provide a deeper understanding of the painting and assembly techniques, and a greater awareness of how well preserved the object is, as well as an analysis of previous preservation and conservation interventions. The samples from the painted surfaces were examined by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and internal microstratigraphic analysis. Thin sections of the wood samples were examined under an optical transmission light microscope in order to identify the botanical species. The results shown in this paper suggest the possibility that the original painted layers are made of calcium carbonate white, red ochre and indigo and they were applied by protein binder without any ground layer. Some non-original pigments were found on the model surface like Prussian blue and chrome yellow. Concerning wood components, poplar was characterized both in the original and non-original parts of the model whereas pine species were detected only in the restoration elements.  相似文献   

14.
The influence of three types of heating systems (electrically heated pews, hot air blow heating and provisory electrical (infrared) heaters) on the transport and deposition of particulate pollution was investigated in churches located in a cold climate. Two methods were applied for the analysis of aerosol samples collected inside and outside the churches: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The results show that all the heating systems re-suspend the particulate matter brought from outside. However, the extent of re-suspension of the systems is different. It is also shown that the hot air blow heating, – the oldest design of the studied systems, – warming the church by blowing in hot air could generate organic particles. Such particles can cause soiling, and/or blackening of works of art present in the church. The application of this heating system also provoked the deterioration of the plastered walls, thus leading to the creation of an extra internal source of Ca. The other two heating systems (more modern) demonstrate less influence on the works of art regarding aerosol deposition.  相似文献   

15.
Plasterwork, a very typical element of Islamic art, comprises highly artistic decorative elements on wall, arches, and vaults. Due to their gypsum composition, such elements are easily weathered, primarily because of low mechanical strength and slight solubility in water. This work has studied the traditional Islamic plasterwork in the halls and patios of the Mudéjar Palace (13–16th centuries) in the Real Alcázar of Seville. This palace complex was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987. The analysis of its porosity and shore C surface hardness has allowed determination of the mathematical correlation between them. Consequently, future evaluations can merely measure the hardness (a non-destructive test) to estimate the plasterwork's porosity (which reveals its mechanical strength and its degree of weathering). These elements must be maintained in order to prevent the spread of pathologies. In addition to requiring an in-depth knowledge of its materials, application techniques, and properties, to do so also demands simple techniques for regular assessments and criteria to prioritize interventions if they become necessary.  相似文献   

16.
凤凰寺话古     
杭州凤凰寺古称“真教寺”“回回堂”，自古以来就是杭州穆斯林的礼拜堂、清真寺。清光绪重修后以其建筑形似凤凰展翅而名“凤凰寺”，是我国东南沿海四大清真古寺之一，与广州的怀圣寺（狮子寺）、泉州的清净寺（麒麟寺）、扬州的仙鹤寺齐名。  相似文献   

17.
This article presents the first study of a painting, possibly the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, which has been concealed for over 500 years, and which has, this century only, re-emerged through plaster removal in the church of SS. Peter and Paul in Famagusta, N. Cyprus. Though very badly damaged the painting, which has remained undocumented and unstudied in the history and art history of Cyprus, may offer vital clues concerning internationalism and cultural interaction in Cyprus in the 14th and 15th centuries. It also offers specialists a rare glimpse at Italian ecclesiastical wall painting from this rich period in western art history, and makes clear the intellectual loss that might be felt if some basic conservation processes are not begun soon. Lastly, in the light of the changing political situation in that island it invites scholarship in a range of disciplines to the church and to other historic landmarks within the old city walls.  相似文献   

18.
Subterranean termites are a serious problem for historical and artistic structures in Italy. Remedial control is difficult because of their large populations and foraging territories. A revolutionary solution comes from using ‘baiting technology’ that incorporates a slow-acting toxicant. The termite bait system tested here is based on Hexaflumuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor developed by Dow AgroSciences, and ensures an effective, safe, not invasive and environmentally responsible treatment. The research was conducted in Naples, at the church of S. Maria della Sanità, where a Reticulitermes lucifugus infestation has been studied in depth since September 1997. During the pre-baiting survey a monitoring network was established to connect termite populations. Then a baiting program was applied in two zones selected as ‘sample areas’ where live infestations were found; site ‘Transept’ and site ‘Arciconfraternita’. At both sites termite control was achieved in September 1998 by the use of 430 mg of Hexaflumuron within 4 months of baiting. After the baiting procedure, in November 1998, a follow-up monitoring was initiated to confirm control of the infestation at both sites. This phase, which is still continuing, was extended to the whole structure in order to provide continuous protection from new potential infestations. Thanks to the monitoring device-network established also in unbaited zones a new termite invasion was readily detected and a specific baiting program, which is now in progress, was initiated. This work showed that Hexaflumuron baits offer a modern solution against the infestation of subterranean termites in urban locations and confirmed the importance of a ‘monitoring-baiting-monitoring’ approach to termite control.  相似文献   

19.
The goal of preventive conservation is to provide the correct maintenance of our cultural heritage in order to enrich our future. The Canadian Museum of Nature developed a risk model for preventive conservation that has proven useful in application to a Portuguese archive. This work applies this model to compare the magnitudes of specific risks estimated for this same archive collection when located in either of two pairs of storage rooms. These rooms are in two different parts of this building: two are in an older part and two are in a recent addition. It was, therefore, necessary to assess the building itself, both structurally and environmentally, as well as analyse its common human practices. In terms of the overall risk magnitude, the best room was found to be in the recent building and the worst in the older building. However, risks related to water problems were found to be higher in the new building. In this work cost-free measures and easy to implement recommendations are given in order to improve the quality of the storage rooms. A final comment on the method itself is also given.  相似文献   

20.
The experimental procedures and most important conclusions of the first on-site Raman study of the stained glass windows in the upper chapel of the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris are discussed. Some of the windows suffered damage during/after the French Revolution and were partly restored in the 19th century. Measurements were performed with a new portable Raman instrument on colourless, blue and green stained glasses. We illustrate how the Raman signature of the glass makes it possible to distinguish between medieval K/Ca or 19th century restored Na/Ca-based silicates and to determine their weathering degree. This is achieved by means of the extraction of vibrational parameters and then processing them, using chemometric approaches, principal components and cluster variation analyses with varying degrees of complexity. The Raman scattering intensity of weathered glasses is used to determine their relative age. The results differ from those presented in the Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi (obtained by visual inspection) and therefore demonstrate the need for updating these reports with modern methods such as in situ Raman spectroscopy.  相似文献   

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