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1.
Pandora K Rader KA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):350-364
The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals. 相似文献
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Yamamoto YT 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2012,21(1):101-125
In contentious natural resource debates, the credibility of scientists is at risk. In this case study, citizens in contending communities and scientists in a forest management controversy constructed the scientists' credibility differently. Shared values and views of the nature of science and objectivity were primary factors for constructing scientists' credibility. Citizens who expected value-free, objective scientists to authenticate their knowledge were concerned about how the values of scientists on the opposite side affected research framing. Citizens who emphasized limited objectivity were less skeptical of scientists. Scientists acknowledged their values but defended their credibility in terms of professional standards, balance and resource constraints. In short, scientists' credibility is relative because each individual has unique values and views of the nature of science and objectivity. Through a collaborative policymaking process, citizens and scientists should develop shared values and visions to reconstruct a temporary, intersubjective sense of credibility. 相似文献
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Herman E 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2001,92(4):684-715
This essay considers the effort to transform child adoption into a modern scientific enterprise during the first half of the twentieth century via a case study of Arnold Gesell (1880-1961), a Yale developmentalist well known for his studies of child growth and the applied technologies that emerged from them: normative scales promising to measure and predict development. Scientific adoption was a central aspiration for many human scientists, helping professionals, and state regulators. They aimed to reduce the numerous hazards presumed to be inherent in adopting children, especially infants, who were not one's "own." By importing insights and techniques drawn from the world of science into the practical world of family formation, scientific adoption stood for kinship by design. This case study explores one point of intersection between the history of science and the history of social welfare and social policy, simultaneously illustrating the cultural progress and power of scientific authority and the numerous obstacles to its practical realization. 相似文献
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This paper looks at how citations are perceived among scientists. Based on a questionnaire survey it traces the repertoire of views and experiences about citations that could be found among Norwegian scientists that had published highly cited papers. Their views circle around three issues: the relation between the quality (or importance or significance) of a paper and its citation history; the importance of visibility and how different sorts of factors play a role in determining citation in general and high citation in particular; and the fairness (or lack of fairness) of the system. Taken together, the respondents’ answers and comments offer an informal (and fragmented) sociology of citations and their role in the world of science. In the final section we discuss the relevance of our findings in respect to the increasing use of citation indicators in science policy and research evaluations. 相似文献
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Gooday G Lynch JM Wilson KG Barsky CK 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):322-330
This essay argues that science education can gain from close engagement with the history of science both in the training of prospective vocational scientists and in educating the broader public about the nature of science. First it shows how historicizing science in the classroom can improve the pedagogical experience of science students and might even help them turn into more effective professional practitioners of science. Then it examines how historians of science can support the scientific education of the general public at a time when debates over "intelligent design" are raising major questions over the kind of science that ought to be available to children in their school curricula. It concludes by considering further work that might be undertaken to show how history of science could be of more general educational interest and utility, well beyond the closed academic domains in which historians of science typically operate. 相似文献
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Moran BT 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(2):300-304
Alchemy is part of the cultural experience of early modern Europe and yet has had to overcome problems of demarcation to be considered relevant to the history of science. This essay considers historiographical and methodological issues that have affected the gradual demarginalization of alchemy among attempts to explain, and find things out about, nature. As an area of historical study, alchemy relates to the history of science as part of an ensemble of practices that explored the natural world through natural philosophy and speculative traditions and by functioning as a nexus of social and intellectual life. 相似文献
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中西对自然有不同取向,始自不同的质性自然哲学或物理见解。关于科学革命为何发生于西欧而不在中国,过去已有不少讨论。本文拟从比较中西科学与文化的观点,并通过陈方正和库恩对亚里士多德自然哲学与科学革命的看法,来看人类是如何由古代从偏向质性的自然哲学讨论,通过其间大学与基督宗教产生的影响,使西方近代早期物理学数理化,在科学革命中扮演了领头羊的角色。 相似文献
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Schneider DW 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2000,91(4):681-705
Stephen Forbes's "The Lake as a Microcosm" is one of the founding documents of the science of ecology in the United States. By tracing the connections between scientists and local fishermen underlying the research on floodplain lakes presented in "The Lake as a Microcosm," this essay shows how the birth of ecology was tied to local knowledge and the local politics of environmental transformation. Forbes and the other scientists of the Illinois Natural History Survey relied on fishermen for manual labor, expertise in catching fish, and knowledge of the natural history of the fishes. As Forbes and his colleagues worked in close contact with fishermen, they also adopted many of their political concerns over the privatization of the floodplain and became politically active in supporting their interests. The close connection between scientists and local knowledge forced the ecologists to reframe the boundaries of ecology as objective or political, pure or applied, local or scientific. 相似文献
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哲学是科学之母,它是人们对世界的根本看法和研究方法。辩证唯物主义和辩证法是科学的世界观的有机统一。生物学是自然科学中的一门基础学科,是具体的研究生命现象和生命活动规律的科学,高中生物学内容中闪耀着诸多辩证唯物主义的思想和观点,我们用这些思想和观点指导我们高中生物学的教学,有助于认清生物学的本质,本文据此重点介绍了中学生物教师在教学过程中如何结合教材内容进行辩证唯物主义思想渗透。 相似文献
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This paper examines the gendered representations of scientists in the UK media. Our analysis reveals the asymmetrical ways in which men and women working in science, engineering and technology are portrayed, in particular through the emphasis on women's appearance and a focus on their exceptional status. It also highlights the way female scientists may be used to "sex up" the discipline in the context of increasing concern about the (un)popularity of science. This media analysis is contextualized by drawing on data from 86 scientists examining how women themselves experience press and television coverage and address the cultural contradictions surrounding their role. The research highlights the challenges facing women working in these fields and the dilemmas for those seeking to develop a "human" face for science and promote a positive image for women. 相似文献
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Morus IR 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(4):806-816
Performances of various kinds were central to the strategies adopted by Victorian natural philosophers to constitute their authority. Appealing to the senses of their audience through spectacular effects or ingenious demonstrations of skill was key to the success of these performances. If we want to understand the politics and practice of Victorian science-and science more generally-we need to pay particular attention to these sorts of performances. We need to understand the ingredients that went into them and the relationships between scientific performers and their publics. In particular, we need to investigate the self-conscious nature of Victorian scientific performances. Looking at science as performance provides us with a new set of tools for understanding the politics of knowledge, the relationship between producers and consumers of scientific knowledge, and the construction and constitution of scientific authority. 相似文献
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现代科学技术生产方式的新特点和公共治理理念的新变革要求改变传统的以“统治”为核心的科学宏观管理模式,走向以“治理”为核心的新管理模式。在科学治理中,科学共同体作为谋求特定利益的科学家组成的社会团体,具有组织性、地方性、民间性、科学性等特征,是科学治理的重要参加者和学术权威,在科学评价、决策咨询、科学传播等领域发挥着更加重要的作用。 相似文献
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我国科学家在计算机科学与工程领域的影响及存在的缺陷与对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对Engineering Village 2的Compendex数据库的调研发现,尽管我国在计算机科学与工程领域总体上可以追随国际发展趋势,但存在严重缺陷。其一是我国科学家在各子领域内严重缺少影响力。其二是我国科学家在各子领域中未形成良好的权威结构。众多科学家研究焦点转换过于频繁,难以形成持续成果与持续的科学影响。弥补缺陷的有效措施是：加强科研投资及其有效使用率,健全科研项目评估体系与科研资金审计制度;推动科学共同体建设,鼓励科学家自由流动。 相似文献
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国内外学者对科学家参与科学传播的意愿和行为进行了大量研究,但对科学家感知科学传播的重要性如何受到自然环境及个体心理特征的影响尚缺乏研究。本文基于压力转换理论,建立不同主动性人格的科学家如何应对空气污染的两个假设,并通过匹配官方公布的空气污染监测数据与基于问卷调查的科学家自我报告数据对假设进行检验。结果发现：面对空气污染时,强主动性的科学家会显著增强对科学传播重要性的感知,这种感知的改变是通过自我效能感增强实现的;而弱主动性的科学家在面对空气污染时,则不会改变对科学传播重要性的感知。该研究为理解外部环境压力下科学家如何对科学传播重要性做出判断提供了新的视角与证据。 相似文献
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Rudge DW 《Endeavour》2006,30(1):19-23
The phenomenon of industrial melanism is the preeminent example of natural selection in textbooks and the popular media. Much of its fame stems from a set of pioneering and apparently definitive investigations by H.B.D. 'Bernard' Kettlewell in the early 1950s. There is a marked contrast in how the phenomenon and Kettlewell's work on it are perceived by the public and scientists. Tensions between these two perceptions have recently led to calls for the removal of the example from textbooks, and indeed allegations that Kettlewell committed fraud. This article (part of the Science in the Industrial Revolution series) will show that these charges are baseless and stem from a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of science as a process. 相似文献
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Academics are increasingly expected to produce concrete and directly applicable solutions to hard-to-solve ‘real-world problems’ such as poverty, development, and environmental degradation. However, conventional assessments of the impact of science on society have not yet been adequately adapted to capture the diverse effects of this type of problem-centred research. Drawing on a case study of a large-scale project on (un)sustainable consumption, this paper demonstrates the range, complexity and potential long-term nature of impact in interdisciplinary sustainability research. It thus supports arguments for alternative approaches to impact assessment that question conventional views of translating scientific knowledge into action, value the multi-directionality of science-society relations and recognise diverse forms of engagement between scientists and non-scientific actors through non-academic channels and outputs. The paper also challenges common (mis)conceptions of work practices in a university context by demonstrating the highly innovative and inclusive nature of much sustainability research that seeks to address the needs of diverse communities of actors. It is argued that only radically different ways of conceptualising and measuring short-, medium- and long-term impacts can capture the success or otherwise of social-scientific and interdisciplinary sustainability research. 相似文献
20.
Liu Jian 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2002,16(2)
This paper first analyzes the problems of natural resources, the environment and agriculture in China. Secondly, it discusses the challenge of sustaining a healthy aquaculture. Thirdly, the role of science and technology in environmental management is described in detail, explaining the interaction between research and implication for govemment policymaking and local authority implementation. Finally, the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) concerned with studies of aquatic ecosystem management are introduced as examples. 相似文献