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1.
OBJECTIVE: This article explores characteristics of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP) in Japan, a country which provides an egalitarian, low cost, and easy-access health care system. METHODS: We sent a questionnaire survey to 11 leading doctors in the child abuse field in Japan, each located in different hospital-based sites. Child abuse doctors answered questions regarding the characteristics of MSBP cases for whom they had helped care. RESULTS: Twenty-one MSBP cases (20 families) were reported. Characteristics of the victims included: no differences based on sex, 4.6 years of age on average when MSBP was confirmed, and an average of 1.9 years duration of MSBP abuse. Biological mothers were at least one of the perpetrators in 95% of cases. Among the 12 cases (57%) who remained with their families, 2 victims died. Only 5% of perpetrators had a medical background or relatives who engaged in healthcare work. CONCLUSION: There are similar features of MSBP cases between Japan and other English-speaking countries, such as the UK or the US. However, perpetrators of MSBP in Japan did not have a medical background. Easier access to hospital resources in Japan may give greater opportunities for perpetrators to obtain medical knowledge from doctors or nurses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The findings suggest that perpetrators of MSBP should not be assumed to possess a medical background in a country which provides universal medical care such as Japan. A contributory factor of MSBP may be the high frequency of medical consultations and equal level of accessibility of medical resources for Japanese citizens. Social welfare services that need to decide on custody for MSBP victims should recognize the relatively high risk of life-threatening danger in their family of origin. Further collaboration between hospital staff including pediatricians, nurses, medical social workers and staff at the social welfare services is needed to protect children from MSBP. 相似文献
2.
This study examined professionals' knowledge of a relatively rare form of child abuse, Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP). Eighty-six professionals representing hospital or other medical settings, community services programs, the state children's service agency, and various law enforcement agencies were surveyed. Results indicated that professionals employed in medical or hospital settings were three times more likely to have heard of the syndrome than those employed by community service agencies. Journal articles and colleagues were the most popular sources of information pertaining to MSBP. Respondents identified 77 possible cases of MSBP in their caseloads over the past year. Findings suggest the need for educating community professionals as well as the possibility that the incidence of MSBP has been grossly underestimated. Implications for future research and preventive efforts are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is a form of child abuse wherein the mother falsifies illness in her child through simulation and/or production of illness, and presents the child for medical care, disclaiming knowledge as to etiology of the problem. From the literature, 117 cases of MSBP were reviewed. The most common presentations of MSBP were bleeding, seizures, central nervous system depression, apnea, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and rash. Short-term morbidity rate was 100%; long-term morbidity rate was 8%. Mortality rate was 9%. Failure to thrive was associated with MSBP in 14% of cases. All perpetrators of MSBP were the mothers. The origins of this type of aberrant maternal behavior remain abstruse, as do the long-term psychological effects on the child victims. Guidelines for medical, social service, and legal management are provided. 相似文献
4.
John Raven 《Higher Education》1984,13(4):393-404
As a basis for considering the types of third level education and research activity that are required, research into the quality of life, social and civic attitudes, the components of competence, and the effectiveness of the educational system is first summarized.It is concluded that there is no shortage of jobs to be done by hands which are-currently idle in our society, but, if the necessary work is to be undertaken, new understandings of society, economics, wealth, public policy and democracy are required. Both the managers of our society, and citizens in general, need to develop new perceptions, expectations, understandings and patterns of competence. It is concluded that the role of the university must change radically. One possibility would be for it to come to see itself, first and foremost, as a producer of new concepts and understandings and new tools to administer, and provide accountability within, modern society. If this were to happen, it would function only secondarily, in a very much reduced role, as a provider of highly specialised knowledge. Other institutions would take over the competencepromoting functions which second and third level educational institutions currently neglect. Although there is an urgent need for a major programme of adult education, that need might best be met by other educational agencies. 相似文献
5.
Undergraduates commonly harbor alternate conceptions about evolutionary biology; these alternate conceptions often persist, even after intensive instruction, and may influence acceptance of evolution. We interviewed undergraduates to explore their alternate conceptions about macroevolutionary patterns and designed a 2-h lesson plan to present evidence that life has evolved. We identified three alternate conceptions during our interviews: that newly derived traits would be more widespread in extant species than would be ancestral traits, that evolution proceeds solely by anagenesis, and that lineages must become more complex over time. We also attempted to measure changes in the alternate conceptions and levels of acceptance of evolutionary theory in biology majors and nonmajors after exposure to the lesson plan. The instrument used to assess understanding had flaws, but our results are suggestive of mixed effects: we found a reduction in the first alternate conception, no change in the second, and reinforcement of the third. We found a small, but significant, increase in undergraduate acceptance of evolutionary theory in two trials of the lesson plan (Cohen's d effect sizes of 0.51 and 0.19). These mixed results offer guidance on how to improve the lesson and show the potential of instructional approaches for influencing acceptance of evolution. 相似文献
6.
苏宝荣 《河北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,25(6):49-55
注重语言学理论研究，增强语文教学，特别是中学语文教学的理论内涵，是提高语文教学质量与效率的重要方面。从以下三个方面说明了语言理论研究在语文教学中的重要性：（一）充分认识语文的性质与规律，避免用单纯逻辑的、乃至数理的思维方式对待语文教学；（二）加强理论指导，准确、规范地进行语文教学，避免随意性；（三）认识语言，特别是汉语自身的系统性与规则性，举一反三，提高语文教学的效率。 相似文献
7.
《Child abuse & neglect》2014,38(11):1755-1765
The feigning of disabling illness for compensation at the direction or pressure by others, which is called malingering by proxy (MBP), has been the subject of several spirited articles. Chafetz and Prentkowski (2011) suggested that MBP has the potential for real harm to the child. In a poster at the AACN scientific session in 2011, Chafetz and Binder (2011) pursued a case of MBP that showed the child had clearly suffered and failed to progress in the 6 years that had passed since she was first evaluated as an 11 year old. In the present article, we identify three cases that compare and contrast effects of MBP, illustrating that child abuse and/or neglect can be a serious and reportable consequence of MBP behavior. To illustrate how MBP behavior can cause child abuse, we compare MBP behavior with Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP), another condition of volitional noncredible behavior produced in a vulnerable person at the direction or pressure by others. Guidance criteria for reporting MBP as child abuse/neglect are introduced in this article. 相似文献
8.
Rogers R 《Child abuse & neglect》2004,28(2):225-238
OBJECTIVE: The overriding objective is a critical examination of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) and its closely-related alternative, factitious disorder by proxy (FDBP). Beyond issues of diagnostic validity, assessment methods and potential detection strategies are explored. METHODS: A painstaking analysis was conducted of the MSBP and FDBP literature as it relates diagnostic and assessment issues. Given the limitations of this literature, extrapolations were provided from the extensive theory and research on malingering as a related response style. RESULTS: Diagnostic formulations for both MSBP and FDBP de-emphasize the clinical characteristics of the perpetrator. In the case of FDBP, inferential judgments about motivation (e.g., adoption of a sick role) are challenging on conceptual and clinical grounds. When explanatory models from malingering are applied, most research has focused pathogenic models, often allied with psychodynamic thought. Finally, clinical methods for the assessment of MSBP and FDBP are not well developed. CONCLUSIONS: Refinements in the conceptualization of MSBP and FDBP can be provided through prototypical analysis. Drawing from malingering research, explanatory models should be expanded to include adaptational and criminological models. Finally, detection strategies for MSBP and FDBP must be formally operationalized and rigorously validated. 相似文献
9.
Law enforcement officers, often the first professionals to come in contact with a victim of child sexual abuse, can either increase or decrease the traumatic impact on the child and the family at the time of disclosure. The model for a training program for police officers in handling cases of child sexual abuse outlined in this paper is divided into three sections. The first part is directed towards theoretical issues involved in this problem, including an explanation of the history and background of sexual abuse of children by adults and of the difference in the dynamics of extra- and intrafamilial sexual abuse. The second part consists of a detailed explanation of different types of sex offenses and of standard physical examinations of sexual abuse victims. Graded slides of physical trauma geared towards wound identification are paired with relaxation exercises. The third section focuses on special considerations when interviewing sexually abused children. The difference between interviewing and interrogation, specific questioning techniques, and the use of videotape is explained. Each part of this training procedure is followed by a question and answer period and small group discussions for the purpose of encouraging disclosure and better understanding of the officers' personal reactions to cases of child sexual abuse. 相似文献
10.
In three experiments we examined whether reader perspective on a long expository text could be manipulated such that increased text interest and enhancement of two comprehension outcomes would result. In Experiment 1 we verified the viability of a new text for experimental purposes. We then assigned readers a perspective before reading in Experiment 2 and after reading in Experiment 3. One primary research question addressed whether interest in a long expository text could be manipulated by assigning readers a perspective. We considered this to be an examination of purpose-driven interest ( Schraw & Dennison, 1994). As hypothesized, participants rated text segments as more interesting when the segments corresponded to their assigned perspective. In support of our second hypothesis, that recall would increase as a function of reader perspective, low to medium effects were found for both total number and depth of ideas recalled. We discuss implications of this work for understanding of the role of relevance in increasing recall. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed. 相似文献
11.
Robert A. Hinde 《Child development》1991,62(4):671-675
Evidence that human behavior is or has been adaptive comes from the likelihood that it would have been useful in our environment of evolutionary adaptedness, that it forms a coherent whole with other characteristics, and that variants contribute or would be likely to contribute to reproductive success. Belsky et al. use the second and third of these, though on the third their evidence is somewhat tenuous. However, their thesis does integrate diverse facts about parenting and development. In general an evolutionary approach is useful if it integrates diverse facts, if it aids clinical practice, and if it helps us toward a full understanding of human nature. 相似文献
12.
Paul Ashwin Andrea Abbas Monica McLean 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2017,42(4):517-530
Dissertations are positioned as the capstone of an undergraduate degree, bringing together what students have previously learned from their programmes through a piece of independent research. However, there is limited research into the ways in which engaging in a dissertation has an impact on students’ understandings of disciplinary knowledge. In this article, we explore the relations between students’ accounts of sociological knowledge in their second and third years and how they engage with sociological knowledge in their dissertations. We argue that for the work of the dissertation to have an impact on students’ understanding of sociological knowledge, students need to see their discipline as providing a way of answering their research questions. We explore the implications of this argument for both our understanding of the role of dissertations and research-based learning in universities more generally. 相似文献
13.
《Teaching and Teacher Education》2006,22(5):612-626
This article is a tribute to Graham Nuthall's contribution to classroom research from his early experimental studies through to his recent work on theory integration. It also explains the potential of the methodology, findings and theory building in our collaborative work to make a substantial positive difference for diverse students. The article explains the significance of, and need for, research linking learning to teaching processes (a scientific realist approach to putting ‘process’, socio-cultural context and theory building into a new process–product paradigm). Findings of student outcomes contrary to educational goals (for example, teaching designed to enhance appreciation of cultural differences triggering racist abuse) signal the importance of research that explains the impact of teaching on learner outcomes. The article also foreshadows the implications of the work that Graham and I did for teaching, teacher education, research and educational policy. The article concludes with Graham's view that the most important contribution his work would make, would be to initial teacher education. 相似文献
14.
OBJECTIVE: One group of women who were sexually abused by brothers and a second group who were sexually abused by fathers are compared with the intent to identify the differing characteristics of each type of abuse and the effects of the abuse on their adult functioning. Our hypothesis was that there would indeed be differences in the characteristics of the abuse and its effects, and that this would necessitate differing treatment strategies. METHOD: Surveys were distributed to women attending support groups for incest survivors. Of the 62 women completing questionnaires, 14 women (23%) had been sexually abused by a brother. A similar number of women (15) who had been sexually abused by their fathers were chosen from the overall sample for comparison. RESULTS: The absence of the father as a vital force in family life played a key role in the sexual abuse of women by their brothers in every case. The duration of the sexual abuse for brother-abused women and father-abused women was lengthy. The characteristics, including use of force, are equally as serious for sisters as for daughters. The family circumstances surrounding the abuse were examined for both groups and the results yielded a fuller understanding of the incestuous family. Despite an appearance of normalcy, the level of family-wide disturbances, for example substance abuse, mental illness and pervasive family-wide violence were profound for both groups. In this study, we also examine the effects in adulthood of the serious disruption of childhood developmental phases for both brother-abused and father-abused women, taking into account the incidence of substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that the characteristics and consequences of brother-sister incest are of equal seriousness to those of father-daughter incest. This would suggest that brother-sister incest is one of the current blind spots in incest research, and one that we cannot afford to ignore. In-depth knowledge of the dynamics and effects of brother-sister incest suggest specific treatment strategies are indeed necessary and these are discussed in this paper. 相似文献
15.
Casimér R. Wichlacz John M. Lane C.Henry Kempe Casimer R. Wichlacz 《Child abuse & neglect》1978,2(1):29-35
The purpose of this study is threefold: first, to describe the characteristics of child abuse and neglect on a major Indian reservation; second, to examine the impact of a community team approach to child abuse and neglect as measured by the incidence of reported abuse and neglect and admissions for emergency foster care; and third, to make recommendations for actions to close the gaps in child welfare services to Indian children living on reservations. 相似文献
16.
We explore some key constructs and research themes initiated by Jim Kaput, and attempt to illuminate them further with reference
to our own research. These ‘design principles’ focus on the evolution of digital representations since the early 1990s, and
we attempt to take forward our collective understanding of the cognitive and cultural affordances they offer. There are two
main organising ideas for the paper. The first centres around Kaput’s notion of outsourcing of processing power, and explores
the implications of this for mathematical learning. We argue that a key component for design is to create visible, transparent
views of outsourcing, a transparency without which there may be as many pitfalls as opportunities for mathematical learning.
The second organising idea is Kaput’s notion of communication and the importance of designing for communication in ways that
recognise the mutual influence of tools for communication and for mathematical expression. 相似文献
17.
Researchers have speculated that children find it more difficult to acquire conceptual understanding of the inverse relation
between multiplication and division than that between addition and subtraction. We reviewed research on children and adults’
use of shortcut procedures that make use of the inverse relation on two kinds of problems: inversion problems (e.g., 9 ×24 ?24 {9} \times {24} \div {24} ) and associativity problems (e.g., 9 ×24 ?8 {9} \times {24} \div {8} ). Both can be solved more easily if the division of the second and third numbers is performed before the multiplication of
the first and second numbers. The findings we reviewed suggest that understanding and use of the inverse relation between
multiplication and division develops relatively slowly and is difficult for both children and adults to implement in shortcut
procedures if they are not flexible problem solvers. We use the findings to expand an existing model, highlight some similarities
and differences in solvers’ use of conceptual knowledge across operations, and discuss educational implications of the findings. 相似文献
18.
Our aim in this paper is twofold. We wish to describe the work done with families referred for various problems, including child abuse, to one Area Social Services Team (Section 2). We then offer (Section 3) some comparisons to indicate the extent of the problem. The second task in subsequent sections is to use data from various sources on child abuse (Section 4), and our own information (Section 5) to suggest that Army life has inherent features exacerbating risk of child abuse. We make various conclusions, and proposals for improvement (Section 6). We draw material from the Army Welfare Inquiry Committee Report, known as the Spencer Report. 1 We would argue that the welfare of Service families requires special concern. 相似文献
19.
WHY "WHAT WORKS" WON'T WORK: EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE AND THE DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Gert Biesta 《Educational theory》2007,57(1):1-22
A bstract . In this essay, Gert Biesta provides a critical analysis of the idea of evidence-based practice and the ways in which it has been promoted and implemented in the field of education, focusing on the tension between scientific and democratic control over educational practice and research. Biesta examines three key assumptions of evidence-based education: first, the extent to which educational practice can be compared to the practice of medicine, the field in which evidence-based practice was first developed; second, the role of knowledge in professional actions, with special attention to what kind of epistemology is appropriate for professional practices that wish to be informed by the outcomes of research; and third, the expectations about the practical role of research implicit in the idea of evidence-based education. Biesta concludes that evidence-based practice provides a framework for understanding the role of research in educational practice that not only restricts the scope of decision making to questions about effectivity and effectiveness, but that also restricts the opportunities for participation in educational decision making. He argues that we must expand our views about the interrelations among research, policy, and practice to keep in view education as a thoroughly moral and political practice that requires continuous democratic contestation and deliberation. 相似文献
20.
John A Clark 《The Australian Educational Researcher》1993,20(2):15-22
Our conceptions of educational research depend very much on our philosophical views. Positivism, in its various guises, is the dominant tradition. Three key positivist notions are considered and evaluated in the light of recent work in postpositivist philosophy of science. The first is foundationalism and the theory-ladenness of observation; the second is verification and holistic revision; the third is value-freedom and epistemic virtues. It is concluded that even if positivism is rejected, a scientific account of educational research can still be retained. 相似文献