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1.
In the field of technology policy, few challenges are more intriguing than understanding the nature of technical and market trends. This paper deals with this problem by using the sociotechnical constituencies approach in order to integrate the treatment of “micro”/“macro” issues — from product to industry. The case study is that of the microprocessor industry where at present a Risc (reduced instruction set computer) technology is emerging in a field where a powerful and far-from-exhausted Cisc (complex instruction set computer) technology tends to occupy almost every segment of the market. The analysis reveals how emerging product-constituencies do implement pro-active trend-creating strategies in order to establish themselves as industrial trends, and, by so doing, they simultaneously re-define the existing content of the “macro” industrial level. The study also reveals the important role of the nature and maturity of microprocessor technology in conditioning the constituency-building strategies implemented by different players. Microprocessor technology is specifically characterised as an architectural, codified-knowledge component with indirect network externalities and weak appropriability regime. Finally, the paper also highlights the potential risks of both fragmentation and complete proprietary control of technology in technological processes involving strongly competitive situations. 相似文献
2.
The new product learning cycle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper summarizes our extensive study (n = 158) of new product success and failure in the electronics industry. Conventional “external factor” explanations of commercial product failure based on the state of the economy, foreign competition and lack of funding, were found not to be major contributors to product failure in this industry. On the other hand, factors that can be strongly influenced by management such as coordination of the create, make and market functions, the quality and frequency of customers' communications, value of the product to the customer, and the quality and efficiency of technical management explained the majority of the variance between successful and unsuccessful products. From these findings a framework for understanding and managing the new product development process that places learning and communication in the center stage was developed.Successes and failures in our sample were strongly interrelated. The knowledge gained from failures was often instrumental in achieving subsequent successes, while success in turn often resulted in unlearning the very process that led to the original success. This observation has led us to postulate a new product “learning cycle model” in which commercial successes and failures alternate in an irregular pattern of learning and unlearning. 相似文献
3.
Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Keith Pavitt 《Research Policy》1984,13(6):343-373
The purpose of the paper is to describe and explain sectoral patterns of technical change as revealed by data on about 2000 significant innovations in Britain since 1945. Most technological knowledge turns out not to be “information” that is generally applicable and easily reproducible, but specific to firms and applications, cumulative in development and varied amongst sectors in source and direction. Innovating firms principally in electronics and chemicals, are relatively big, and they develop innovations over a wide range of specific product groups within their principal sector, but relatively few outside. Firms principally in mechanical and instrument engineering are relatively small and specialised, and they exist in symbiosis with large firms, in scale intensive sectors like metal manufacture and vehicles, who make a significant contribution to their own process technology. In textile firms, on the other hand. most process innovations come from suppliers.These characteristics and variations can be classified in a three part taxonomy based on firms: (1) supplier dominated; (2) production intensive; (3) science based. They can be explained by sources of technology, requirements of users, and possibilities for appropriation. This explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical change, firms' diversification behaviour, the dynamic relationship between technology and industrial structure, and the formation of technological skills and advantages at the level of the firm. the region and the country. 相似文献
4.
基于自主体模拟（Agent-based Simulation, ABS）方法,本文将微观尺度上多区域间企业创新扩散和宏观尺度上产业发展联系起来,构建一个从异质性企业出发,到区域产业结构进化的解释框架,来探索创新扩散驱动下的全球产业结构进化,以期为制定创新驱动发展的全球经济产业治理政策提供一定的基础理论依据。主要研究发现：首先,对于全球各国家或者地区而言,过程创新更有利于推动其第二产业发展,而产品创新则更有利于驱动其产业结构向第三产业发展。而模拟研究则显示近年来全球产业结构进化主要受到来自过程创新和产品创新的共同推动。其次,本文进一步研究还发现：未来一段时间内（2012-2030年）,对于中国、俄罗斯和印度等发展中国家来说,第一产业的产出份额在国民经济中下降趋势更为明显,分别约减少了6.12%、0.67%和1.23%。中国第三产业的产出份额上升趋势最为显著,增加了约6.15%,其次是美国（4.20%）和俄罗斯（0.84%）。而就第二产业的产出份额而言,除美国和俄罗斯等地外,其他地区的份额均有所上升。 相似文献
5.
基于自主体模拟（Agent-based Simulation, ABS）方法，本文将微观尺度上多区域间企业创新扩散和宏观尺度上产业发展联系起来，构建一个从异质性企业出发，到区域产业结构进化的解释框架，来探索创新扩散驱动下的全球产业结构进化，以期为制定创新驱动发展的全球经济产业治理政策提供一定的基础理论依据。主要研究发现：首先，对于全球各国家或者地区而言，过程创新更有利于推动其第二产业发展，而产品创新则更有利于驱动其产业结构向第三产业发展。而模拟研究则显示近年来全球产业结构进化主要受到来自过程创新和产品创新的共同推动。其次，本文进一步研究还发现：未来一段时间内（2012-2030年），对于中国、俄罗斯和印度等发展中国家来说，第一产业的产出份额在国民经济中下降趋势更为明显，分别约减少了6.12%、0.67%和1.23%。中国第三产业的产出份额上升趋势最为显著，增加了约6.15%，其次是美国（4.20%）和俄罗斯（0.84%）。而就第二产业的产出份额而言，除美国和俄罗斯等地外，其他地区的份额均有所上升。 相似文献
6.
The power of integrality: Linkages between product architecture, innovation, and industry structure 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A substantial literature stream suggests that many products are becoming more modular over time, and that this development is often associated with a change in industry structure towards higher degrees of specialization. These developments can have strong implications for an industry's competition as the history of the PC industry illustrates. To add to our understanding of the linkages between product architecture, innovation, and industry structure we develop detailed product architecture measurements based on a previously proposed method [Fixson, S.K., 2005. Product architecture assessment: a tool to link product, process, and supply chain design decisions. Journal of Operations Management 23 (3/4), 345-369] and study an unusual case in which a firm - through decreasing its product modularity - turned its formerly competitive industry into a near-monopoly. Using this case study we explore how existing theories on modularity explain the observed phenomenon, and show that most consider technological change in rather long-term dimensions, and tend to focus on efficiency-related arguments to explain the resulting forces on competition. We add three critical aspects to the theory that connects technological change and industry dynamics. First, we suggest integrating as a new design operator to explain product architecture genesis. Second, we argue that a finer-grained analysis of the product architecture shows the existence of multiple linkages between product architecture and industry structure, and that these different linkages help explain the observed intra-industry heterogeneity across firms. Third, we propose that the firm boundary choice can also be a pre-condition of the origin of architectural innovation, not only an outcome of efficiency considerations. 相似文献
7.
This paper presents a taxonomy of entrepreneurial behaviour vis-à-vis technology, derived from empirical research on a specific sector, that of the chemicals industry in Venezuela. The research focuses heavily on the accumulation of minor innovations through which enterprises acquire their technical knowledge and know how, their technological learning. We have tried to give a precise empirical meaning to that notion in order to understand which are the most important variables that affect the technical learning process. Both the process of technological learning and the technical external linkages — in particular with foreign firms — of Venezuelan companies seem to be the fundamental factors in understanding the development of a new competitive industry which adopts a new products-oriented strategy. But not all firms do respond to such a scheme and it is thus necessary to develop a taxonomy of the industrial sector both for scholarly reasons as well as a policy guide. 相似文献
8.
随着全球创新网络及知识经济迅速发展,研发产业作为一种战略性新型产业,对于产业结构升级转型具有重要作用.研发产业集聚及产业空间布局演进过程具有其特殊性的内在机理和外在作用机制,对于区域经济发展及地理空间的演变发挥着重要作用,其演化路径及作用机理分析对于深化研发产业性质特征、演化动力、空间集散形态及产业融合具有重要意义,其空间集聚分析对于丰富空间经济学及新经济地理学内涵与外延的研究具有一定的推动意义和现实参鉴价值.从文献回顾、研发产业的空间形态及表现、研发产业集聚的动力因素、研发产业集聚对于区域空间重构的演化路径及作用机理分析等方面阐述研发集聚重构区域空间内容,结合欧美日等发达国家的研发产业集聚案例及实证分析系统说明研发集聚的技术创新能力及空间辐射影响力.最后通过研发产业集聚对于区域空间重构的演化路径和研发产业集聚导致区域地理实体空间结构的变化及区域指向的变更、研发产业集散的时空过程导致产业资源的整合和空间重组、研发产业集聚加速区域创新能力提升及研发联盟的空间响应机制、研发产业集聚导致的集聚经济和外部经济加速空间溢出效应形成等4个方面,系统分析研发产业集聚对于区域空间重构的作用机理. 相似文献
9.
产业升级的路径由其比较优势演化路径所决定,而产品空间结构能够反映并影响一个国家或地区比较优势、核心竞争力等经济元素的变化。为了明确产业升级的方向路径,文章基于Hausmann等学者提出的产品空间与比较优势演化理论,结合江苏省装备制造业的发展,构建了显示性比较优势、产品邻近度、产品空间密度等指标,深入研究了产品空间结构对比较优势的影响。研究发现,产品邻近度、产品空间密度等指标都能够对显示性比较优势产生影响,即产品空间结构的变化会促使比较优势发生改变,这为确定产业升级方向路径提供了新的视角。最后,文章根据江苏省装备制造业的产品空间结构的状况,提出了如何改变产品空间结构以促进比较优势演化进而实现产业升级的对策建议。 相似文献
10.
Identification of innovating firms through technological innovation indicators: an application to the Spanish ceramic tile industry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M.L Flor 《Research Policy》2004,33(2):323-336
The identification of technologically innovating firms is related to the development of indicators of their innovation activity. In this study, we carry out a review of indicators of firms’ technological innovation activity and then classify them according to whether they are based on inputs or outputs of the innovation process, and to the sources of the information they consider, whether primary or secondary. Their applicability as indicators of firm innovation is analyzed in the Spanish ceramic tile industry for the period from 1994 to 1996. From the results obtained we are able to conclude that the method based on direct information—self-assessment by managers—is more effective in identifying both product and process innovators. Within the set of methods based on secondary information, the literature-based innovation output (LBIO) method is the one which provides the best results when identifying product innovators alone. 相似文献
11.
This paper analyzes how governance structures impact the innovation capabilities of leading German and UK firms in the pharmaceutical industry. Our main objective is to show how variation in national institutional frameworks influences the innovation process, and thus, relative performance. There are two main conclusions. First, the corporate governance structure allowed leading UK firms to more quickly adapt than German firms to rapidly changing external environmental conditions in the global pharmaceutical industry. Secondly, leading UK firms have an advantage in generating innovative drugs (“blockbusters”) than do German firms due to the nature of the institutional framework in which they are embedded. 相似文献
12.
技术进步与我国产业结构调整关系的实证研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1978~2006年的时间序列数据,运用向量自回归(VAR)模型,在此基础上进行协整分析、G ranger因果分析,并用脉冲响应函数对技术进步和技术效率对产业结构调整的动态效应进行分析。结果表明,我国技术进步与产业结构调整不相协调;技术效率是第一、第二产业比重变化的主要原因;技术进步和技术效率对第二产业的调整影响比较大,但对第三产业的影响力度比较小;技术进步是深化和优化产业结构根本途径,合理的产业结构促进技术进步和技术效率进一步提高。 相似文献
13.
本文借鉴库恩科学范式的思想,界定了产业技术范式内涵,刻画了产业技术范式变革过程中技术标准的作用机理。运用专利计量方法定量化描述了传统汽车技术体系形成到新能源汽车技术范式变革的过程,研究表明,传统汽车技术已经经历了完整的范式周期,新能源汽车处于范式发展期且新的技术体系正在形成,进而展示了汽车产业技术变革期技术标准从技术规范到与知识产权相结合的标准体系的演进路径,揭示了技术标准在汽车产业范式演进过程中的规范、桥梁和转化作用,以期为我国新能源汽车产业尽快形成有竞争力的技术标准体系提供理论参考。 相似文献
14.
后金融危机时期如何加快山东工业转方式、调结构,是我们面临的重大历史性课题。本文对山东工业经济进行了深入探讨,提出了产业调整要培新、控重、提优、汰劣,产品调整要抓装备类成套、原材料类延伸、消费类拓展、高新类培育,优化工业布局必须打造四个增长极的构想,并就改进政府引导和推动、推进创新、优化投资结构、推进节能减排等提出了对策。 相似文献
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16.
产业转移是地区经济发展的一种规律,广东产业转移旨在协调区域经济,实现产业结构调整、优化升级.广东产业转移有利于珠三角地区产业结构调整、优化升级,整合地区资源,扩大市场份额;拉动东西两翼和山区经济增长,促进就业,提高资源利用率;形成产业集聚、结构优化与产业升级;技术溢出效应与建立创新体系.但产业转移过程中也存在产业空心化和环境污染等问题. 相似文献
17.
Zouhaïer M&#x;Chirgui 《Research Policy》2009,38(9):1453-1467
This paper analyzes how the structure and the evolution of inter-firm agreements have shaped the development of the smart card industry. The aim is to establish a closer connection between the evolution of inter-firm agreements in the smart card industry and the patterns of change of technology and demand in this new high-tech industry. Based on a proprietary database covering both collaborative agreements and mergers and acquisitions (M&As) occurring in this industry over the period 1992–2006, we find that the evolution of technology and market demand shapes the dynamics of R&D networks and M&As are likely to change the industry structure. We also find that a small group of producers – first-movers – still control the industry and technological trajectories. Their position arises not for oligopolistic reasons of market structure, but for technological and organizational reasons. 相似文献
18.
本文以产业结构进化理论、创新理论为理论基础,应用基于自主体的建模方法构建了一个具有微观基础及内生创新机制的产业进化模型,并在模型基础上对企业技术创新对产业结构优化的影响进行了分析。研究发现,1.过程创新更加有利于产业结构合理化。产品创新和过程创新规模的上升都使产业结构向更合理的方向演进。2.在产业结构高级化方面,过程创新更利于产业结构中非农产业增加值的增加,而产品创新对工业中重工业比例上升的推动作用非常明显。随着产品创新和过程创新规模的增加,产业结构中非农产业增加值比重都在上升,同时产品创新规模的上升促进了霍夫曼系数的明显下降。 相似文献
19.
This research contributes to the intra-organization, inter-organization, and new product development (NPD) management literature by studying the impact of a firm's internal organizational design on the communication within and performance of NPD projects conducted with strategic alliance partners. The empirical data were collected from three in-depth case studies of network lead companies (NLCs) operating in different industries. The three NLCs have different internal organizational designs, ranging from very flexible “organic” to very rigid “mechanistic.” In each NLC, a successful new-to-firm product development project was chosen for further detailed investigation. First, we identify the role the alliance's NPD project characteristics and industry characteristics play in determining the “intensity level” and “media richness” of communication required between the alliance's NPD project partners. Then, we examine how the internal organizational design influences the actual intensity and media richness of communication of the alliance's NPD project that matches our assumptions of what is required. 相似文献
20.
德化陶瓷业是德化经济的重要组成部分,但由于各方面的原因,现在陶瓷旅游产业的优势还没有完全体现。陶瓷业与旅游业有着天然的产业关联性,两者的联动效应正不断加强,对优化陶瓷产业结构的作用也越发显著。文章基于产业融合互动模式的分析,对陶瓷业与旅游业之间的产业关联性进行深入分析,探讨德化陶瓷业目前发展中存在的问题,并由此提出具体实施策略。包括加强合作,走产业化道路;加强整体营销,做好综合配套服务;进行管理体制创新,协调好两大产业间的关系。 相似文献