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1.
Four colors (red, yellow, green, and blue) were arranged in all possible two-color sets to determine if goldfish can discriminate between color sets associated with shock and color sets associated with safety/shock omission in a one-phase (linear presentation) discrimination-learning procedure. The results showed that goldfish learned to discriminate between two-color sets if set colors were natural categorical color-code mates (red = yellow and green = blue). When natural code mates were not in the same set, and therefore were paired with different shock consequents, no discrimination learning occurred, suggesting that goldfish, unlike pigeons, are not able to code colors arbitrarily. The method also allowed a measure of preference between colors within sets associated with safety/shock omission. Original-learning preference measures between colors in sets so associated showed that goldfish chose red over any other color, yellow over blue or green, and green over blue, despite the fact that both colors in any set were procedurally identical, implying that goldfish do discriminate between colors in the absence of explicit discrimination training. The goldfish that failed to discriminate between red/blue and green/yellow sets in original learning were transferred to red/yellow and blue/green color sets. In transfer, the color paired with safety/shock omission in original learning was preferred over the color paired with shock in original learning, which resulted in a reversal of original-learning color preferences for half the goldfish. The transfer color-preference results imply that the goldfish had associated specific colors with specific shock consequents, but the associations were not robust enough to support discrimination learning in the face of categorical color coding. 相似文献
2.
D. J. Zerbolio 《Learning & behavior》1985,13(3):269-273
Goldfish, trained in the shuttlebox apparatus to avoid shock, acquired a color discrimination between two colors (red/green) and were tested in transfer with a new set of colors (yellow/blue). Transfer color shock-pairing was either consistent with (red=yellow, blue=green) or opposite to (red≠ yellow, green≠blue) categorical color coding seen in pigeons. Groups with transfer shock-pairing consistent with categorical color coding showed positive transfer, and groups with transfer shock-pairing opposite to categorical color coding showed negative transfer, similar to an attenuated reversal learning effect. These results indicate that goldfish, like pigeons, code different colors as behavioral equivalents even though they can easily learn to discriminate between them. As with pigeons, the finding of the categorical color coding phenomenon changes the conclusions drawn from earlier goldfish conditional-discrimination transfer studies using only signal color changes between acquisition and transfer testing, from evidence of concept learning to evidence for categorical color coding, on the grounds of parsimony. It is important to note that this finding affects only the explanation of conditional-discrimination transfer effects, and the fact remains that both pigeons and goldfish can learn to conditionally discriminate—pigeons for positive reinforcement, and goldfish to avoid shock. 相似文献
3.
Kelling AS Snyder RJ Marr MJ Bloomsmith MA Gardner W Maple TL 《Learning & behavior》2006,34(2):154-161
Hue discrimination abilities of giant pandas were tested, controlling for brightness. Subjects were 2 adult giant pandas (1
male and 1 female). A simultaneous discrimination procedure without correction was used. In five tasks, white, black, and
five saturations each of green, blue, and red served as positive stimuli that were paired with one or two comparison stimuli
consisting of 16 saturations of gray. To demonstrate discrimination, the subjects were required to choose the positive stimulus
in 16 of 20 trials (80% correct) for three consecutive sessions. Both subjects reached criterion for green and red. The female
subject also reached criterion for blue. The male was not tested for blue. This study is a systematic replication of Bacon
and Burghardt’s (1976) color discrimination experiment on black bears. The results suggest that color vision in the giant
panda is comparable to that of black bears and other carnivores that are not strictly nocturnal. 相似文献
4.
Two theories of timing, scalar expectancy theory (SET) and learning-to-time (LeT), make substantially different assumptions
about what animals learn in temporal tasks. In a test of these assumptions, pigeons learned two temporal discriminations.
On Type 1 trials, they learned to choose a red key after a 1-sec signal and a green key after a 4-sec signal; on Type 2 trials,
they learned to choose a blue key after a 4-sec signal and a yellow key after either an 8-sec signal (Group 8) or a 16-sec
signal (Group 16). Then, the birds were exposed to signals 1 sec, 4 sec, and 16 sec in length and given a choice between novel
key combinations (red or green vs. blue or yellow). The choice between the green key and the blue key was of particular significance
because both keys were associated with the same 4-sec signal. Whereas SET predicted no effect of the test signal duration
on choice, LeT predicted that preference for green would increase monotonically with the length of the signal but would do
so faster for Group 8 than for Group 16. The results were consistent with LeT, but not with SET. 相似文献
5.
张宏莉 《湖北广播电视大学学报》2007,27(12):151-152
不同民族对色彩的价值取向存在着明显的差异,决定这些差异的因素多种多样。本文通过对黑白本色、红黄蓝三原色及紫绿调和色进行跨文化对比,揭示出中西方民族对这几种色彩好恶的文化渊源。 相似文献
6.
通过图像等级排列法对4-6岁幼儿对室内环境的颜色偏好进行实验研究,表明：4-6岁幼儿在内部环境里更喜欢蓝色;男生和女生对室内环境的颜色偏好在绿色和灰色上有明显差异,其他颜色无明显差异;不同年龄段的幼儿对室内环境的颜色偏好在黄色和灰色上存在显著差异,其他颜色无明显差异。 相似文献
7.
张芳 《河北北方学院学报(社会科学版)》2013,(3):37-40
叠音颜色词是在单音颜色词的基础上发展起来的,但两者的词义程度不同。以北京大学现代汉语语料为依托,从组合能力、形状特征、感情色彩表达方面对现代汉语中白、黑、红、黄、蓝、绿、灰、紫8个基本颜色词及相对应的叠音颜色词进行分析,比较两者的词义程度。 相似文献
8.
Color discrimination ability can be determined through anatomy or perceptual ability. In this study we tested perceptual ability. Three Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea), one male and two females, were trained via operant conditioning to discriminate stimuli within a training task. If they passed criteria for this task, they were tested on as many as six delayed matching-to-sample experimental tasks. These experimental tasks involved comparing varying saturations of the colors blue, green, and red against varying shades of gray, as well as against each other. The male reached criterion on five of the experimental tasks, indicating an ability to discriminate the stimuli. One female participated in only two tasks and did not achieve the criteria as set. The second female did not pass the training task, and thus was not experimentally tested. This study overall showed some early evidence that Asian small-clawed otters may have the ability to learn to discriminate different stimuli on the basis of color cues. Sensory studies conducted on two other otter species and the results of this study indicate that color vision may be a common trait across Lutrinae species. 相似文献
9.
随机选取某幼儿园126名4-6岁幼儿为研究对象,主要通过对幼儿的美术作品进行分析,辅之以对幼儿的美术活动进行观察的方法进行研究,发现:(1)4-6岁幼儿在美术作品中最偏好的颜色是红色和黄色,其次是蓝色、绿色、粉红、橙色、紫色、黑色。(2)不同年龄幼儿除了橙色没有显著性差异外,其余颜色均有显著性差异。(3)不同性别的幼儿在美术作品中对于色彩的偏好均有极其显著性差异(P0.001),男幼儿比女幼儿更喜欢黄色、蓝色,女幼儿比男幼儿更喜欢红色、粉色、橙色、紫色、绿色、黑色。 相似文献
10.
沈从文在自己的文本世界中有意识地进行了意象的选择和营构,给同时代的中国现代文学保有了一种难得的审美形式。同时其作品中有着丰富的色彩语言和由此形成的色彩意象。传统的红、黄、绿、蓝;白、青、灰、黑在其文本世界中饱含了深刻的寓意性、哲理性,是其借以描摹自然景物、刻画人物形象和体悟人性的重要载体。 相似文献
11.
Pigeons were trained on two independent tasks. One involved red and yellow hues, the other involved blue and green hues. For half of the birds, the two tasks were the same (i.e., both tasks were either matching-to-sample, or oddity-from-sample). For the remaining birds, the two tasks were different (i.e., one task was matching-to-sample; the other task was oddity-from-sample). Following acquisition, the pigeons were exposed to test trials on which either the correct or the incorrect comparison hue was replaced with one of the hues from the other task. On yellow-sample trials and on green-sample trials, the pigeons performed as if they had a common code for yellow and green. When there was one comparison available that was appropriate to the “yellow/green” code, performance remained high; but when either both comparisons or neither comparison was appropriate to the “yellow/green” code, performance dropped. The pigeons also tended to code red samples as green and to code blue samples as yellow. The results indicate that pigeons can categorically code colors under conditions that rule out a failure to discriminate among the colors. 相似文献
12.
赵玲洁 《石家庄职业技术学院学报》2003,15(4):27-28,44
一种颜色在不同的民族语言中往往被赋予不同的文化内涵。通过比较白、红、绿、蓝、黄、黑、紫等色彩词在英汉语言中的意义差别，可了解中西方文化之差异。 相似文献
13.
Ronald F. Mervis 《Learning & behavior》1974,2(3):238-240
TwoLemur catta were tested in a WGTA on three two-choice color discrimination problems involving paired comparisons of red, green, and blue. Four illumination combinations between the two discriminanda served to make brightness irrelevant, hue being the only salient cue. All color problems were learned within criterion limits of 21 out of 25 correct choices during 16 consecutive test sessions, indicating good color vision for this diurnal prosimian. 相似文献
14.
王慧丛 《漯河职业技术学院学报》2021,(1)
"青""蓝""绿"这三个颜色词联系密切。基于《说文解字》的视角,分析"青""蓝""绿"这三个颜色词的出现、词义演变及文化内涵。以《汉语大词典》的解释为基础,厘清"青""蓝""绿"三个颜色词的词义演变,了解这三个颜色词的文化内涵,理解服色在历史文化发展中地位的转变以及新兴涵义的出现,以期为汉语颜色词的研究尽绵薄之力。 相似文献
15.
In Experiment I, one group of goldfish (TD) was trained to discriminate blue and green while a second group (PD) was exposed to the same colors in a “pseudodiscrimination,” after which both groups were reinforced for response to a tone. The TD group subsequently showed a sharper auditory discrimination gradient than the PD group and performed better in a differentially reinforced tone discrimination. The former PD animals then were given true discrimination training and the former TD animals pseudodiscrimination training with the colors, after which the first group showed better tone discrimination than the second. These results are analogous to those found in pigeons and rats. In Experiment II, goldfish which were trained in an easy color discrimination and shifted to a more difficult tone discrimination performed better than a control group trained from the outset with the tones. This result suggests that the dimensional specificity of the processes responsible for “transfer along a continuum” cannot safely be assumed in the absence of appropriate controls. 相似文献
16.
自闭症儿童存在异常的颜色感知已得到广泛报道,但迄今仍鲜见正式探讨这类群体颜色偏好的研究.本研究采用对偶比较法对4-6.5岁汉语自闭症幼儿的颜色偏好展开研究,结果表明:(1)自闭症幼儿总体上对冷色的偏好优于暖色,其颜色偏好顺序为:绿、蓝、红、紫、橙、黄;(2)自闭症幼儿的颜色偏好顺序与控制组幼儿(年龄和智商相匹配)相同,但颜色偏好程度不同于控制组幼儿;(3)自闭症幼儿的颜色偏好顺序和颜色偏好程度都显著不同于同年龄普通幼儿;(4)性别对自闭症幼儿的颜色偏好没有显著影响.本研究提出,自闭症幼儿所表现出的颜色偏好可能是其大脑功能状态不平衡发展的结果. 相似文献
17.
万连增 《湖北第二师范学院学报》2012,(12):17-20
绘画艺术中,绿色由蓝色和黄色调制而成,本文从文化解读的视角,详细分析了《了不起的盖茨比》中绿、黄、蓝三种颜色的文化内涵及其对小说人物命运塑造的作用,揭示菲茨杰拉德对西方色彩文化的精湛运用,以及小说细节安排的精妙之处。 相似文献
18.
Chang Jianwei Xie Chong Wang Pei Gu Zhenxin Han Yongbin Yang Runqiang 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2021,22(11):906-916
Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B - Red, white, blue, green, and yellow lights were applied to investigate their effects on folate accumulation in wheat seedlings. The different lights,... 相似文献
19.
The study was designed to test several hypotheses derived from intergroup theory concerning the effects of the presence of a novel social category on the formation of intergroup attitudes. Elementary school children (N = 61; aged 6–9) were given measures of classification skill and self-esteem and assigned to 1 of 3 types of school classrooms in which teachers made: (1) functional use of "blue" and "yellow" groups assigned on the basis of a biological attribute, (2) functional use of "blue" and "yellow" groups assigned on the basis of a random drawing, or (3) no explicit groups (despite the presence of blue and yellow groups). After 4 weeks, children completed measures of intergroup attitudes and behavior. As predicted, the functional use of color groups affected children's attitudes toward group members, with children showing consistent biases favoring their own group. Children with higher levels of self-esteem showed higher levels of intergroup stereotyping. 相似文献
20.
郝文华 《郧阳师范高等专科学校学报》2010,30(5):43-45
＂青＂是个表示颜色的词。其特殊之处在于,它反映了植物生长过程中颜色的变化：白里透红、浅绿、深绿。同时,它又有自己的发展轨迹,顺着颜色的深浅继续发展,表示浅蓝、深蓝甚至黑色。因此它几乎能表示各种颜色。而在＂白里透红＂的意义上,更是引申出了不少意义。 相似文献