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1.
The hypothesis that cloze measures are a function of content achievement among adult learners and, consequently, should be sensitive to instructional treatments was tested in two experimental studies. College juniors and seniors took tests immediately before (pre), immediately after (post) and four weeks after (delay) studying a prose passage. The types of tests administered in each session were: (I) a 20-item multiple-choice test, (2) a reproduction passage cloze test, (3) a recognition passage cloze test, (4) a reproduction summary cloze test, and (5) a recognition summary cloze test. All tests show significant differences between pre- and posteonditions, and between recognition and reproduction modes. The reproduction summary cloze test was found to be the most sensitive to the instructional treatment, as indicated by an oJ 2 statistic on pre-post measures. The summary cloze tests were resistant to forgetting while the cloze passage and multiple-choice tests show significant decreases in performance over the four week delay interval.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Few reliable and valid measures of reading achievement are available to evaluate programs for elementary English-as-a-second-language (ESL) pupils. Four variations on the cloze procedure, which has been previously used with disadvantaged and ESL elementary pupils, were evaluated using randomly assigned groups of fourth and fifth grade students. Matching and multiple- choice variations were selected for comparison because they are in greater consonance with current psycho- linguistic theories of the reading process than are other types of reading comprehension measures. Although the overall results were quite similar for the four cloze variations examined, the matching cloze procedure seems to be preferable for elementary ESL students since these tests produced better item characteristics and were more easily constructed.  相似文献   

3.
完形填空被认为是一种测试综合语言能力、阅读理解能力的快捷经济的方式。本研究就可能影响完形填空难度的几个变量进行实证探讨, 其中包括语篇类型、删词类型及答题方法。本研究以98 名高三学生为实验对象,完成3 篇填空式完形测试和3 篇选择式测试 测试完成后,笔者对实验数据进行收集、分析, 探究这些变量对完形填空测试难度的影响,并试图在命题难度的把握上找到一种更为合理、科学的测试方法。  相似文献   

4.
This paper first reviews recent attempts to describe formal models of second-language writing; we then identify three major issues in need of clarification to advance model-building in this domain. We discuss these issues in respect to findings from a preliminary attempt to develop a process-product model of ESL writing instruction based on analyses of antecedent, process and outcome variables for 108 ESL learners from diverse cultural backgrounds in 6-week intensive courses at a Canadian university. Findings from multivariate, regression, correlation and exploratory factor analyses indicated that the tentative model had little explanatory power overall but pointed toward interesting interactions in achievement for (a) different aspects of L2 writing among (b) learners at different levels of L2 proficiency and with (c) differing orientations to learning L2 writing.  相似文献   

5.
《Africa Education Review》2013,10(2):221-241
Abstract

Although mother tongue education is recommended by policymakers, researchers and language learning authorities, the reality in South Africa is that many parents/caregivers and learners believe that English is the best choice as Language of Learning and Teaching. Many English second-language (ESL) learners experience barriers to learning, because of a limited English proficiency. An empirical study was conducted to identify the needs and perceptions of Grade 4 educators regarding ESL learners with a limited English proficiency. The following factors were targeted in the study: demographic factors; language issues; educators' perception of learners with language barriers; and teaching of ESL learners who have limited English proficiency. The findings suggest that educators teaching ESL learners are in need of support.  相似文献   

6.
在以边疆少数民族高/低水平英语学习者的调查发现：高分组在语篇内信息的调用频次和成功率两个方面均远远高于低分组。并且两组受试者在语篇内信息调用的策略上截然相反：高分组主要依据语篇内信息答题,然后再用分句内信息辅助确认,而低分组主要依靠分句内信息答题,再用语篇内信息辅助确认。研究结果表明完形填空能够很好地区分不同水平的英语学习者,作为一种语篇理解能力测试手段,其效度良好,具有一定的普适性。  相似文献   

7.
Are there different reading skills (Davis, 1944; 1968; 1972) or is there just one‘basic’(Spearitt, 1972) or‘common’(Thorndike, 173) reading skill? Tests designed to measure some posited reading comprehension skills were given to advanced students of English as a Foreign Language. There were five tests: I) Vocabulary Recognition as measured by a multiple-choice test, 2) Extraction of Meaning during reading as measured by open-end questions, 3) Extraction of Meaning during and after reading as measured by a question-cued recall test, 4) Fast and accurate reading as measured by a Word Intrusion Test, and 5)‘Overall reading proficiency’as measured by a modified cloze test. Results indicate the existence of two factors: Factor I which is connected with‘receptive’reading skills, and Factor 2 which is connected with‘productive’reading skills. It is suggested that reading comprehension tests of extended discourse in English as a Foreign Language which do not tap‘productive’reading skills, such as are required in recall (and in real life), are only partial tests of reading comprehension.  相似文献   

8.
This study examined the accuracy of teacher assessments in screening for reading disabilities among students of English as a second language (ESL) and as a first language (L1). Academic and oral language tests were administered to 369 children (249 ESL, 120 L1) at the beginning of Grade 1 and at the end of Grade 2. Concurrently, 51 teachers nominated children at risk for reading failure and completed rating scales assessing academic and oral language skills. Scholastic records were reviewed for notation of concern or referral. The criterion measure was a standardized reading score based on phonological awareness, rapid naming, and word recognition. Results indicated that teacher rating scales and nominations had low sensitivity in identifying ESL and L1 students at risk for reading disability at the 1-year mark. Relative to other forms of screening, teacher-expressed concern had lower sensitivity. Finally, oral language proficiency contributed to misclassifications in the ESL group.  相似文献   

9.
Successful anaphor comprehension in reading is related to the explicitness of the antecedent–anaphor relation. It mirrors one of the purposes of textual enhancement (TE), which is that it raises learners' awareness of linguistic forms by enhancing the salience of input. Therefore, learners notice the enhanced form and discover the rule or relationship after they have become relatively explicit. This study investigates the effects of TE on second language learners' anaphor resolution performance and reading comprehension, to reveal the interaction among learners' comprehension, anaphor performance and noticing. Sixty EFL learners in Taiwan were divided into the control and TE groups. Participants' posttest responses were compared with respect to their anaphor resolution performance and their reading comprehension degree. The results showed that the TE group had better anaphor resolution performance, and participants' form processing did not impede their reading comprehension. These findings are discussed with both theoretical and pedagogical implications.  相似文献   

10.
《海外英语》2012,(3):7-8
The anaphora resolution firstly relies on the special association between the anaphor and the antecedent.But this kind of associa tion may not result in the accomplishment of the anaphora resolution.By the analysis of many kinds of anaphoric examples,this paper will point out that,when the anaphora resolution has some mistake,the linguistic context will restrict on anaphor.The purpose is to influence semantic connection between the antecedent and the anaphor,and make the anaphora resolution accomplish successfully.  相似文献   

11.
C‐tests are a specific variant of cloze tests that are considered time‐efficient, valid indicators of general language proficiency. They are commonly analyzed with models of item response theory assuming local item independence. In this article we estimated local interdependencies for 12 C‐tests and compared the changes in item difficulties, reliability estimates, and person parameter estimates for different modeling approaches: (a) Rasch, (b) testlet, (c) partial credit, and (d) copula models. The results are complemented with findings of a simulation study in which sample size, number of testlets, and strength of residual correlations between items were systematically manipulated. Results are discussed with regard to the pivotal question whether residual dependencies between items are an artifact or part of the construct.  相似文献   

12.
The present study tests the effect of ability pairing in two instructional methods in L2 collaborative revision. Two continuous indices determine a pair: individual proficiency level, distance in proficiency between pair members (heterogeneity), and the interaction between both indices. Instructional methods tested are modelling and practising. Results show that the effect of pair composition depends on instructional strategies. In the Practising condition less proficient learners profit most from a heterogeneous ability pair, whereas more proficient learners are best paired homogeneously. In the Modelling condition no effect of pair composition factors was observed. This result illustrates that Modelling is a powerful instructional method for complex learning tasks like collaborative revision in L2 as it overrides some of the grouping effects which can be found in more traditional learning conditions.  相似文献   

13.
通过对我国重点矿业院校非英语专业大学生英语词汇量与语言各项技能水平的相关研究，发现学生四级阶段词汇量平均达到4192个；词汇量与口语、听力、阅读理解、词汇结构、完型填空、写作及四级成绩之间在a=0．01水平下线性关系均显著；不同语言综合能力的学习者，其词汇量状况存在显著差异；不同词汇量的学习者，其语言综合能力也存在显著差异。  相似文献   

14.
零形回指在汉语使用中十分普遍,而话语结构特征对于零形回指的使用起重要的制约作用。话语结构特征对零形回指的制约作用体现在微观连续性和宏观连续性两个方面。先行词的启后性和回指对象的承前性越强,所指对象的微观连续性越强。宏观连续性取决于先行词和回指对象各自所在的句子在话语组织中的关系。直接管辖这两个句子的语式在话语结构中所处层次越低,两句之间插入成分越少,所指对象宏观连续性越强。这里以《边城》为例,分析汉语中的零形回指。  相似文献   

15.
在间接回指的释义过程中,回指语和其隐性先行语之间能够建立起心理实体的同指关系,是由于转喻的操作机制在起作用。这一过程中,相关概念能够被有效地激活和接受是必不可少的前提条件,而且,回指语和隐性先行语必须是同一理想化认知模型之内的概念映现,才能实现转喻的概念框架的转化。  相似文献   

16.
通过实验考查了文章类型(叙述文和说明文)和考题类型(选择式和填空式)对二语完形填空测试成绩的影响,以及这种影响是否会受到不同题目性质(意义类和形式类)的调节作用。实验结果表明:总体上,文章类型、考题类型及两者交互作用均对成绩有显著影响;对于意义类题目,两个变量及其交互作用均对成绩有显著影响;对于形式类题目,文章类型和考题类型有显著影响,而其交互作用无显著影响。  相似文献   

17.
This paper reports the results of cloze tests in the reading and listening modes together with a computer analysis of responses to the tests. The subjects were groups of Scottish school children at the ages of 8-9, 11-12 and 13–14 years sampled over the whole country as part of a national survey of English language; the cloze tests were only a small part of the whole testing programme which also contained three other major reading tests. Approximately 400 subjects took cloze tests in each mode at each age. The test material was the same throughout for all stages tested. Two tests, each containing one narrative and one expository text were used. The mode of presentation did not significantly affect the types of cloze responses offered nor the total scores of the tests at any stage. However, results indicated better performance for older subjects when they read, and for the youngest group when they listened to, expository though not narrative passages. The comparisons of the results for the three different school stages showed continuing interdependence of reading and listening ability through the ages tested. The different cloze response patterns for the two types of text (in either mode) as well as the only moderate correlation between the texts, indicated that success in comprehending narratives may not necessarily transfer to comprehending information.  相似文献   

18.
Currently, there is a practical demand and necessity for research on how English-as-a-second language (ESL) learners acquire literacy skills, such as spelling. One important issue of this research agenda is how ESL learners apply first-language knowledge to learning to spell in English. Twenty-seven studies were reviewed that investigated the influence of the first language on ESL learners’ development of English spelling skill. Evidence was found for both positive and negative transfer of first-language knowledge and processes to ESL learners’ English spelling. These results are in agreement with theoretical propositions about the interdependence between first- and second-language academic skills [e.g., Cummins, J. (1981). In California State Department of Education (Ed.), Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework (pp. 3–49). Los Angeles: Evaluation, Dissemination, and Assessment Center, California State University, Los Angeles]. The findings are discussed in relation to the ESL learner’s first-language proficiency level and distance between first language and English. Comparisons are drawn between ESL learners’ and English monolinguals’ spelling development and suggestions for future research are provided.  相似文献   

19.

This study investigated the learning styles of adult English as a second language (ESL) students in Northwest Arkansas. Learning style differences by age, gender, and country of origin were explored. A total of 69 northwest Arkansas adult ESL students attending 7 adult-education centers were administered the VARK Learning Styles Questionnaire. Most participants came from Mexico and El Salvador, their ages ranged from 23 to 45, and females were an average of 10 years older than males. Note taking was chosen by 1/3 of participants as their favorite learning style, 20% favored aural modes, 15% favored kinesthetic, 4% favored visual, and 15% chose combinations of learning styles. Females chose auditory and multimodal learning styles, while males favored note taking. Students differed by level of English proficiency, beginning-intermediate favoring aural learning styles more than advanced students. ANOVA results indicated that participants were significantly less visual and more read-write than either aural or kinesthetic, but males and females differed significantly in their choice of aural learning. Hispanic males chose note taking and kinesthetic learning styles significantly more than visual or auditory modes of learning. Hispanic females chose note taking, aural, and kinesthetic learning styles significantly more than visual. Asian males favored note taking and aural learning. Correlation was found between age and learning styles with subgroups exhibiting a negative correlation between age and kinesthetic learning, with Mexican males and females exhibiting the strongest negative correlation. Males showed a low positive correlation between age and note taking.  相似文献   

20.
We consider the relationship between the multiple-choice and free-response sections on the Computer Science and Chemistry tests of the College Board's Advanced Placement program. Restricted factor analysis shows that the free-response sections measure the same underlying proficiency as the multiple-choice sections for the most part. However, there is also a significant, if relatively small, amount of local dependence among the free-response items that produces a small degree of multidimensionauty for each test  相似文献   

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