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1.
Gender gap in returns to schooling in Palestine 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study provides estimates of the private returns to schooling in Palestine utilizing eight quarterly labor force surveys for 1999 and 2001. This period was chosen to investigate the differential impact of the Israeli closure policy on Palestinian male and female workers. Although gross enrollment ratios for males and females reveal little to no difference in the primary, middle and tertiary levels of schooling, returns to schooling are significantly different. On average, females earned 14–15% less than males in 1999. The gender gap is narrowed during 2001 due to rising male unemployment in the Palestinian areas. Performing the regression for males and females separately, it is found that returns to schooling are larger for women (at least at the margin). The gap in returns to schooling was reduced in 2001; however, female returns to schooling as estimated by OLS suffer from selectivity bias which worsened during 2001. The work in Israel premium increased for women and decreased for men. Finally, Palestinian public sector employment parallels periods of restricted access to Israeli labor markets; its average wages are lower and years of schooling are higher relative to private sector employment. 相似文献
2.
论资本自由流动下的劳动力市场结构对收入集中的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
吴金鹏 《广西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005,41(1):5-8
在资本自由流动和劳动力市场刚性的假设前提下,建立一个开放经济下不同的劳动力市场结构的一般动态均衡模型,对集体议价工资率和完全竞争性工资率进行比较分析,说明全球资本整合对工资和福利的影响主要依赖于相关国家的劳动力市场结构。在完全资本市场条件下,尽管劳动力市场结构不同,资本和收入的集中总是存在。然而,不同的劳动力市场结构却成为工资收入趋同的阻碍因素,表现为较低的工资率和国际资本流入。 相似文献
3.
This paper investigates whether employers use university prestige as a signal of workers’ unobservable productivity. Our test is based on employer learning-statistical discrimination models, which suggest that if employers use university reputation to predict a worker’s unobservable quality, then college prestige should become less important for earnings as a worker gains labor market experience. In this framework, we use a regression discontinuity design to estimate a 13% wage premium for college graduates in their first year of the labor market who were barely accepted by one of the two most prestigious universities in Chile compared with those barely rejected by these two schools. However, we find that this premium decreases to 4% for workers with 6 or more years of labor market experience. This result suggests that college prestige becomes less important for employers as workers reveal their quality throughout their careers. 相似文献
4.
Inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) has often been considered to play a prominent role in the development of human capital in the host economy by introducing a foreign wage premium into the labour market. However, extant evidence on IFDI labour market effects is inconclusive, especially in emerging economies. We investigate for the case of Mexico whether foreign wage premia have an effect on educational outcomes of young cohorts that were 15 years old at the time of IFDI arrival in their municipality of residence. Results suggest that increasing foreign wage premium for unskilled jobs, both in manufacturing and services, has negative effects on a cohort's subsequent educational outcomes. The effects of foreign wage premium for skilled workers, however, are not significant but may lead to positive educational outcomes. The long-term implications of losses accruing from low investment in human capital do not only affect individuals but regions as well. 相似文献
5.
Using an unanticipated policy reform that shifted 4 months the cutoff date for school eligibility in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, we estimate the effect of relative age on test scores in grades 3–9. Different identification strategies produce similar results: 1 year of additional age confers an advantage of roughly 0.3 standard deviations. By contrasting Tlaxcala with a neighboring state that did not change the cutoff concurrently, we decompose the effect of relative age into a positive effect of age at test, and a negative effect of the position in the distribution of age. Older classmates have a positive spillover, whereas younger classmates have a negative spillover. If tested at the exact same age, younger students would outperform their older classmates. We complement the analysis with estimates of relative-age effects in six labor and marriage market outcomes in a sample of Mexican adults. Significant effects are found in the six outcomes. Lastly, we lay out a theoretical model to explain differences in relative-age effects in wages across countries, highlighting the role played by selectivity of the mechanisms used to allocate educational opportunities and the wage premium to those educational opportunities in the labor market. 相似文献
6.
This paper examines the effect of teacher relative wages and teacher wage dispersion on high school graduates’ preferences for teaching majors in College. This approximation to teacher quality is appropriate in a country like Venezuela as opposed to the US since the rigidity of the tertiary school system significantly limits mobility between majors. I combine data from the national college entrance examination from 1984 to 2003 with labor market data from the household surveys to construct a panel of data for quintiles of the test score distribution and age groups by states. The results suggest that teacher wage premia and wage dispersion have little effect on the quality mix of applicants to teaching. Most students’ preference for teaching is unresponsive to wage levels relative to other occupations and to wage growth prospects within teaching. If wages have a positive effect on the performance of educational systems, this paper argues that it is unlikely to be through the selection of the most talented individuals. 相似文献
7.
This paper examines the effects of fertility and relative wages on occupational choice (teaching versus non-teaching) and labor force participation decisions of female college graduates using selectivity-corrected panel estimations.We find that the presence of a new born baby is not particularly important to the choice of occupation, but significantly discourages female labor force participation, especially among teachers. Higher relative wages are found to effectively attract female college graduates into teaching. College major in education is one of the most relevant determinants for female college graduates to become teachers. Though investing educational expenditures on teachers’ salary seems to be a valid policy, providing incentives for female college students to major in education will be an alterative way to secure teacher supply. 相似文献
8.
YANG Po 《Frontiers of Education in China》2011,6(4):549-570
Chinese college graduates have faced increasing labor market competition since the expansion of tertiary education. Given
rigid market demand, graduates with realistic earnings expectations may experience a more efficient job search. Using the
2008 MYCOS College Graduate Employment Survey, this study finds that a 1 000 yuan reduction in a graduate’s reservation wage
can significantly increase the probability of finding a job by 66% and increase the likelihood of being employed six months
after graduation by 92%. In addition, the gap between the reservation wage and the market wage has a positive impact. By slightly
adjusting earnings expectations, college graduates can significantly improve job search efficiency. Market wages should be
seen as reference points when adjusting income expectations. 相似文献
9.
10.
本文根据资本与劳动内在矛盾的对立和统一性原理,说明资本与劳动的关系表现为厂商与工人的关系,从而表现为利润与工资的关系。通过厂商利润最大化和工人效用最大化建立多目标决策模型,说明工资和就业量不仅仅是由劳动力市场供求决定,更重要的是由资本与劳动的内在矛盾决定,从而确立均衡工资和均衡就业数量,为分析经济学的基本问题——工资和就业决定提供了一个新的视角。在此模型基础上,文章最后对失业的因素加以分析,并说明这些因素是如何对失业产生影响的。 相似文献
11.
Married women with children are observed to earn less than men, and less also than women without children. Differences in the hourly wage rates of individuals of the same age and with the same educational attainment may reflect, in part, differences in labor force experience. While interruption in the work experience of women is recognized as an important cause of lower current wage rates, less attention has been directed to the impact of child-related reductions in hours worked when women are in the labor force. This paper examines the impact of hours worked in all past periods on the current wage rate. Our model, in which the ‘intensity’ of an individual's work experience in any period can vary from 0 (no work) to 100% (full-time work), is contrasted with the standard human capital earnings function, in which intensity is assumed to be 100% in every period subsequent to the completion of school. Using a new data set, both models are estimated for a sample of working mothers. Contrasting the wages of the women in this sample with the wages of their husbands, we find that differences in the intensity of prior work experience account for approximately half of the observed sex-related wage gap. 相似文献
12.
郑芳云 《湖北第二师范学院学报》2014,(5):47-51
随着经济全球化的发展,各国经济相互依赖程度日益增强。外商直接投资给东道国带来的外部效应,受到越来越多的关注。本文在对国内外学者的研究成果进行梳理的基础上,采用我国工业37个行业2004-2011年的面板数据,对外商直接投资的工资溢出效应进行检验。实证结果显示,外商直接投资的流入不仅促进我国工业行业总体工资水平上升,而且对国有企业的工资水平产生显著的正向溢出。这种溢出效应通过劳动力市场竞争和引致性技术进步两个渠道产生作用。但国内资本与劳动生产率仍然是工资上升的主导推动力。 相似文献
13.
This paper shows mutually consistent evidence to support female advantage in education and disadvantage in labor markets observed in the Philippines. We set up a model that shows multiple Nash equilibria to explain schooling and labor market behaviors for females and males. Our evidence from unique sibling data of schooling and work history and from the Philippine Labor Force Survey support that family arrangement to tighten commitment between daughters and parents keeps a high level of schooling investments in daughters. Because wage penalty to females in labor markets means that education is relatively important as a determinant of their earnings, parental investments in their daughters’ education has larger impacts on the income of their daughters than on their sons. Parents expect larger income shared from better-educated adult daughters. In contrast, males stay in an equilibrium, with low levels of schooling investment and income sharing. Our results also imply that the above institutional arrangement is stronger among poor families. 相似文献
14.
企业专用性人力资本与员工工资——基于CGSS的实证研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2006年的城市样本,分别用企业任期和在职培训时间作为企业专用性人力资本的替代变量,分析它们对员工工资水平的影响,结果显示:企业专用性人力资本与工资水平显著正相关,积累的企业专用性人力资本越多,获得的工资水平也越高。同时还发现:作为通用性人力资本的工作经验与工资水平之间的相关性不显著;受教育年限和企业规模均与工资水平显著正相关;相对于女性而言,在同等条件下,男性的工资水平更高。 相似文献
15.
Though a relative small part of the school sector, private schools have an important role in British society, and there are policy concerns about their negative effect on social mobility. Other studies show that individuals who have attended a private school go on to have higher levels of educational achievement, are more likely to secure a high‐status occupation and also have higher wages. In this article we contribute new evidence on the magnitude of the wage premium, and address a puzzle found in previous studies: how to explain the direct pay premium whereby privately educated male workers have higher wages even than their similarly educated peers. It is commonly conjectured that the broader curriculum that private schools are able to deliver, coupled with the peer pressures of a partially segregated section of society, help to inculcate cultural capital, including some key ‘non‐cognitive’ attributes. We focus here on leadership, organisational participation and an acceptance of hard work. We find that privately educated workers are in jobs that require significantly greater leadership skills, offer greater organisational participation and require greater work intensity. These associations are partially mediated by educational achievement. Collectively these factors contribute little, however, to explaining the direct pay premium. Rather, a more promising account arises from the finding that inclusion of a variable for industry reduces the private school premium to an insignificant amount, which is consistent with selective sorting of privately educated workers into high‐paying industries. 相似文献
16.
Peter Davies Jean Mangan Amanda Hughes Kim Slack 《British Educational Research Journal》2013,39(2):361-382
Labour market outcomes of undergraduates' choice of subject are important for public policy and for students. Policy interest is indicated by the prominence of ‘employability’ in public discourse and in proposals to concentrate government funding in England in supporting STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). As students in England face the prospect of bearing the full financial burden of undergraduate tuition, the large differences between wage premia for different subjects may become of increasing interest. We find that, even after taking account of differences in motivation towards the choice of undergraduate subject, males and members of certain non‐White ethnic groups are more likely to choose ‘high wage‐premium’ subjects. We also find some significant differences between the motivations of different minority ethnic groups. However, students from lower income households are less likely to choose high wage premium subjects, which is a concern for this aspect of policy towards participation in higher education and social mobility. 相似文献
17.
This paper analyses the impact of academic achievement on future salaries by looking into the grade point average (GPA)-earnings relationship for graduates of a leading Russian university. The study is based on pooled cross-sectional graduate survey data for 2014–2015. The issue of how student academic achievement impacts future labour market rewards is analysed through academic, demographic and labour market factors. We found that there is a significant positive impact of GPA on salaries of BA graduates (9–12% wage premium for an additional GPA point) and an insignificant or negative impact for MA programmes graduates. The study depicts that this negative effect can be partially explained by employment sector-specific variables. Among the main factors which positively affect earnings of graduates is work experience. Graduates who combined study and work achieve a 30% wage premium. However, there is no evidence that combining study and work affects student academic achievement, even for those who combined studies with full-time job. Despite the higher GPA of female students, male graduates’ earnings are 18% higher. Gender wage differences can be explained by gender distribution by the sector of employment: the over-representation of women in the low-paid education and science sectors and their under-representation in entrepreneurship and corporate sector. 相似文献
18.
This paper investigates the role of economic factors in the university enrollment decision for the post-war period in The Netherlands. We include those factors standing at the heart of the idea that education is an investment. The econometric results suggest that students are not responsive to tuition fees, but financial support (the sum of loans and grants), the college premium on future labor market earnings, and the alternative wage are important in the enrollment decision. 相似文献
19.
马阳 《宜宾师范高等专科学校学报》2013,(11):72-76,80
工资理论是马克思政治经济学发展史上一个伟大贡献。马克思通过对资产阶级经济学的研究和批判,继承了古典经济学派工资学说中的科学成分,创立了自己的工资理论,区分了劳动力和劳动两个范畴,不仅揭示出剩余价值的真正源泉,也揭示出资本主义工资的实质,还展现了对无产阶级生存境况的深切关注。社会主义工资反映了国家、企业和劳动者根本利益一致基础上的社会关系,因此,社会主义工资改革应全面体现人的价值,要有助于人的发展。 相似文献
20.
Manuel Salas-Velasco 《Higher Education》2010,60(4):357-368
This paper examines the determination of wage rates for health professionals using three well known, and commonly used, econometric
techniques: ordinary least squares, instrumental variables, and Heckman’s method. The data come from a graduate survey and
the analysis focuses on a regional labor market, due to nationwide information on salaries is absent in Spain. After estimating
different wage equations, the results suggest that OLS estimates are preferable. The findings show an important wage premium
for medical doctors relative to nurses, but also a wage advantage for workers who are civil servants and a gender wage-gap
that favors men. Although the expansion of higher education in Spain has reduced social inequalities in access, the main policy
implication from this paper is that social class differences can still persist at the degree level—in the choice of degree—if
students of higher socioeconomic status get a place at university in a degree of higher earnings, a fact that is corroborated
in this study. 相似文献