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1.
R. Malatesha Joshi P. G. Aaron Nancy Hill Emily Ocker Dean Regina Boulware-Gooden William H. Rupley 《Learning Inquiry》2008,2(1):1-12
It is believed that language is an innate ability and, therefore, spoken language is acquired naturally and informally. In
contrast, written language is thought to be an invention and, therefore, has to be learned through formal instruction. An
alternate view, however, is that spoken language and written language are two forms of manifestations of the same inner language
and that under certain circumstances, they both are acquired the same way. Nevertheless, in reality, the motor mechanisms
for speech mature earlier than the ones needed for reading and writing, and, therefore, spoken language gains precedence and
is acquired earlier than the written language. Based on this rationale, it is hypothesized that if the option to communicate
through oral language is restricted, and children are made to communicate only through written language, we can expect written
language skill to emerge with greater force. This hypothesis was put to test by conducting a pilot study in which children’s
option to communicate with each other in the classroom was limited to written language for brief periods. One group of fourth
graders were allowed to communicate with each other for half an hour a day, 4 days a week, for a period of one semester only
through written language. No talking was allowed during this period. A comparison group of children were not restricted in
this way. We labeled this project “Drop Everything and Write” (DEAW). Both the groups were administered pre- and post-tests
of reading and spelling. After one semester of this program, children in the DEAW program achieved significantly higher scores
on tests of vocabulary, reading comprehension, and spelling than the comparison group. The DEAW group also improved greatly
in written language use. The results are interpreted to support the hypothesis. 相似文献
2.
Andrea Rolla San Francisco Elaine Mo María Carlo Diane August Catherine Snow 《Reading and writing》2006,19(6):627-642
The relation of language of instruction and vocabulary to the English spelling of bilingual first graders receiving either English or Spanish literacy instruction and of monolinguals in English literacy instruction was explored. Only bilingual students in Spanish literacy instruction (SLI) exhibited Spanish-influenced spelling, indicating a powerful effect of language of literacy instruction. SLI without English literacy instruction (ELI) may be a prerequisite for the appearance of Spanish influences in English spelling. Spanish-influenced spelling appears to be a normal developmental phenomenon only for those bilingual first graders who have received no ELI. The students in ELI, on average, wrote more orthographically plausible English pseudowords than students in SLI, indicating that the students in SLI simply had not yet learned conventional spelling patterns in English. In addition, children with good Spanish vocabulary showed more Spanish-influenced spelling, while English vocabulary predicted more orthographically plausible English spellings. The relationship between English vocabulary and English spelling was similar for children instructed in Spanish and English. English vocabulary and literacy instruction both made unique, positive contributions to English pseudoword␣spelling, while Spanish literacy instruction played a more important role than Spanish vocabulary in the production of Spanish-influenced spelling in English. 相似文献
3.
AMY.B.M.TSUI thinks that most of the interactive learning starts with the teachers’ questioning. Richard and Lockart(1994) think that the proper questioning can help the students to acquire the second language. Jin Chuanbao(1997) even thinks that the questioning process of the teachers should become the core of the class. Though almost all of the teachers are questioning, they know little about the questioning strategies. In this case, it is urgent to study this subject. The present study reveals some problems of four teachers’ questioning strategies in Junior Middle School. I hope some helpful ideas can be found in the thesis. 相似文献
4.
A longitudinal, experimental–control design was used to test the hypothesis that native language instruction enhances English language learner's (ELL's) native language and literacy development without significant cost to English development. In this study, 31 Spanish-speaking preschoolers (aged 38–48 months) were randomly assigned to two Head Start classrooms differing only in the language of instruction (English and Spanish). As predicted, results showed that Spanish language instruction resulted in significantly higher growth on both Spanish oral vocabulary and letter–word identification measures. There were no significant differences between classrooms on these same measures in English. Results extend previous work by showing that Transitional Bilingual Education may be a viable alternative to traditional English-only models. Implications for theory, future research, and early childhood practice are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Rittle-Johnson B 《Child development》2006,77(1):1-15
Explaining new ideas to oneself can promote transfer, but how and when such self-explanation is effective is unclear. This study evaluated whether self-explanation leads to lasting improvements in transfer success and whether it is more effective in combination with direct instruction or invention. Third- through fifth-grade children (ages 8-11; n=85) learned about mathematical equivalence under one of four conditions varying in (a) instruction on versus invention of a procedure and (b) self-explanation versus no explanation. Both self-explanation and instruction helped children learn and remember a correct procedure, and self-explanation promoted transfer regardless of instructional condition. Neither manipulation promoted greater improvements on an independent measure of conceptual knowledge. Microgenetic analyses provided insights into potential mechanisms underlying these effects. 相似文献
6.
Building on longitudinal findings of linkages between aspects of teachers' language during instruction and children's use of mnemonic strategies, this investigation was designed to examine experimentally the impact of instruction on memory development. First and second graders (N = 54, Mage = 7 years) were randomly assigned to a science unit that varied only in teachers' use of memory‐relevant language. Pretest, posttest, and 1‐month follow‐up assessments revealed that although all participating children learned new information as a result of instruction, those exposed to memory rich teaching exhibited greater levels of strategic knowledge and engaged in more sophisticated strategy use in a memory task involving instructional content than did students exposed to low memory instruction. The findings provide support for a causal linkage between teachers' language and children's strategic efforts. 相似文献
7.
安德列.高兹的＂生态政治哲学＂理论是生态学马克思主义的重要内容。高兹认为生态学只有和政治学相结合起来,运用政治手段去解决生态问题,才具有实践意义。高兹指出,为了更好地解决生态问题,我们必须在生态学的指导下发挥政治学的政治作用。惟其如此,才能使生态学走近政治学,从而使生态运动具有政治的意义。高兹从生态政治学的视角批判资本主义,认为资本主义生态危机的根源是资本主义的利润动机,保护生态环境的最佳选择是先进的社会主义。 相似文献
8.
Richard L. Sparks Marjorie Artzer Jon Patton Leonore Ganschow Karen Miller Dorothy J. Hordubay Geri Walsh 《Annals of dyslexia》1998,48(1):239-270
In this study, the benefits of multisensory structured language (MSL) instruction in Spanish were examined. Participants were
students in high-school-level Spanish attending girls’ preparatory schools. Of the 55 participants, 39 qualified as at-risk
for foreign language learning difficulties and 16 were deemed not-at-risk. The at-risk students were assigned to one of three
conditions: (1) MSL—multisensory Spanish instruction in self-contained classrooms (n=14); (2) SC—traditional Spanish instruction provided in self-contained classrooms (n=11); and (3) NSC—traditional Spanish instruction in regular (not self-contained) Spanish classes (n=14). Not-at-risk students (n=16) received traditional Spanish instruction in regular classes similar to the instruction provided to the NSC group.
All three at-risk groups made significant gains over time on some native language skills regardless of teaching method. The
MSL group also made significant gains on a foreign language aptitude measure. The MSL group and the not-at-risk group made
greater gains than the two other at-risk groups on foreign language aptitude and native language measures of reading comprehension,
word recognition, and pseudoword reading.
Although most at-risk learners achieved an “expected” level of foreign language proficiency after two years of instruction,
significant group differences were found. On measures of oral and written foreign language proficiency, the MSL and not-at-risk
groups scored significantly higher than the at-risk groups instructed using traditional methods. After two years of Spanish
instruction, no differences in foreign language proficiency were found between the MSL group and the not-at-risk group. 相似文献
9.
After the resumption of sovereignty in 1997 mother tongue education in Hong Kong, though it began with the good intention of national reintegration, politically, socially, culturally and educationally, has escalated the tensions and contradictions of the politics of bilingualism in its implementation. The government policy of bi-literacy and trilingualism addresses, rather than resolves, the problems of hegemonic struggle among different social groups in the society, and between the indigenous elite class and national ruling elites at both the local and national level. A reproduction analysis is conducted to examine the events pertinent to the language shift of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) to Chinese as a medium of instruction (CMI), with particular emphasis on controversial issues such as parental choice, antagonism of elite classes, and group politics in the face of the internationalisation of English under globalised developments of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT). English, a colonising language in the past and now a world language for changes in ICT, remains problematic for Hong Kong's language policy undergoing decolonisation and internationalisation in its early post-transitional years. Putonghua, the national language of China, challenging Cantonese, the regional dialect, as the formal and high Chinese language of the society, has added complexities to the discourse of polemical mother tongue education under the 'one country, two systems' framework practised in Hong Kong. 相似文献
10.
A compelling problem for language pedagogues is teaching foreign languages to students so they can retain and use the language skills in real communicative situations. One way to help students learn these skills is to understand and improve current pedagogical approaches to language learning. New technology such as Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) provides pedagogues with rich, multimedia environments for presenting instruction. At the same time, deciding what to present and how to organize the instruction in CALL provides a new challenge. In response to this problem, we discuss preliminary results of a research effort for developing an instructional design environment (IDE) that is uniquely tailored to the needs of developing foreign language instruction. Hypertext features in the IDE software are used to capture and organize into one coherent framework the corpora of theoretical, instructional, and content material that affects foreign language instruction. 相似文献
11.
Stephen L. Walter Diane E. Dekker 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2011,7(2):667-683
In the modern era, the prevailing model of public education has been that of “one size fits all”, with private schooling being
a small but notable exception. Language (of instruction) was generally viewed as a minor variable readily overcome by standard
classroom instruction. As researchers have sharpened their focus on the reasons for educational failure, language has begun
to emerge as a significant variable in producing gains in educational efficiency. This paper reports the intermediate result
of a controlled study in a very rural area of a developing country designed to examine the effect of language of instruction
on educational outcomes. In the experimental schools, children are taught to read first in the local language (via the local
language) and are taught other key subjects via the local language as well. English is taught as a subject. Teachers in the
control or standard schools continue the standard national practice of teaching all subjects in either English or Filipino,
neither of which is spoken by children when they begin school. Year-end standardised testing was done in all subjects throughout
grades one to three as a means of comparing the two programme methodologies. 相似文献
12.
付习涛 《湖南第一师范学报》2004,4(2):5-9
言语行为理论认为言即行，说话与理解都是一种言语行为。计算机是对人大脑的模拟，因此自然语言的计算机处理也应是对人类言语行为的一种模拟。目前的自然语言处理系统大多是基于人类语言的句法、语义理论之上的。言语行为理论的提出为自然语言处理的研究提供了全新的视角：自然语言处理实质上是一种言语行为，自然语言处理的研究要想有所突破，必须从句法、语义的理论上升到语用的理论。 相似文献
13.
魏来 《南昌教育学院学报》2011,26(5):45-46
本文结合广告模因这一概念,从交际角色这一角度出发来分析第一人称指示语＂我＂和＂我们＂在广告语篇中的功能,认为采用第一人称指示语字眼的广告语常采用情感式模因。以年轻消费者为主要受众的广告习惯采用带有＂我＂字的广告语,抓住年轻人强烈的自我凸现、寻找归属感的心理;而采用＂我们＂二字的广告语不仅拉近了广告主和广告受众间的距离,引起两者的共鸣,而且在某些情况下,还能起到自评和评他的作用。 相似文献
14.
In each act or process of knowledge, all components can be classified into two kinds: tacit (implicit) components and focal (explicit) components. This article, first of all introduces the terms of implicit knowledge, explicit knowledge and their distinctions in the process of English language learning and then provides interactive instruction design to improve learners’ communicative competence. 相似文献
15.
Two-way immersion (TWI) is a variant of the increasingly popular bilingual instruction. Most TWI research lacks longitudinal data or the consideration of background variables to control for possible selection effects. This article examines the development of German reading comprehension of TWI students (N = 984) from fourth to sixth grade compared to conventionally taught students (N = 992). The latent growth curve models showed that immersion students reached the same level of German reading comprehension over the three measurement points, even if background variables like first language, socioeconomic background, and cognitive ability were included. Despite reduced instruction in German, TWI students showed the same reading comprehension level as students in regular instruction while having the advantage of learning an additional language. Although the level of reading comprehension differed between language groups (L1 German speakers, L1 partner language speakers, simultaneous bilinguals), the learning trajectories of reading comprehension were similar. 相似文献
16.
刘宁 《温州大学学报(社会科学版)》2007,20(3):22-27
一项发明创造只能授予一项专利权,这是包括我国在内的各国专利法普遍遵循的一项基本原则。因此,实践中出现的将同样的发明创造授予不同专利主体,进而产生专利的重复授权显然是违反专利法这一基本原则的。然而,对于同样的发明创造,由同一主体同时或者先后被授予两项以上的专利权是否属于专利重复授权,在我国学术界还存在较大分歧,进而影响了实务的统一。笔者认为专利重复授权,破坏了专利制度在专利权人与社会公众之间建立的利益平衡,侵害了专利技术使用人和社会公众的切身利益,建议对我国现行专利法律法规及部门规章做出适当修订。 相似文献
17.
Quality of Language and Literacy Instruction in Preschool Classrooms Serving At-Risk Pupils 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Policy-makers, administrators, researchers, and teachers are increasingly vested in ensuring the quality of preschool instruction, particularly in the areas of language and literacy. This research was conducted to characterize the quality of language and literacy instruction in 135 publicly-funded preschool classrooms serving at-risk pupils. As all teachers in these classrooms were implementing the same language and literacy curriculum, we also studied the interrelationships among procedural fidelity to a prescribed curriculum and the quality of language and literacy instruction, determining whether procedural fidelity is associated or disassociated with quality instruction. Results showed that the quality of language and literacy instruction in classrooms was low, with few teachers delivering high quality instruction. Although teachers were able to implement a prescribed language and literacy curriculum with a high degree of procedural fidelity, this was not associated with quality instruction. Few structural characteristics of classrooms of teachers were systematically associated with quality of instruction. Findings have important implications for professional development of teachers by suggesting a need for a sustained and coherent focus on the process of instruction to elevate instructional quality in language and literacy. 相似文献
18.
Research demonstrates that children can make more significant gains through explicit instruction of vocabulary than implicit instruction (Blachowicz and Fisher in Teaching vocabulary in all classrooms, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA, 2010; Dalton and Grisham in Read Teach 64(5):306–317, 2011). Effective explicit instruction often includes high quality conversations with teachers and peers (Towson et al. in J Early Interv 38(4):230–246, 2016; Wasik in Read Teach 63(8):621–633, 2010). Data for this study were collected from a larger study designed to explore students’ use of vocabulary words following explicit instruction with the words during an interactive read-aloud. A deeper microanalysis of student discussion, scaffolded by adults, was conducted. The transcribed student discussions, recorded during peer talk, were analyzed using NVivo 10 (QSR International in NVivo (version 10). NVivo qualitative data analysis software, QSR International, Doncaster, VIC, 2012) software. These case studies describe the vocabulary development of two children with diagnosed speech and language disorders and one child without a speech and language impairment. 相似文献
19.
We report the effect of different sequences of high vs low levels of instructional guidance on children’s immediate learning and long-term transfer of simple experimental design procedures and concepts, often called “CVS” (Control of Variables Strategy). Third-grade children (N = 57) received instruction in CVS via one of four possible orderings of high or low instructional guidance: high followed by high (HH), high followed by low (HL), low followed by high (LH), and low followed by low (LL). High guidance instruction consisted of a combination of direct instruction and inquiry questions, and low guidance included only inquiry questions. Contrary to the frequent claim that a high degree of instructional guidance leads to shallow learning and transfer, across a number of assessments—including a 5-month post-test—the HH group demonstrated a stronger understanding of CVS than the LL group. Moreover, we found no advantage for preceding high guidance with low guidance. We discuss our findings in relation to perspectives advocating “invention as preparation for future learning”, and the efficacy of “productive failure”. 相似文献
20.
James W. Chapman Keith T. Greaney Alison W. Arrow William E. Tunmer 《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2018,23(1):87-104
New Zealand’s approach to literacy instruction is predominantly whole language. Explicit code-orientated literacy instruction is not favoured, however, most teachers are believed to include phonics in their literacy lessons. No study has been reported on phonics use in New Zealand schools. Survey responses on the use of phonics instruction from 666 primary school teachers were analysed. We also assessed knowledge of the basic language constructs related to early reading success with 55 teachers participating in a professional development program on literacy teaching. A word identification prompt task based on six common word error scenarios experienced by beginning readers was also administered. Results of the phonics survey revealed that 90% of teachers indicated they used phonics in their literacy instruction. Knowledge of basic language constructs was variable: phonological and phonemic knowledge were generally good, but understanding of phonic and morphological constructs was relatively weak. Only 40% of initial word identification prompts were focussed on word-level information; the remainder (60%) were based on context or were non-specific. The implications of these findings for beginning readers are discussed. 相似文献