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1.
We developed a procedure and scale to quantify movement asymmetry in 36 full-term newborns from several normal newborn nurseries (Measure of Behavioral Laterality, MOBL). The majority of newborns had elicited reflexes and spontaneous movements that were stronger and more coordinated on the right than on the left side of the body; there was no asymmetry in the latency, threshold, or habituation of these behaviors. Although asymmetry of different movements was associated if they relied on the same motor pool, there was little association of movement asymmetries among different body regions, indicating that multiple subsystems, rather than a single asymmetric system, controls asymmetric action in the newborn. Finally, there was a sex difference in asymmetry of all 3 distal lower-body elicited reflexes: females were right biased, but the majority of males were left biased. These sex differences are discussed in terms of alternative mechanisms for the development of asymmetric action and the role of newborn reflexes in adult voluntary movement. 相似文献
2.
Ontogeny of infantile oral reflexes and emerging chewing 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The ontogeny of rooting, lip, lateral tongue, mouth opening, biting, and Babkin reflexes and emerging chewing behaviors were observed in 2 normal infants from 1 week to 35 weeks of age. These behaviors were videotaped at 9 monthly test sessions, and their movement patterns analyzed during slow-motion playback. The reflex responses were elicited in both infants through 35 weeks of age. They consisted of those characteristic movements described in the literature plus additional movements that elaborated the characteristic pattern. The complexity of the reflexes and the quality of movement changed with age. Components of chewing, which emerged sequentially from 1 week of age, were cyclical mandibular elevation and depression, lateral tongue movements, transport of the bolus from lateral to medial oral position, mandible retrusion, lateralization and protrusion movements in association with mandibular elevation and depression, increase in speed of rhythmical chewing movements to the mature speed of 1 cycle per second, and mastication. Chewing and oral reflexes contained similar movements but differed in the relative frequency of certain characteristic movements and in the stimulus response relationship. 相似文献
3.
Li-na Yu Li-hong Sun Min Wang Min Yan 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2016,17(10):733-741
Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5), also known as big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), is an important member of ERK family, which is a subfamily of the large MAPK family. ERK5 is expressed in many tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the spinal cord. In this review, we focus on elaborating ERK5-associated pathway in pathological pain, in which the ERK5/CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element-binding protein) pathway plays a crucial role in the transduction of pain signal and contributes to pain hypersensitivity. ERK5 activation in the spinal dorsal horn occurs mainly in microglia. The activation of ERK5 can be mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We also elaborate the relationship between ERK5 activation and nerve growth factor-tyrosine kinase A (NGF-TrkA), and the connection between ERK5 activation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in pathological pain in detail. 相似文献
4.
Janet A. DiPietro Katie T. Kivlighan Kathleen A. Costigan Suzanne E. Rubin Dorothy E. Shiffler Janice L. Henderson Joseph P. Pillion 《Child development》2010,81(1):115-130
Fetal neurobehavioral development was modeled longitudinally using data collected at weekly intervals from 24 to 38 weeks gestation in a sample of 112 healthy pregnancies. Predictive associations between 3 measures of fetal neurobehavioral functioning and their developmental trajectories to neurological maturation in the first weeks after birth were examined. Prenatal measures included fetal heart rate (FHR) variability, fetal movement, and coupling between fetal motor activity and heart rate patterning; neonatal outcomes include a standard neurologic examination ( n = 97) and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP; n = 47). Optimality in newborn motor activity and reflexes was predicted by fetal motor activity, FHR variability, and somatic–cardiac coupling predicted BAEP parameters. Maternal pregnancy-specific psychological stress was associated with accelerated neurologic maturation. 相似文献
5.
The impact of temporally patterned stimulation on the development of preterm infants 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To test the efficacy of temporally patterned kinesthetic and auditory stimulation for promoting development of infants born prior to term, 88 preterm infants, below 35 weeks gestation, were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental or control groups. Control subjects received regular hospital care; fixed interval subjects received 15 min of rocking/heartbeat stimulation each hour; self-activating subjects received 15 min rocking/heartbeat when inactive for 90 sec, but only for 1 stimulation period per hour. Assessments included measures of neurological functioning, sleep-wake activity, mother-infant interaction, and mental and motor development at 8 and 24 months. All experimental infants, compared to controls, showed decreased rates of activity while in the hospital, fewer abnormal reflexes, and better orienting responses. At 24 months, experimental infants scored significantly higher on the Mental Development Index of the Bayley Scales. Few differences were found in parent-infant interaction patterns. The results indicate that both temporal patterning and contingent responsiveness in the preterm infant's early environment contribute positively to some aspects of the development of such infants. 相似文献
6.
Novel dissection of the central nervous system to bridge gross anatomy and neuroscience for an integrated medical curriculum 
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下载免费PDF全文 Rebecca J. Hlavac Rachel Klaus Kourtney Betts Shilo M. Smith Maureen E. Stabio 《Anatomical sciences education》2018,11(2):185-195
Medical schools in the United States continue to undergo curricular change, reorganization, and reformation as more schools transition to an integrated curriculum. Anatomy educators must find novel approaches to teach in a way that will bridge multiple disciplines. The cadaveric extraction of the central nervous system (CNS) provides an opportunity to bridge gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, and clinical neurology. In this dissection, the brain, brainstem, spinal cord, cauda equina, optic nerve/tract, and eyes are removed in one piece so that the entire CNS and its gateway to the periphery through the spinal roots can be appreciated. However, this dissection is rarely, if ever, performed likely due to time constraints, perceived difficulty, and lack of instructions. The goals of this project were (i) to provide a comprehensive, step‐by‐step guide for an en bloc CNS extraction and (ii) to determine effective strategies to implement this dissection/prosection within modern curricula. Optimal dissection methods were determined after comparison of various approaches/tools, which reduced dissection time from approximately 10 to 4 hours. The CNS prosections were piloted in small group sessions with two types of learners in two different settings: graduate students studied wet CNS prosections within the dissection laboratory and medical students used plastinated CNS prosections to review clinical neuroanatomy and solve lesion localization cases during their neurology clerkship. In both cases, the CNS was highly rated as a teaching tool and 98% recommended it for future students. Notably, 90% of medical students surveyed suggested that the CNS prosection be introduced prior to clinical rotations. Anat Sci Educ 11: 185–195. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists. 相似文献
7.
条件反射理论最早由俄国著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫提出来，称为经典条件反射理论，之后美国心理学家斯金纳又提出了操作性条件反射理论。条件反射对行为的改变具有重要意义，在学校的教学过程中，学生 一些不适当行为可以用强化手段来塑造。利用行为改变技术，通过操纵强化物来改变学生的行为，这是条件反射理论在心理治疗上的意义。 相似文献
8.
The effect of maternal nutritional supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the mental and motor development of infants was studied in a rural population in Taiwan. Women were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: 1 received a high-calorie and protein supplement ("supplement" group); the other received a placebo ("control" group). Infants received no direct supplementation. At approximately 8 months of age, the mental and motor development of the infants was assessed using a research to maternal supplementation in either scale, nor were the mental scale scores of infants of supplement mothers significantly higher than infants of control mothers. However, the motor scores of supplement infants were higher than those of control infants, which is consistent with the findings of 2 other large-scale nutritional supplementation studies. 相似文献
9.
Marie T. Balaban 《Child development》1995,66(1):28-36
Convergent methodologies from studies of fear-potentiated startle in animals and studies of affective modulation of reflex blinks in humans were adapted in order to investigate infants' sensitivity to affective information conveyed by facial expressions of emotion. While 5-month-old infants viewed photographic slides of faces posed in happy, neutral, or angry expressions, a brief acoustic noise burst was presented to elicit the blink component of human startle. Blink size was augmented during the viewing of angry expressions and reduced during happy expressions. Infants did not show marked changes in behavioral reactions to the positive, neutral, and negative slides, although motor activity was slightly reduced during negative slides. Results suggest that, by 5 months, infants react to affective information conveyed by unfamiliar human faces. Potential mechanisms mediating the influence of affective stimuli on reflex excitability are considered. 相似文献
10.
Treadmill-elicited stepping in seven-month-old infants 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
E Thelen 《Child development》1986,57(6):1498-1506
When infants begin to walk independently, their step patterns, while not fully mature, are different in kinematic details from those of newborn stepping and supine kicking. 6 7-month-old infants, who performed little or no stepping movements, were supported over a small, motorized treadmill. All showed immediate alternating stepping. These movements were more similar to adult-like steps than newborn steps. The implications of eliciting a more mature pattern by the treadmill are discussed. Although infants normally perform few steps at this age, the underlying mechanism has not "disappeared." 相似文献
11.
目的：探讨胆道手术中全面预防和及时有效处理胆心反射的护理干预措施;方法：结合自身的临床护理经验及查阅大量文献资料;结果：术前全面的身体评估、麻醉方式的选择、药物的使用、紧张等精神因素的消除;术中注意切口的选择、缓解患者的紧张情绪、良好的术中配合、及时有效的处理胆心反射是预防胆心反射保证患者生命安全的关键措施。结论：术前、术中、术后全面而有效的护理干预可以最大限度的预防胆道手术中胆心反射的发生,提高临床护理质量。 相似文献
12.
Prasanna Venkhatesh V 《Resonance》2016,21(7):583-596
Twentieth century bore witness to remarkable scientists who have advanced our understanding of the brain. Among them, Sir Charles Scott Sherrington’s ideas about the way in which the central nervous system operates has continuing relevance even today. He received honorary doctorates from twentytwo universities and was honoured with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in the year 1932 along with Lord Edgar Adrian for their work on the functions of neurons. He developed our modern notion of the reflex as a model for how the periphery and spinal cord connect sensation and action. 相似文献
13.
The effect of intrauterine PCB exposure on visual recognition memory 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
Adverse neonatal outcomes have been associated with intrauterine exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In a follow-up study of exposed and nonexposed infants, 123 infants tested at birth were administered Fagan's test of visual recognition memory at 7 months. 2 measures of prenatal PCB exposure, cord serum PCB level and maternal report of contaminated fish consumption, both predicted less preference for a novel stimulus. Preference for novelty decreased in a dose-dependent fashion with increasing levels of prenatal PCB exposure. Postnatal exposure from nursing was not related to visual recognition memory. The relation between prenatal exposure and visual recognition was not mediated by the neonatal deficits, suggesting that intrauterine PCB exposure may have a delayed effect on central nervous system (CNS) functioning. 相似文献
14.
This paper outlines the Parental Stress Center (PSC) residential treatment program and its evaluation study, specifically focusing on the developmental status of infants in treatment. The Bayley scores for mental/motor development are given for a subgroup of 20 deprived infants admitted to the residential center and for two matched groups. One comparison group consisted of similarly deprived infants, the other of normal infants. The groups, tested three times, showed few differences either among the three groups at each time period or within each group over the three time periods. The most significant between-group difference was in motor scores at time 2, with both PSC infants and problem comparison infants scoring significantly below the normal comparison infants. The decline of motor scores of the PSC infants was probably attributable to the physical restrictions of the nursery. By the final testing at age 1, these scores had improved, and again there were no group differences. The results indicate that despite the use of multiple caregivers, the deprived infants admitted to residential care kept pace with similar babies in other treatment modalities. The overall high scores when compared to other research data indicate the decided worth of early intervention. 相似文献
15.
A study of multimodal motherese: the role of temporal synchrony between verbal labels and gestures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study examined European American and Hispanic American mothers' multimodal communication to their infants (N = 24). The infants were from three age groups representing three levels of lexical-mapping development: prelexical (5 to 8 months), early-lexical (9 to 17 months), and advanced-lexical (21 to 30 months). Mothers taught their infants four target (novel) words by using distinct objects during a semistructured play episode. Recent research suggests that young infants rely on temporal synchrony to learn syllable-object relations, but later, the role of synchrony diminishes. Thus, mothers' target and nontarget naming were coded for synchrony and other communication styles. The results indicated that mothers used target words more often than nontarget words in synchrony with object motion and sometimes touch. Thus, "multimodal motherese" likely highlights target word-referent relations for infants. Further, mothers tailored their communication to infants' level of lexical-mapping development. Mothers of prelexical infants used target words in synchrony with object motion more often than mothers of early- and advanced-lexical infants. Mothers' decreasing use of synchrony across age parallels infants' decreasing reliance on synchrony, suggesting a dynamical and reciprocal environment-organismic relation. 相似文献
16.
目的观察牵拉刺激（刺激强度）及其它实验因素对肌梭放电频率的影响。方法制备蟾蜍离体坐骨神经-缝匠肌标本,用BL-420生物机能系统记录牵拉刺激及实验因素对肌梭传入放电活动的影响。结果牵拉刺激增强,肌梭的传入放电频率增加;牵拉力度相同时,快速牵拉较缓慢牵拉引发更多的肌梭放电。结论肌梭是肌肉长度感受器,有快适应和慢适应两种现象,其敏感性受肌肉长度及温度的影响。 相似文献
17.
Newborn infants who showed anthropometric signs of atypical patterns of fetal growth were compared with infants of appropriate growth on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and on recently developed supplementary items. The sample consisted of lower-socioeconomic-status families in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and included teenage and older mothers. Infants with atypical patterns of fetal growth showed lower scores than did infants of appropriate growth on the NBAS orientation, motor, and reflex clusters and on 15 of the 18 supplementary scores. Gestational age was covaried and showed independent effects on 6 items. Differential effects on measures of state and autonomic function were also found when the effects of the ponderal index were held constant. The results suggested that neonatal behavior is related to multiple indices of fetal growth patterns that may indicate early versus late nutritional insult. Supplementary NBAS items do not improve the discriminability of the NBAS but may help explain the basis for observed group differences. 相似文献
18.
Mother-infant attachment was studied in 24 mother/impaired infant dyads. The infants, from 12 to 26 months chronological age, manifested primary neurological impairment or undiagnosed delay in gross and fine motor development. Measures of general development and degree of child impairment significantly differentiated "classifiability" of attachment in the Ainsworth scheme; thus, the most severely impaired infants were rated "not classifiable." For those infants who were fully classifiable (80% of the sample), only 1 measure of general development or degree of impairment differentiated quality of attachment classification. Infants rated higher on a measure of social responsiveness were more likely to possess secure attachments than those receiving lower ratings on the measure. 相似文献
19.
G Ross 《Child development》1985,56(4):835-842
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to 92 white, middle-class infants, half of them premature and half full-term, at 1 year of age from term to determine whether this instrument is useful in characterizing the abilities of premature infants. Although both full-term and premature infants achieved mental and motor development scores within the average range, full-term infants attained significantly higher scores on both the Mental and Motor Scales. Both groups scored significantly lower on motor than mental functioning; however, the difference was significantly greater for premature infants. As a group, premature infants also evidenced greater variability in their performance on both the Mental and Motor Scales, and they showed greater intra-individual variability in performance of motor ability. Furthermore, premature infants were less likely to succeed on items testing eye-hand coordination, imitation, and vocalization. Preselected perinatal risk variables accounted for a significant amount of variance in both mental and motor ability of premature infants. 相似文献
20.
Cellular growth under hydrostatic pressure using bovine aortic EC-SMC co-cultured ePTFE vascular graft 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
High blood pressure (hypertension) is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Blood vessels are constantly subjected to stretch due to blood pressure and changes in stretch usually instigate adaptive vascular remodeling, including abnormal growth and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) as well as extracellular matrix (ECM). In this experiment, we used bovine aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (EC-SMC) co-cultured ePTFE vascular grafts subjected to normal atmospheric pressure (as a control), and 100 mmHg hydrostatic pressure for 7 d. The increase of cell layer thickness was observed. When measured, the cell layer thickness increased by 116.2%. The increase of collagen (Type IV) synthesis was also observed in the immunohistochemistry assay. When stained with toluidine blue, the cells showed metachromatic phenomenon. 相似文献