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1.
James H. Widdop 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):752-755
Abstract Sixty male college freshman physical education students were randomly assigned into three groups. For a period of 24 weeks each group carried out a different training program, one of which was a basic ballet training program. At the completion of the training session the groups were given a series of seven test items. Analysis of variance techniques showed a significant difference between the groups in four of the test items. The group which followed the ballet training program achieved higher mean scores on all seven of the test items. 相似文献
2.
Lawrence A. Golding 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):499-504
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a hard endurance exercise program on the total serum cholesterol levels in young adult men. Four male subjects and four controls were tested for cholesterol prior to any exercise. The subjects participated in a 25-week training period of hard and severe all-out endurance type activities and then were again tested for cholesterol levels. Significances of change in the total serum cholesterol levels before and after exercise were determined, and in all subjects total serum cholesterol levels were significantly reduced. 相似文献
3.
Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a 2-min. isometric exercise training program on force and fatigue in a skeletal muscle. The subjects (N=60) were divided into two equal groups, control and experimental. The control group was tested twice, once at the beginning of the experiment and again after 20 days. The subjects in the experimental group were tested before embarked on a 20-day period of isometric training. held the tension for 2 min. in the morning and again in the afternoon. Periodic tests were on the 5th, 10th, 15th, and 20th days. Large gains of initial strength were recorded on the 5th day. Isometric training continued beyond five days produced no significant gains in initial strength althoughe was a significant increase in isometric endurance. Isometric exercise continued longer than 15 days resulted in a significant decrease in initial strength and isometric endurance. 相似文献
4.
Abstract Six groups of subjects were tested to determine if various training programs affected performance in speed in swimming 30 yards. No evidence of improvement was found after one group of subjects had been exposed to absolutely no exercise for six weeks and, also, after a group of subjects had participated in various exercises with weights three times weekly for six weeks. Two groups of swimmers who participated in practicing starts, kicking, arm stroking, and sprinting 30 and 60 yards significantly improved their performances in speed in swimming; one group of subjects followed the preceding program three times weekly and another group used the same routine six times a week. Two other groups, one of which was exposed to weight training and swimming, and one of which was exposed only to 30-yard sprints and practicing starts, both showed statistically significant differences in performance. 相似文献
5.
Carl Foster Michael Pollock Peter Farrell Michael Maksud James Anholm John Hare 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):243-246
Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a 10-month exercise program on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral content/bone width (BMC/BW) of postmenopausal women. Thirty-one women (ages 57-83) completed either a general aerobics exercise program (n = 10), a general aerobics plus upper body weight training exercise program (n = 10), or served as nonexercising control subjects (n = 11). Average compliance rates for the exercise subjects ranged from 72 to 80%. All subjects were pre- and posttested for BMC and BMC/BW in the radius of the nondominant forearm. ANOVA results indicated that there were significant differences between the exercise and control subjects in the amount of change in BMC and in BMC/BW (p < .05) during the course of the study. The exercise subjects experienced mean increases of 1.38% and 1.33% in BMC and BMC/BW, respectively, whereas the control group had decreases of 2.50% and 258%. No significant differences were found for subjects in the two types of exercise programs, suggesting that the effects of exercise relative to maintenance of bone density may be general as well as localized. 相似文献
6.
Beatrice Hellebrandt 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):34-39
Abstract This paper presents results of the Kraus-Weber Test for Minimum Muscular Fitness which was conducted in East Pakistan. A total of 2325 Pakistani male and female school children were subjects. The results were compared with reports of the original tests in the United States and Europe. The testing program revealed that Pakistani children were less able than European children in passing the six test items. They were, however, more successful than American children included in the original report of the Kraus-Weber Test. 相似文献
7.
BackgroundExpectations and beliefs appear to be important predictors of outcome following whiplash injury. Instruments for measuring these expectations in the general population have not been well studied. The objective of this study was to develop a simple symptom expectation questionnaire for whiplash injury for use in future research studies.MethodsAn existing database of 179 injury-naïve subjects who completed a 56-item checklist of expected symptoms for whiplash injury was analyzed to determine which items could correctly identify an a priori case definition of an expecter (a subject who expected at least one of these symptoms would remain chronic following whiplash injury). A total of seven of the 56 items were found to be discriminatory. The identified, discriminatory items were then tested in additional subject groups against the original questionnaire.ResultsFrom the original database of 179 subjects completing a 56-item symptom expectation checklist, 119 expected at least one of the 56 symptoms would be chronic following whiplash injury. The 119 expecters, however, all chose at least one of seven items: headache, anxious or worried, depressed, neck pain, problems sleeping, back pain, or jaw pain. Using these seven items, in two new groups of subjects given the 56-item symptom expectation checklist and then a new shortened (7-item) symptom expectation checklist one week later (and the same done for another group of 100 subjects in reverse order), all those who endorsed one of the 56 symptoms as likely to be chronic following whiplash injury (expecters) could also be identified on the 7-item checklist.ConclusionA shortened (7-item) symptom expectation checklist of commonly reported symptoms following whiplash injury (headache, anxious or worried, depressed, neck pain, problems sleeping, back pain, and jaw pain) correctly identifies subjects who expect at least one symptom will be chronic following minor head injury (i.e., an expecter). This shortened (7-item) symptom expectation checklist can be used in future population-based studies to understand the prevalence of belief patterns and expectations for whiplash injury. 相似文献
8.
Donald deF. Macintosh 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):138-148
Abstract This study investigated the relationship between strength and speed of forearm flexion and compared the effect of three methods of training on speed of forearm flexion movement. Ninety-one university freshmen were tested for maximum static strength, forearm mass, and speed of forearm flexion. They were assigned to four groups: control, speed of movement, isometric, and isotonic. After an 8-week experimental program, subjects were tested again for strength, mass, and speed of forearm flexion movement. Low positive relationships, significant at the .05 level, between static strength and speed of forearm flexion were found in this study. When static strength was related to the mass which was moved during movement, correlations between strength/mass and speed were not significant. The results of both correlational computations and covariance analysis indicated that increasing the strength of the muscles which move a limb does not result in a corresponding increase in the speed with which the limb can be moved. 相似文献
9.
Abstract Three groups, two experimental and one control, consisting of 20 college freshmen in each group, were tested doing moderate and all-out exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Selected physiological responses and the circulorespiratory endurance times were measured. An eight-week training period followed during which the experimental groups participated in weight-training programs and the control subjects in archery or bait casting. After training, the tests were again administered. Though there was an indication of improved circulorespiratory responses by the weight-training groups following training, statistical treatment of the data revealed no significant differences among the three groups in their responses to exercise. 相似文献
10.
R. H. Rochelle 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):538-550
Abstract Blood plasma cholesterol levels were followed in six experimental and six control subjects during a five-week training program (two-mile run for time, five days per week) and an eight-week detraining period. Plasma cholesterol levels were determined by the Duboff-Stevenson ultramicro method. Plasma cholesterol levels were significantly reduced during the course of intensive training. A temporary rise in plasma cholesterol occurred during exercise, probably indicative of fat mobilization and ultimate utilization during physical exercise. Plasma cholesterol levels returned to pretraining levels within four weeks after training was stopped. The diurnal and weekly blood cholesterol variations were rather small, 2 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively. The pathways by which exercise assists in the lowering of plasma cholesterol levels are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Effects of Various Periods of Inactivity on Retention of Newly Acquired Levels of Muscular Endurance
Abstract Male university students (N = 54) engaged in an 8-week training program with sessions held three times per week. Each session consisted of one “all-out” bout of right elbow flexion on an arm lever ergometer against a resistance of 11.03 lbs. at a work rate of 40 repetitions per minute. Following the training phase of the study, the subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and ceased training for either 8, 10, or 12 weeks. At the conclusion of the inactivity period, each subject retrained until his peak performance of the training program had been equaled or exceeded. The analysis of data revealed that no difference existed among the groups: (a) at the beginning of the training program, (b) at the termination of the training program, (c) following the various inactivity periods, and (d) in the number of sessions needed to retrain to the peak performance attained during the training period. The within-group analysis indicated that each group had experienced: (a) significant muscular endurance development during the training period, (b) significant loss of endurance during the period of inactivity, and (c) significant retention of the newly acquired endurance over the inactivity period. Peak performance during the retraining phase was achieved in approximately one-fourth the number of training sessions initially required to attain the same level during the developmental phase. 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACTPurpose: To create a high-stress shooting among the crowd (SAC) program and to examine its effectiveness in reducing SWAT trainees’ stress level and their shooting performance in a simulated hostage-rescue situation. Method: After the SAC program was created, it was evaluated using a pretest and posttest experimental design: 98 young male SWAT trainees were randomly divided into experiment and control groups, with the former group trained in hostage rescue, shooting with real persons (high stress), and the latter group trained with “dummy” men (low stress); training for both lasted three days. Their shooting performance was assessed by a tactical shooting test in both high- and low-stress tests in a counterbalanced order, before and after the training, and monitored during the training, as were their stress levels by a set of physical (heart rate [HR] and heart rate recovery time [HRRt]), psychological (salivary cortisol and α-amylase), and self-reported anxiety measures. Results: The SAC program created needed high-stress for hostage rescue situations as reflected in increased physical, psychological, and anxiety scores and reduced shooting performance. Even with short SAC training, SWAT trainees’ capacity in handling high stress and tactical shooting performance were significantly improved. HR, HRRt, and anxiety tests have been found to be effective in monitoring stress and should be a part of future SWAT training. Conclusion: A SAC program involving real people was created, and its effectiveness was confirmed using a pretest and posttest experimental design. 相似文献
13.
14.
Edward D. Lipton 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):402-405
Abstract It was the purpose of this investigation to conduct a program in perceptual-motor development and to determine changes in, and assess relationships between, changes in perceptual-motor development on visual perception and reading readiness of first-grade children. Four classes were equated on the variables age, height, sex, and weight. Two of the classes (experimental) were exposed to the perceptual-motor program for 12 weeks and the other two classes (control) took part in the conventional physical education program. All students participated in their regular classroom activities. All subjects were evaluated in perceptual-motor development, visual perception, and reading readiness prior to and immediately following the research program. The difference scores (pre- and post-test) were evaluated by two-way ANOVA to determine if there were any significant differences between groups. F ratios for the three variables tested were all significant beyond the .01 level in support of the perceptual-motor program. 相似文献
15.
J. Gavin Reid 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):691-697
Abstract This study was to investigate the effect of increased muscle strength on the duration of the triceps surae reflex time. Subjects were 60 students within the age range of 18 to 20 years. The subjects were divided into two groups of equal size—a control and an experimental group. The experimental group performed isometric and isotonic plantar flexor muscle resistance exercises for 40 min. twice a week for a period of 6 weeks. The subjects were tested for plantar flexor static strength and triceps surae reflex time at approximately the same time of day prior to, and at the termination of, the training period. For the experimental group, the statistical analysis revealed a significant decrease in the triceps surae reflex time following strength training. The results of this study appear to warrant the conclusion that an increase in static strength through training has a significant shortening effect upon the triceps surae reflex time. 相似文献
16.
Marilyn Hinson William C. Smith Sandy Funk 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):529-530
Abstract The problem of the study was to investigate the relationship between maximum strength and muscular endurance; also the relationship between maximum strength and percentage of maximum strength held before and after an extended period of isometric training. The subjects (N = 60) were divided into two equal groups, control and experimental. The experimental group was further divided into two subgroups of high and low strength. The control group was tested for maximum strength and endurance once at the beginning of the experiment and once after 20 days. The subjects in the experimental group were tested for maximum strength and endurance before they embarked on a 20-day period of isometric training. They held tension for 100 sec. in the morning and again in the afternoon. Periodic tests were on the 5th, 10th, 15th, and 20th day. There was a significant relationship between maximum strength and endurance and a negative and generally significant relationship between maximum strength and percentage of maximum strength held. 相似文献
17.
Robert H. Rifenberick 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):95-101
Abstract This experiment was undertaken to determine the effects of a six-week progressive weight training program on the development of strength and muscle hypertrophy, using one exercise, the deep-knee bend, with varying repetitions. Thirty students were chosen by random from beginning weight lifting classes at Michigan State University. Following a two-week conditioning period the subjects were divided into three groups of ten each for the controlled training period. The programs were as follows: Group A—3 sets of 9-10 repetitions, Group B—3 sets of 5-6 repetitions, and Group C—3 sets of 2-3 repetitions. Individuals in each group handled maximum weight loads for the number of repetitions each was required to perform. The effectiveness of the program was determined by three measurements: (a) thigh girth, (b) dynamic strength as measured by one RM on the deep-knee bend, and (c) static strength as measured on the dynamometer. The results were graphically analyzed and percentages calculated. The data were also statistically-treated using analysis of covariance. No significant differences were found between the three systems of training. All training procedures resulted in the improvement of static and dynamic strength. 相似文献
18.
Patricia Del Rey 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):342-347
Abstract An experimental intervention program to train subjects on coincidence anticipation and prediction skills was administered to novice females. An attempt was undertaken to study the effects of this sports training and training on laboratory tasks. According to Battig' s predictions on the structure of practice sessions, both random and blocked contexts were presented. These acquisition contexts were viewed as orienting tasks that preceded sports training. The effects of high-contextual interference and sports training on acquisition, retention, and transfer were investigated. Practice conditions in the intervention were selected because of processing demands similar to random acquisition. Other research has shown that acquisition in random is influenced by sport-skill expertise and further indicates that processing of events occurring outside the laboratory influences performance of laboratory tasks. Observed results supported prior theoretical predictions and empirical findings on contextual interference. Predicted hypotheses were supported, and the effects of sports training were most profound during retention and transfer if the acquisition context for the trained subjects was random. Supported by prior research, activities performed outside the laboratory influenced performance on laboratory tasks. These results shift more emphasis on the learner as an active processor of information, which relates to Lee's (1988) views on transfer-appropriate processing. 相似文献
19.
Abstract Two groups of 23 junior high school boys were tested before and after an eight weeks' progressive resistance training program. The experimental group participated in this program, but the control group took part only in regularly scheduled physical education classes. At the end of the eight weeks, it was found that the experimental group increased their ability to do pull-ups, push-ups, the Harvard Step Test, Dodge run, the Burpee test, and trunk extension and flexion. The control group improved in the Dodge run, the Burpee test, push-ups, and trunk extension. In no case did the improvement of the control group exceed the improvement of the experimental group. The experimental group also increased in anthropometric measurements. Medical examinations indicated that no harmful effects were experienced by either group. 相似文献
20.
L. Anne Payne 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):653-661
Abstract The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine which exercise program was most effective in producing a static strength gain and to determine the relationship between static strength and speed of movement. Seventy-two eighth grade girls were divided into two experimental groups one using an isometric exercise program, the other using an isotonic program. A control group played lead-up games during the experimental period. Strength and speed of the arm and shoulder girdle were both measured by three tests. Prior to training, correlations indicated a rather high relationship between static strength, and speed of a dominant arm movement. Following training there was little relationship between static strength, and speed of a specific arm movement. The results of the training program indicated an increase in mean performance in all three groups with the isotonic group being superior. 相似文献