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1.
Abstract

The superiority of motor set reaction time over sensory set reaction time has been accepted since the 1880s. Recently, however, there has been work favoring the sensory set. This study attempted to reconcile the varied findings. Woodworth had suggested that set and stimulus intensity interact. To test that presumed interaction and related ideas, the study proposed to determine not only the effect of motor set and sensory set on reaction time (RT) and muscle electrical activity (MEA), but also, the relationship between motor set and sensory set RT and motor set and sensory set MEA. Twenty-four subjects were tested in sessions that included the placement of electrodes on the motor end point of the extensor digitorum muscle, set instructions, practice, and data collection. Data collection consisted of recording of RT and MEA for 96 trials, 12 recordings at each of four levels of auditory stimulus intensity for each of the two sets. An ANOVA for repeated measures produced a significant interaction between set and intensity for RT; thus the Woodworth prediction was upheld. The results seem best explained in terms of signal detection theory and the attention demands of movement.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

The theory proposes a nonconscious mechanism that uses stored information (motor memory) to channel existing nervous impulses from brain waves and general afferent stimuli into the appropriate neuromotor coordination centers, subcenters, and efferent nerves, thus causing the desired movement. A consequent hypothesis requires that the simple reaction time will become longer when the response movement is required to be of greater complexity. Data obtained on college men and women, and 12- and 8-year-old boys, are in agreement with the hypothesis. Replacing a very simple finger movement with an arm movement of moderate complexity slows the reaction by about 20 percent; additional complexity produces a further slowing of 7 percent. The speed of the arm movement is considerably faster in college men than in younger boys or in college women. The correlation between reaction time and speed of movement averages approximately zero. Individual differences in ability to make a fast arm movement are about 70 percent specific to the particular movement being made; “general ability for arm speed” occurs only to the extent of 30 percent.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

The consistency of separate components of a timing response were measured, and the relationship of these consistencies to the changes in distance, speed, and resistance of the movement were determined. The inconsistency of the total response was less than the sum of the inconsistencies of the response components. Factors which increase the movement time (e.g., greater distance or slower speed) tend to decrease the consistency of both movement time and time of initiation of the response, tending to make the total response more inconsistent. There was a tendency for load to have a stabilizing effect on slower movements and to decrease the consistency of faster movements.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

This study was undertaken to investigate relationships between various forms of creativity, and to determine whether the expression of motor creativity is related to selected motor skills. The tests administered to the 65 fourth grade subjects consisted of creative thinking tests, a motor creativity battery, and motor skill tests. The following conclusions were drawn: (a) the expression of motor creativity through movement is not related to performance on the selected motor skill items; (b) creativity does not appear to be a generalized trait in as much as significant relationships were not found between the various aspects of creativity; (c) a tendency toward generalization of creativity was found for girls but not for boys; (d) a combination of weight, figural fluency and figural originality accounts for a significant amount of the variability in motor creativity for boys, while a combination of figural and verbal creativity factors does the same for girls; (e) boys of this age perform significantly better than girls on skill tests involving strength, while girls excel on balance and agility items.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Speed of movement in a lateral adductive arm swing was timed at seven equidistant points on an arc of 120 degrees. Static strength and effective arm mass were measured in the movement position. Data obtained on 36 men and 36 women were subjected to a centroid factor analysis. The structure for both sexes consisted of a single common factor for arm speed and a substantial item-specific factor for the first 17 cm. of movement, suggesting that the velocity curve probably consisted of two components. The correlations between the strength/mass ratios and speeds of movement were almost zero, except in the middle phase of the action, where the relationship was .29 for men and .27 for women (.36 and .34 when corrected for attenuation). These very low correlations supported the hypothesis of neuromotor specificity. Circumferential speed for women was 17 percent slower than for men, partly because their arms were shorter. In angular speed, the sex difference was only 5 percent.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

This study was an investigation of the course of learning a specified arm movement pattern under conditions that varied as to the type and frequency of feedback information. After several days of practice, subjects performed a criterion test which was the same as the learning movement pattern, but explicit visual feedback was withdrawn.

Forty undergraduate students were divided into five groups. Each group was randomly assigned a method of learning the task. The methods of receiving information about performance were as follows: (a) concurrent visual feedback, (b) concurrent proprioceptive feedback and terminal knowledge of graphs, (c) a combination of (a) and (b), (d) concurrent visual feedback interspersed with passive watching, and (e) concurrent visual feedback at two different speeds.

The results indicated the following: (a) the most effective variable for learning the pattern was concurrent visual feedback, (b) performing the movement at a slower than normal rate was detrimental to performance on the criterion test, (c) sitting and watching was as effective a learning method as performing at two speeds, and (d) subjects in the slow-standard speed group were significantly poorer than subjects in other groups during performance of the criterion test. The other methods did not differ significantly from each other.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Effects of movement context upon the encoding of kinesthetic spatial location information were examined in a series of experiments using a motor learning paradigm. A cross-modal, kinesthetic to kinesthetic plus visual feedback procedure was used in each experiment to determine the encoding characteristics of spatial information within a variety of movement conditions. Following knowledge of results trials, subjects performing in cross-modal conditions had significant directional errors (overshooting of the target) for spatial locations associated with specific and non-specific body-referents (Experiment 1), for different movement directions to the same target (Experiment 2), and for long (40 cm) movements (Experiments 2, 3) and short (15 cm) movements (Experiment 4). However, subjects in both intermodal and intramodal conditions who switched movement direction had significant undershooting of the spatial targets (Experiment 3). Movement context in terms of response endpoint location or movement length did not have an apparent effect on directional errors. Performances in all experimental conditions were biased in the direction of the movement during learning. The context provided by movement direction did influence the encoding of kinesthetic spatial information.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine if two levels of task similarity influenced acquisition, retention, and transfer performance of three simple motor skills. Sixty right-handed subjects were randomly assigned to one of five (n = 12) experimental conditions. Each subject performed 72 trials during acquisition. Twenty-four trials were recorded for each movement task. Following a 5-min unfilled retention interval, subjects performed 4 trials on each task before completing 12 transfer trials of a novel movement. Contextual interference effects for acquisition and retention were supported for low but not high similarity tasks. Further, the results suggest that a different memory representation exists for high and low similarity tasks.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Sixty-six college women enrolled in fencing classes provided measures of reaction time, response time, and movement accuracy on a specially designed apparatus. The subjects then foil-fenced in round-robin tournaments. Criterion measures of fencing achievement derived from tournament matches correlated little better than zero with reaction time, response time, and movement accuracy.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

When subjects make simultaneous aiming movements of the upper limbs over different distances, assimilation effects are shown; the shorter distance limb overshoots when paired with a longer distance limb. However, it is not known whether assimilation effects are due to variations in distance per se or to variations in target location. To separate the possible influences of distance and location, 60 subjects made rapid bimanual aiming movements in one of four conditions. The two different-distance groups made a 20° movement in the left hand and a 60° movement in the right hand to either the same or different target locations. The comparison groups moved 20° in each limb. Somewhat surprisingly, spatial assimilations were greater when moving different distances to the same, rather than different, target locations, which suggests interlimb differences in distance mediate assimilation effects rather than target location. Temporal assimilations were greater when distance and location were varied, but the assimilations were not related to interlimb differences in velocity, as predicted by Marteniuk and MacKenzie (1980).  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The field of movement behavior has been strongly led by a research tradition in which manipulations are performed in order to search for differences in dependent variables. In this article, I argue for an alternative viewpoint, in which experimental manipulations are provided so that invariances in dependent variables can be seen. If, in the face of changes in nearly countless dependent variables, a particular simple or derived value remains constant, strong suggestions are provided about the underlying control of the motor system. This method is illustrated with examples of invariances in motor behavior, the most important of which is the tendency for the temporal events in a movement to expand or contract nearly proportionally with movement time so that relative timing is invariant. A model following from these invariances, and criticisms of it, are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Several researchers have demonstrated that an external focus of attention (about movement’s effects) during movement execution allowed better performances and learning of various motor tasks than an internal focus of attention (about movement itself). However, attentional focus effects have not been studied in tasks requiring explosive actions preceded by fast reaction time to a signal, such as a sprint start. We hypothesised that the beneficial effect of external focus of attention would be observed in the different stages of the sprint start (i.e. reaction time, block clearance and running) for both expert and novice sprinters. Novice and expert sprinters performed sprint starts followed by a 10 m sprint under three conditions: external focus instructions; internal focus instructions; and neutral instructions. The reaction time and the running time were significantly shorter in the external focus condition than in the internal focus condition, for both expert and novice participants. These results confirm the beneficial effect of an external focus of attention on the speed of movement execution. Moreover, they revealed that attentional focus influences movement preparation. Several hypotheses are proposed to account for these results, with reference to the processes that could be responsible for the observed effects.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

This study investigated the relationship between strength and speed of forearm flexion and compared the effect of three methods of training on speed of forearm flexion movement. Ninety-one university freshmen were tested for maximum static strength, forearm mass, and speed of forearm flexion. They were assigned to four groups: control, speed of movement, isometric, and isotonic. After an 8-week experimental program, subjects were tested again for strength, mass, and speed of forearm flexion movement. Low positive relationships, significant at the .05 level, between static strength and speed of forearm flexion were found in this study. When static strength was related to the mass which was moved during movement, correlations between strength/mass and speed were not significant. The results of both correlational computations and covariance analysis indicated that increasing the strength of the muscles which move a limb does not result in a corresponding increase in the speed with which the limb can be moved.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

In research on motor control, the detrimental effect of an internal focus of attention on movement execution of well-learned motor skills is a frequently replicated finding. This experimental study was designed to determine whether this effect is observed with physiological variables during endurance exercise. We examined whether the focus of attention can influence running economy (oxygen consumption at a set running speed). Trained runners had to focus their attention on three different aspects while running on a treadmill. For three consecutive 10-min periods, runners concentrated on the running movement, on their breathing, and on their surroundings. Results showed an increased running economy in the external focus condition. In line with research on motor control, endurance sport also shows that an external focus of attention is better than an internal focus in terms of the physiological performance measure of oxygen consumption.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The present study sought to determine whether individuals could be trained to attenuate the visual dominance effect by selecting a proprioceptive stimulus for attention. Using a reaction time (RT) task, subjects received either: (a) visual (V), (b) proprioceptive (P), or (c) combined V and P (VP) stimuli during the first four days. Each subject was then tested under all three stimuli conditions. Results showed that reaction time to the P cue was always faster than that to V or combined VP stimuli. The order in which subjects were tested under each stimulus modality significantly affected the results such that those subjects who received initial exposure to the V stimulus produced the slowest premotor time scores but the fastest motor time scores. These results suggest that the nature of the stimulus which initiates the volitional task can affect both the central processing requirements to initiate the response, and the qualitative manner in which the motor command is executed.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The effect of practice on individual differences and intra-individual variability in reaction and movement times were studied for simple and complex, discrete, motor tasks. Changes with practice for intertrial correlations of adjacent trials and the effects of an increasing number of interpolated trials on intertrial correlations were also observed. For both tasks and for both reaction and movement times, the intra-individual variability decreased with practice. The true score variability for reaction time on both tasks and for movement time on the simple task shows little change with practice. On the complex task, true score variability for movement time decreases with practice. For movement time, adjacent trial correlations increase during the early practice trials then remain stable. For reaction time adjacent trial correlations increase throughout practice. Remoteness effects on intertrial correlations were found for both movement and reaction times for both tasks.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

Maximally fast, self-terminated, elbow flexion movements were performed by 10 male and 10 female college-aged subjects to assess potential gender-related differences in kinematics and the triphasic electromyographic (EMG) pattern. The subjects were instructed to move their forearms as fast as possible through 90° of elbow flexion range of motion and stop as sharply as possible at the terminal point. An electromagnet, set to 0, 40, and 70% of each subject's maximal isometric torque, provided resistance to movement initiation and resulted in quick release movements. Surface EMG was collected from the biceps b. and triceps b. muscles. Results indicated that the males had faster movements and accelerations under all conditions. EMG records indicated that the males had faster rates of EMG rise, particularly in the triceps b., and more tightly coupled reciprocal activation. The quick release afforded faster accelerations for both groups, yet only the males moved faster throughout the full range of motion. Following the quick release, the males differed from the females by increasing the triceps b. EMG amplitude. Hence, the males were able to shorten movement time in quick release movements by increasing triceps b. activation and, thus, braking ability. These results suggest that the females were more neurally constrained than the males with respect to rapid EMG activation of the triceps b., resulting in limits in the braking process.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Eighty-two male college students were divided into three equal-size groups for the purpose of testing the transfer effects between motor skills judged similar in perceptual components but different in motor components.

Criterion measures of gross movement ability and static balance were analyzed and practice tasks similar to these criterion measures in perceptual components but different in motor components were developed. All subjects were pretested on the criterion measures, after which groups 1 and 2 practiced 3 min. per day for 28 days on the practice tasks while group 3 performed unrelated isometric exercises. On the post-test, the experimental groups were found to be significantly superior to the control group on gross movement accuracy and static balance. It was implied that the transfer resulted from the similarity in perceptual components of the two motor skills, and that perceptual abilities were subject to improvement through practice.  相似文献   

19.
Reaction time, fractionated reaction time (premotor and motor time), and movement time were recorded during performance of a rapid aiming movement (11 mm in amplitude) to a circular target. Independent variables were target diameter (2 or 64 mm) and reaction time condition (simple or choice). Fifty-two subjects performed 16 practice and 24 performance trials under one of four possible experimental combinations (13 subjects per combination) in a 2 × 2 design. Reaction time correlated highly with premotor time (r = .99) but not with motor time (r = .31). Choice reaction time and its premotor time component were dependent upon target diameter, but simple reaction time and its premotor time component were not. However, choice and simple motor time were not differentially affected by target diameter. As expected, movement time was longer for the small target than for the large target. Taken together, the reaction time results were interpreted as support for Klapp's (1975) hypothesis that increases in choice reaction time for rapid movements to a small target are due to increases in the time needed for programing the response.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Forty-six subjects were each tested on a ball-snatch task at five different preliminary tension levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 pounds). It was hypothesized that motor performance would follow an inverted U-curve trend with increases in muscular tension. Reaction time followed the hypothesized trend; 15 pounds of tension produced the fastest response. Movement time, however, was not facilitated; instead there was a linear trend toward slower speed with increasing tension.  相似文献   

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