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1.
Abstract

This paper presents results of the Kraus-Weber Test for Minimum Muscular Fitness which was conducted in East Pakistan. A total of 2325 Pakistani male and female school children were subjects. The results were compared with reports of the original tests in the United States and Europe. The testing program revealed that Pakistani children were less able than European children in passing the six test items. They were, however, more successful than American children included in the original report of the Kraus-Weber Test.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

In this study, a strength test for boys 9 through 12 years of age in grades 4, 5, and 6 was constructed based upon cable tension strength tests. From 18 cable tension strength tests, the following four were selected by multiple correlation procedures: shoulder extension, trunk extension, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion (ankle extension). The total of these four tests was designated the strength composite. Norms were prepared based on age and weight, utilizing Roger's method in the construction of Strength Index norms; the subjects were 826 boys from ten communities located in various parts of Oregon. A strength quotient was derived by dividing the achieved by the norm strength composite and multiplying by 100.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

This study was undertaken to develop a test that would objectively measure the rhythmic element in dance, and one that could be used by teachers of dance. The resulting Test of Rhythmic Motor Response was administered to 92 college women enrolled in dance classes. Test reliability coefficients ranged from .90 to .91; validity coefficients with teachers' ratings, .49 to .51. An investigation of the relationship between this test and the rhythm imagery section of the Gordon Measures of Musical Perception yielded correlation coefficients ranging from .52 to .69. These findings are all statistically significant at the .01 level. The Test of Rhythmic Motor Response appears to have a substantial relationship with the rhythmic element in dance.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

The Reynolds' Balance Test was administered to selected groups of varsity athletes, physical education majors, and liberal arts majors. Significant differences in mean balance scores were found between all groups. The performance of the groups was, in descending order: varsity athletes, physical education majors, and liberal arts majors. It was suggested that the Reynolds' Balance Test gives promise of being a valuable addition to physical education testing programs.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The relationship of dorsi and plantar flexion strength to static balance performance was determined. In addition, the effect that the order of balance test administration had upon balance performance was established. Fifty-six college females completed tests of plantar and dorsi flexion strength, the Bass Stick Test, the Bass Stick Test without visual cues, and the Bass Stick Test raised to a height of 4 feet above the floor. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of six different test order groups. Strength of the dorsi and plantar flexors of the foot was not related to any of the three balance tests. The Bass Stick Test was performed significantly better by the two groups which took this test as the last of the three, regardless of sequence. The group experiencing the blindfolded test first produced balance performances that were inferior to those of the other groups. In general, the practice effect resultant from taking a balance test last in order facilitated performance more than fatigue inhibited it.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

This study aimed to produce age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference data for Portuguese youth; to report the prevalence of youth in the healthy zone of physical fitness according to the FITNESSGRAM® criteria; to verify the agreement between the Portuguese physical fitness percentiles and the FITNESSGRAM® healthy zones. In 2008, 22,048 Portuguese children and adolescents (10–18 years) were evaluated. Physical fitness (curl-ups, push-ups, 20-m shuttle run and modified-back-saver-sit-and-reach tests) was evaluated using the FITNESSGRAM® Test Battery 8.0. Smoothed percentile curves were estimated using Cole’s LMS method. Boys consistently outperformed girls in every physical fitness test, except for the modified-back-saver-sit-and-reach tests. In both sexes and for all physical fitness tests, higher percentile values were observed at older ages. The 50th percentile of all physical fitness tests had the highest accuracy to discriminate between under healthy zone and healthy zone of the FITNESSGRAM®. Portuguese schools and physical education teachers may considerer the 50th percentile for age and sex or the FITNESSGRAM® criteria for classifying participants in the healthy zone as acceptable cut-offs, above which youth should be considered fit. These reference values can be used as normative data and for baseline values for subsequent surveillance of the physical fitness of Portuguese youth.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the relationships of the sit and reach test, a component of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance Health Related Fitness Test, 1980, with criterion measures of back and hamstring flexibility. Young females (N = 100) with a mean age of 14.08 years ± .825 were administered two trials of three tests. The measurements included the sit and reach test, passive hamstring flexibility using a Leighton Flexometer, and a test of back flexibility using a protocol suggested by Macrae and Wright in 1969. Test-retest reliability estimates exceeded .90 for all measurements. Results indicated that the sit and reach test had a moderate relationship (r = .64) with passive hamstring flexibility. The correlations between the sit and reach test and total back flexibility (r = .07), upper back flexibility (r = ?.16), and lower back flexibility (r = .28) were low. These findings indicate the sit and reach test has moderate criterion-related validity when used as an assessment of hamstring flexibility, but appears not to provide a valid assessment of back and, in particular, low back flexibility which is one of the reasons it was included in the Health Related Fitness Test.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop an easily administered test of motor ability for college men. Expert opinion was used in the validation process and eight factors of motor ability and 29 items measuring those factors were chosen. The selected tests were administered to 222 college men and statistical analysis covered item reliability, objectivity, correlations with the criterion, and intercorrelations. Through use of the Doolittle technique multiple correlations and regression equations were computed for a number of combinations. Two test batteries including one short indoor test were recommended. Scoring tables, norms, score card, profile, and directions for administering are included in a test manual.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

This study was a test of Deci and Ryan's (1985) cognitive evaluation theory in a fitness testing situation. More specifically, it was a test of Proposition 2 of that theory, which posits that external events that increase or decrease perceived competence will increase or decrease intrinsic motivation. Seventh and eighth grade schoolchildren (N = 105) volunteered for an experiment that was ostensibly to collect data on a new youth fitness test (the Illinois Agility Run). After two untimed practice runs, a specially adapted version of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) was administered as a pretest of intrinsic motivation. Two weeks later when subjects ran again, they were apparently electronically timed. In reality, the subjects were given bogus feedback. Subjects in a positive feedback condition were told their scores were above the 80th percentile, while those in a negative feedback condition were told their scores were below the 20th percentile. Those in a control condition received no feedback. The IMI was again administered to the subjects after their runs. Multivariate and subsequent univariate tests were significant for all four subscale dependent variables (perceived interest-enjoyment, competence, effort, and pressure-tension). Positive feedback enhanced all aspects of intrinsic motivation, whereas negative feedback decreased them. In a further test of cognitive evaluation theory, path analysis results supported the prediction that perceived competence would mediate changes in the other IMI subscales. Taken together, these results clearly support cognitive evaluation theory and also may have important implications regarding motivation for those who administer youth fitness tests.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The purposes of the present study were to evaluate transfer of movement education training to new skill performance and to evaluate skill improvement as a result of movement education and traditional training. The subjects were 47 first grade students who were in one of two classes. Each physical education class received one 30-minute class and one 20-minute class per week for 20 weeks. Subjects were taught movement principles either by a movement education approach or by a traditional approach. Johnson's Throw and Catch Test (1962) and a batting test for distance were used as pretests. These same tests were repeated as post tests in addition to two other tests which measured performance on striking and kicking distance and accuracy. Teaching approach groups were not significantly different on the latter two tests which measured the transfer of training effect. Traditional learning was better than movement education in developing throwing, catching, and batting performance. These results suggest that when one's objective is to teach a specific skill within a relatively short time period, a command style with demonstration is better than movement education.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of six motivating conditions on the performances of sixth-grade children on seven physical fitness tests. Data were obtained from three administrations of the seven tests, the final two of which were conducted with the subjects of the experimental groups performing under one of six motivating conditions. Two of the motivating conditions were found to be more effective than the other four, and motivation improved boys' performances more than girl's performances. The validity of the measures of physical fitness tests is dependent upon the motivating conditions under which the tests are administered.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

The aims of the current study were to assess the development and determine the underlying mechanisms of sprinting and dribbling needed to compete at the highest level in youth soccer. Talented soccer players aged 12–19 years (n = 267) were measured on a yearly basis in a longitudinal study over 7 years, resulting in 519 measurements. Two field tests, the Shuttle Sprint and Dribble Test and the Slalom Sprint and Dribble Test, were assessed. Anthropometric characteristics, years of soccer experience, and duration of practice were recorded. The longitudinal data were analysed with multi-level modelling. Comparing the two tests at baseline, low correlations were observed (sprinting: r = 0.49; dribbling: r = 0.22), indicating that each test measures distinct qualities (acceleration vs. agility). Low-to-moderate correlations were found between dribbling and sprinting within each test (Shuttle Sprint and Dribble Test: r = 0.54; Slalom Sprint and Dribble Test: r = 0.38). Both dribbling and sprinting improved with age, especially from ages 12 to 14, but the tempo of development was different. From ages 14 to 16, sprinting improved rapidly in contrast to dribbling; this was especially evident on the Slalom Sprint and Dribble Test. In contrast, after age 16 dribbling improved considerably but sprinting hardly improved. Besides age, the factors that contribute to dribbling performance are lean body mass, hours of practice, and playing position.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The Kemp-Vincent Rally Test of tennis skill was constructed to overcome the criticisms of available tennis skills tests. The major criticisms have been that current tests do not measure skills under game conditions, require the use of special equipment or line markings, and the time involved in their administration is prohibitive. In the Kemp-Vincent Rally Test the students rally as in a game situation, a relatively short time period is involved, and no special equipment or court markings are needed. The validity of the Kemp-Vincent Rally Test was found to be .84 for beginners and .93 for intermediate players when correlated with round robin tournament rankings. When validated against the Iowa revision of the Dyer test, the validity coefficient was .80. Test-retest reliability coefficients were .86 for beginners and .90 for intermediate players.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Eighty randomly selected kindergarten pupils were administered one of four figure-ground variations of a gross motor task in order to determine the effects of the various patterns on the performance of the task. All subjects were administered the figure-ground subtest of the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the gross motor task which involved walking in a lateral direction between the rungs of a ladder placed in a horizontal position over a floor pattern. An analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the error-time performance among the groups. Pearson product-moment correlation techniques revealed significant relationships between the gross motor task and the Frostig test.  相似文献   

15.
In this study the authors examine the test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Repeat Ice Skating Test (RIST). This was an on-ice field anaerobic test that measured average peak power and was validated with 3 anaerobic lab tests: (a) vertical jump, (b) the Margaria–Kalamen stair test, and (c) the Wingate Anaerobic Test. The participants (n?=?14) were 11- to 12-year-old males selected from a Peewee “A” level ice hockey team (Thunder Bay, Canada). The results of the test–retest reliability estimation showed that the RIST was a reliable test at measuring average peak power in watts (R = .99, C.I.95% = 0.97 to 0.99) and watts per kilogram (R = .98, C.I.95% = 0.94 to 0.99). The RIST was also a valid test when correlated with the 3 anaerobic lab tests for measuring peak power in watts: vertical jump (r = .86, C.I.95% = 0.72 to 0.94), Margaria–Kalamen stair test (r = .66, C.I.95% = 0.39 to 0.83) and Wingate Anaerobic Test (r = .86, C.I.95% = 0.72 to 0.93). The test is considered promising because it does not require any specific equipment, and is a sport-specific, on-ice test, that can be administered during a regular ice hockey practice session.  相似文献   

16.
PurposeTo determine the intra-tester reliability of clinical measurements that assess five components related to core stability: strength, endurance, flexibility, motor control, and function.MethodsParticipants were 15 college-aged males who had not suffered any orthopedic injury in the past year. Core strength measurements included eight isometric tests and a sit-up test. The four core endurance tests were the trunk flexor test, trunk extensor test, and bilateral side bridge tests. Flexibility tests included the sit-and-reach test and active range of the trunk and hip joint motions. Proprioception via passive reposition tests of the hips and a single limb balance test on an unsteady platform were used to evaluate core motor control. Functional measurements consisted of a squat test and a single leg hop test for time and distance. Measurements were performed during two data collection sessions with a week's rest between the sessions. Intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to establish reliability.ResultsThe overall intra-rater reliability for all core stability related measurements ranged from low (ICC = 0.35, left hip reposition) to very high (ICC = 0.98, sit-and-reach). As a group, the core endurance tests were observed to be the most reliable.ConclusionThere are highly reliable tests in each of the five groups. Overall, core endurance tests are the most reliable measurements, followed by the flexibility, strength, neuromuscular control, and functional tests, respectively.  相似文献   

17.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in cognition between acute bouts of resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, and a nonexercise control in an untrained youth sample. Method: Ninety-four participants performed 30 min of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or nonexercise separated by 7 days each in a randomized crossover design. After each exercise intervention, participants were assessed using 2 cognitive tests. The Dot, Word, and Color elements of the Stroop Test (Victoria version) and Parts A and B of the Trail-Making Test were used to measure cognition. Results: Acute resistance and aerobic exercise resulted in similar improvements over nonexercise in all forms of the Stroop Test. Acute aerobic exercise led to improved performance over nonexercise and resistance exercise in Part B of the Trail-Making Test. Neither exercise intervention showed significant changes in time to complete Part A of the Trail-Making Test. Boys outperformed girls on the Stroop Dot and Color Test following acute aerobic exercise, in the Stroop Dot, Word, and Color Test following acute resistance exercise, and in the Stroop Color Test and Trail-Making Test Part B following nonexercise. Conclusions: Both acute resistance and aerobic exercise increased measures of cognition over a nonexercise control in untrained high school youth. These findings suggest the merits of acute resistance exercise as an alternative or complement to aerobic activity for educators aiming to increase youth physical activity and cognitive function concurrently.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

This study was designed to compare man's normal working physiological performance to that during rapid dehydration and rehydration. Seven trained men participated in submaximal exercise trials at three conditions (normal, dehydrated, and rehydrated). During each test measurements were recorded on the subject's rectal temperature change during exercise and recovery, exercise and recovery minute heart rates, minute volume, oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, ventilatory efficiency, and oxygen pulse. Analysis of the data, employing analysis of variance and Duncan's Multiple Range Test, indicated significant differences in mean exercise and second minute recovery heart rates, with an elevation during the dehydration test, and a return to normalcy for the rehydration test. Oxygen pulse decreased notably with dehydration, returning to normal with rehydration. Mean rectal temperature change, first minute recovery heart rate, oxygen consumption, ventilatory efficiency, minute volume, and respiratory quotient did not exhibit significant change.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effects of application of kinaesthetic tapes on plantarflexor muscle performance. We hypothesised that taping of the triceps surae muscle would improve plantarflexor muscle strength and endurance with no significant effect on drop jump performance. Using a repeated-measures design, all performance measures were obtained in 24 volunteers on two separate occasions: without tapes and after application of kinaesthetic tapes. Performance tests included measurements of isometric plantarflexor muscle strength and the associated electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle, an isokinetic fatigue resistance test (30 contractions at 180° · s?1) and assessments of drop jump performance. The taping-intervention was associated with an increase in gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. However, significant increases in isometric strength were only found at fully dorsiflexed ankle positions (+12% at ?20°). Strength gains were negatively correlated to baseline strength (r = ?.58). The intervention did not affect the results of the isokinetic fatigue and drop jump tests. The application of kinaesthetic tapes over the triceps surae muscle promotes an increase in isometric strength and gastrocnemius muscle activity. Our data suggest that these effects are joint-angle dependent and more prominent in weaker individuals. By contrast, the taping-intervention improves neither drop jump performance nor muscular endurance.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The AAHPER youth fitness test and Gordon's “How I See Myself” scale were administered to 75 grade 7 students. The subjects were divided into those with elementary school physical education provided by a specialist (N=46) and those from schools with no such specialist (N=29).

Those subjects who were taught by a specialist participated in experiences in rhythmic activities, group games, tumbling and gymnastics activities, and other individual and dual activities each week. The atmosphere was free from threat, providing opportunities for each child to experience a degree of success and yet be challenged further each day.

Results indicated that the subjects with the experience of working with a physical education specialist performed at a higher level and were more able to assess themselves accurately than were those subjects who had not worked with a physical education specialist in the elementary school.  相似文献   

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