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1.
As universities are increasingly called by their national governments for a more entrepreneurial management of public research results, they started to develop internal structures and policies to take a proactive role in the commercialisation of university research. For the first time, this paper presents a detailed chronicle of how country-level reforms on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) were translated into organisation-level mechanisms to regulate university-patenting activity. The analysis is based on the complete list of patent policies issued between 1993 and 2009 by the population of Italian universities. Our evidence suggests that universities first dealt with legislative changes on IPRs by enacting isomorphic behaviours, then by creating a community of practices, and finally by leveraging on such community to influence government reforms on IP-related matters. We discuss our results in the light of institutional theory and public policy. 相似文献
2.
Anne M. Cronin 《Journal of Cultural Economy》2016,9(4):396-409
Drawing on empirical data, this article identifies the emergence of the ‘PR University’ as an assemblage. Using a case study of university press officers’ work, I analyse how this form of media relations PR stages competition between UK universities through the media. A key form of this competition centres on the accumulation and circulation of what I term ‘reputational capital’. I focus on one core element of reputational capital – media stories about HE research and the circulation of research metrics. I argue that the assemblage of the public relations (PR) University pulls the HE sector into dialogue with PR principles and practices in the context of recent shifts towards market rationalities. But this relationship is not a simple cause and effect model in which increasing HE ‘marketisation’ creates a boom in universities’ PR practices, or intensifying investment in PR by universities merely amplifies or legitimises existing market tendencies in the sector. I argue that the PR University as assemblage starts generating its own logics around which actors in the field must orient themselves. More broadly, the PR University operates not only to promote an individual university’s market position, but also acts upon public debates about the social role, legitimacy and financing of UK Higher Education. 相似文献
3.
This essay considers recent implications of ‘new public management’ (NPM) strategies for the universities of Germany. It argues
that NPM poses a threat to the traditional values of the academic profession, and asks what the universities should do to
restore public trust in their methods and management. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of International and Intercultural Communication》2013,6(4):279-297
Abstract Based on the theoretical concepts of imagined communities (Anderson, 2006), public sphere (Habermas, 1962/1991), and muted groups (Kramarae, 1981), this essay looks at issues of identity and identity formation of the largest European minority—the Roma, or Gypsies. The essay argues that, similarly to the European identity project, the Roma are actively building a transnational identity without abandoning national identities. Although this model can be a valuable blueprint for increasingly globalizing societies, it is neglected as a possibility because of Roma's marginal social status. Further exploration of self-organized Roma identity-construction is advised. 相似文献
5.
Voldemar Tomusk 《Minerva》1996,34(3):279-289
Conclusions The academic standing of the staff working in vocational higher education must be judged as unsatisfactory according to two possible criteria: the traditional criteria, which are derived from the universities operating within the previous unitary higher education system; and the criteria outlined by the bill of the Law of Higher Education Institutions. The latter derive from the same historical institutional pattern.There are many reasons to conclude that, academically, in most fields of study, the new institutions do not reach the level of the old ones. However, the mission of the new sector—the second-rank academic institutions in the eyes of the traditional academic community—is at least debatable, if not mistaken. The public university sector appears to be in deep crisis, with academics so attached to the Humboldtian university that they ignore the claims for social relevance in education.8 This is further complicated by deepening financial hardship.Using traditional criteria, it is possible that Estonia will be left with two socially irrelevant higher education sectors, instead of one functioning sector. It is also possible that the second sector, which does not fit these criteria, will be eliminated. However, the fault does not lie wholly with the dominance of traditional university attitudes. It also lies in a lack of vision on the part of the new institutions. As children of the proletariat society, they fail to recognise their vocational orientation as a benefit, and instead try to hide it. They are developing theoretically overloaded four- to five-year study programmes. None of these institutions has solved the problem of balancing the requirement of employing 50 per cent faculty full time and maintaining a satisfactory academic level. The need to demonstrate that part-time employees may actually benefit the vocational sector has not yet been understood.9
As long as the sector continues to accept the rules forced upon it by the old universities, it probably has no useful role in Estonia. Its institutions, especially the public institutions, cannot compete with the traditional universities in academic fields. The universities, on the other hand, are beginning to understand that the policy they proclaimed some years ago, which was based on the clear distinction between two sectors on the German pattern, does not work in a small country with very limited resources, and an inheritance from the previous regime of a large university sector with an enrolment rate of more than 20 per cent of the age group. The universities have agreed to offer their own non-degree courses at diploma level, and now seriously threaten the small new institutions. From the financial point of view, the universities' expressed desire to swallow the small vocational institutions is beneficial since the small institutions have no clearly distinct role of their own.The private vocational higher education institutions do not conceal the fact that, according to their own vision, they have little place in the vocational sector. Some of them would like an official status equal to that of the universities, the right to offer graduate and postgraduate courses as well as diploma courses, and the registration of their diplomas and certificates on an equal basis with the public universities in the Register of Diplomas and Certificates at the Ministry of Culture and Education. In other words, they are interested in becoming fully accredited universities. This increases competition for students and—given the Estonian mechanism of public financing of higher education based on the number of students admitted provided by the Ministry of Culture and Education10—there will be less money for public universities. Here lies the origin of the principle that the universities are established by parliament and the vocational higher education institutions by executive action by the government.The existence of the new sector is seriously threatened. The current pattern of postgraduate studies has blocked the preparation of a sufficient number of research-degree holders, even at master's level.11 The new institutions cannot train their own faculty. The recent experience of Concordia International University—which depends greatly on staff with bachelor's and master's degrees from the United States, who form some 80 per cent of the faculty—demonstrates that the participation of first- or even second-rank Western academics in Estonian higher education can never be very high. If the system cannot accept experienced local staff for legal appointments in the vocational sector, unless they have a research degree, these institutions will not survive for long. Society will be back to the position where there are a large number of underpaid or unemployed academics, but a shortage of qualified individuals who could be self-employed and capable of running small and medium-size enterprises. 相似文献
6.
Richard Whitley 《Minerva》2011,49(4):359-385
Major changes in the governance of higher education and the public sciences have taken place over the past 40 or so years
in many OECD countries. These have affected the nature of authority relationships governing research priorities and the evaluation
of results. In particular, the increasing exogeneity, formalisation and substantive nature of governance mechanisms, as well
as the strength and extent of their enforcement, have altered the relative authority of different groups and organisations
over research priorities and evaluations, as well as creating some new ones. These shifts in authority have occurred to different
degrees in differently organised public science systems. As a result, the diversity and longevity of many research projects,
the intensity of competition for disciplinary reputations and the coordination of research goals and outcomes across universities
and national boundaries have changed to different degrees in different countries. 相似文献
7.
Patricia Davis 《Journal of International and Intercultural Communication》2016,9(3):222-239
ABSTRACTThis essay examines the cross-cultural communication strategies deployed by a coalition of indigenous tribes in Virginia to leverage the Quadricentennial commemoration of the founding at Jamestown in support of their sovereignty campaign. The tensions between Jamestown’s mythos as the “birthplace of democracy” and the natives’ historical and contemporary lived experiences, combined with the national and international attention focused on the events, constructed the 400th anniversary “celebrations” as a compelling location for social action. The coalition employed intercultural communicative practices—particularly cross-cultural dialogue and negotiation—as means of mobilizing these tensions to renegotiate their relationship with the federal government, illustrating the intersection of intercultural communication, memory, and identity. 相似文献
8.
This paper investigates the dynamic and performative construction of publics in public engagement exercises. In this investigation,
we, on the one hand, analyse how public engagement settings as political machineries frame particular kinds of roles and identities
for the participating publics in relation to ‘the public at large’. On the other hand, we study how the participating citizens
appropriate, resist and transform these roles and identities, and how they construct themselves and the participating group
in relation to wider publics. The empirical basis of our argument is a discussion of four different kinds of participation
events in Austria. Building on these observations we develop conclusions about the public up-take of public participation
in technoscience and the role of public engagement in current techno-political cultures. 相似文献
9.
Universities are expected to be places where knowledge is shared freely among academicians. However, the reality shows that knowledge sharing is barely present within universities these days. As Malaysia shifts towards building a knowledge-based society, academic institutions, particularly the public universities, now face ever-growing faculty demands for sharing quality resources and expertise. As a result, knowledge sharing in academia has become a rising concern. The purpose of this study, then, is to uncover the factors that propel knowledge sharing among academicians in higher learning institutions of Malaysia. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action as the basis for this study’s research framework, data was gathered from 447 academicians in 10 public universities scattered throughout the country. Findings from the Partial Least Squares analysis revealed that extrinsic motivation, reciprocal relationships, sense of self-worth and subjective norm are vital determinants of an academician’s attitude towards knowledge sharing. In turn, this attitude that is formed will largely determine whether the academician engages in knowledge sharing behaviors or not. Besides having a positive effect on attitude, sense of self-worth also exhibited a positive impact on the subjective norm to share knowledge. Consequently, this subjective norm will have an impact upon knowledge sharing behavior. In addition, perceived behavioral control and organizational climate were discovered to have a direct influence on knowledge sharing behaviors. Implications, limitations as well as suggestions for future research are accordingly discussed in this paper. 相似文献
10.
Stephen B. Adams 《Minerva》2009,47(4):367-390
A comparison of the engineering schools at UC Berkeley and Stanford during the 1940s and 1950s shows that having an excellent
academic program is necessary but not sufficient to make a university entrepreneurial (an engine of economic development).
Key factors that made Stanford more entrepreneurial than Cal during this period were superior leadership and a focused strategy.
The broader institutional context mattered as well. Stanford did not have the same access to state funding as public universities
(such as Cal in the period under consideration) and some private universities (such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and the Johns Hopkins University in their early histories). Therefore, in order to gather resources, Stanford was forced to
become entrepreneurial first, developing business skills (engaging with high-tech industry) at the same time Cal was developing political skills (protecting and increasing its state appropriation). Stanford’s early development of entrepreneurial business skills
played a crucial role in the development of Silicon Valley. 相似文献
11.
Alena L. Vasilyeva 《Journal of International and Intercultural Communication》2019,12(2):146-166
ABSTRACTThe study explores educational meetings that have a goal of promoting the Belarusian language and providing a platform for people who want to interact in this language. These meetings are not like any traditional language courses; they are rather a public discussion space for a community of people who speak Belarusian, try to speak this language, or are interested in it. Findings demonstrate how the identity of a Belarusian-speaking Belarusian is interactionally constructed and speaking Belarusian is framed in relation to identity formation and language ideology. 相似文献
12.
In the last decades of the twentieth century universities in Europe and other OECD countries have undergone a profound transformation.
They have evolved from mainly élite institutions for teaching and research to large (public and private) organisations responsible
for mass higher education and the production and distribution of new knowledge. Increasingly, new knowledge is produced by
universities not only for its own sake but also for potential economic gains. 相似文献
13.
Richard Whitley 《Minerva》2012,50(4):493-510
Despite major changes in the governance of universities overtly intended to transform them into authoritatively integrated collectivities, the extent of their organisational actorhood remains quite limited and varied between OECD countries. This is because of inherent limitations to the managerial direction and control of research and teaching activities in public science systems as well as considerable variations in how governance changes are being implemented in different kinds of states. Four ideal types of university can be distinguished in terms of their strategic and operational autonomy and capability: Hollow, State-contracted, State-chartered and Private-portfolio. These become established under different proximate and background conditions such that relatively high levels of organisational actorhood are unlikely to be achieved in many OECD countries without major shifts in state structures and policies. 相似文献
14.
Anders Ravn Sørensen 《Journal of Cultural Economy》2016,9(2):173-185
This article develops a detailed overview of literature on the relationship between monetary organization, understood as currencies and central banks, and issues of national identity and nationalism. It demonstrates how the literature on this subject for the past 20 years has developed into a distinct research field and the article sketches a set of different methodological approaches as well as geographical and thematical variations within the field. In particular, the overview points to a recent shift in focus from a preoccupation with the identity-cultivating qualities of monetary organization to an emphasis on how collective identities legitimize monetary organization. Based on the literature review, the article points to two underdeveloped themes for future research to investigate: (1) further studies on the interrelation between the legitimacy of monetary organization and national identity, (2) an increased focus on central banks and monetary authorities, as well as the historical development in which monetary organization evolved in concert with ideas of the national identity and nationalism. 相似文献
15.
As public research organisations are increasingly driven by their national and regional governments to engage in knowledge
transfer, they have started to support the creation of companies. These research based spin-off companies (RBSOs) often keep
contacts with the research institutes they originate from. In this paper we present the results of a study of four research
institutes within two universities and two non-university public research organisations (PROs) in the Netherlands. We show
that research organisations have distinct motivations to support the creation of spin-off companies. In terms of resources
RBSOs contribute, mostly in a modest way, to research activities by providing information, equipment and monetary resources.
In particular, RBSOs are helpful for researchers competing for research grants that demand participation of industry. Furthermore,
RBSOs may be seen as a proactive response by Dutch public research organisations to demands of economic relevance from their
institutional environment. RBSOs enhance the prestige of their parent organisations and create legitimacy for public funds
invested in PROs. At the same time, most RBSOs do not have a significant impact on the direction of the research conducted
at the PROs. 相似文献
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17.
基层治理是国家治理的基础,其在国家认同与基础秩序维护、民情表达与公共参与、公共服务供给与社会福利配置等方面对现代国家建设具有重要作用。基层治理有效性的提高离不开现代社区发展,同样社区发展也需要进一步推进基层治理改革。当前,中国社区发展面临碎片化、阶层化、个体化、代际更替和技术变革等五大挑战,因而基层治理需要有针对性改革以更好应对上述挑战,这就意味着五种基层治理能力建设需要得到高度重视:社区发展能力、利益均衡能力、财政支撑能力、组织动员能力和主动改革能力。 相似文献
18.
Melinda Hinkson 《Culture, Theory & Critique》2013,54(3):301-317
Since the early 1900s, Warlpiri people living in the central desert region of Australia have experienced an intense process of adaption to the changing circumstances of postcolonial life. From the earliest days, their encounters with kardiya, non-Aboriginal people, have been mediated by diverse visual technologies that have, over time, become integral to the ways Warlpiri orient themselves to each other and their wider world. In this paper I trace the key elements of the complex visual environment that has emerged from this history of mediation. The central part of the paper considers events around the repatriation to Warlpiri communities in 2011 of a collection of drawings made in the 1950s by their forebears. In responses to a medium that once was new but now is old, several points of interest emerge, among them a clear sense of a hierarchy of value Warlpiri apply to modes of visual communication. In the context of the return of the drawings, the significance Warlpiri ascribe to other visual media comes to the fore. I consider some of the ways visual forms are deployed in support of public projections of cultural identity on the one hand and everyday modes of expression and address on the other. The paper's central argument is that contemporary Warlpiri attitudes to images – whether they be drawn, painted or broadcast – reveal the complex postcolonial workings of mimetic desire. 相似文献
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改革开放25年(1978-2002)电影中的乡村一方面具有档案价值,另一方面是小中窥大、面对未来的观察窗口.立足于日常空间理论和电影空间3要素,对中国4部电影中的乡村空间进行了论述.指出原物重在"传和承",电影叙事中的组织制度变化、公共空间和节点转换,对建构新的身份认同颇为关键. 相似文献