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1.
In 1988 UAJ completed the first phase of its initial plan, thus enabling an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of UAJ and a forecast of its future based on available data. The cost per student at UAJ is 2/5, 1/2, and 3/4 of that at national, public, and day programs of private universities, and 1.1 times and 6.7 times of that at evening and correspondence programs of private universities repectively. The projected cost per graduate is slightly lower than that at national universities and 1.1, 1.9 and 2.3 times of that at public, correspondence and day, and evening programs of private universities respectively. The cost per credit is 1.3, 1.5, 2.2, 2.4 and 4.6 times of national and public universities, day, evening, and correspondence programs of private universities respectively.The simulations indicate that the cost per credit can be decreased by expanding the operation of UAJ to a nationwide scale, employing a surface circuit or satellite system; however, it is necessary that the number of students be doubled in order to make the cost per credit equivalent to that at public universities. However, even when the number of students is four times, the cost per credit is not equivalent to that at day programs of private universities regardless of what method is used. Although the current cost per credit is higher than that of conventional universities, changes in cummunication technology and student characteristics could alter the cost-effectiveness of UAJ. 相似文献
2.
The University of the Air of Japan (UAJ) was established to provide all people access to university level education. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate from several different perspectives the cost-effectiveness of UAJ and its nationwide expansion.Even when considering only direct cost, the per student cost of UAJ is lower than that of any conventional campus-based university program. When indirect cost such as opportunity cost and study expenses are also considered, the economic advantage of UAJ is especially apparent. Much of UAJ's economic advantage is the result of the very low opportunity cost to UAJ students.The economic advantage of UAJ as indicated by cost per graduate and cost per credit is smaller than that indicated by cost per student. When both direct and indirect cost are considered, the cost per credit of UAJ is 0.51 and 0.53 of that at national and public universities; 0.65, 0.86 and 2.8 of that of day programs, evening programs and correspondence programs respectively at private universities.Simulations of a nationwide expansion demonstrate that UAJ will be more economical if a satellite broadcasting system is used. Although it will require high initial and fixed costs, the cost per credit will decrease with an increase in the number of students. The most economical method of expansion may be to send video tapes to study centers and students until the number of students reaches economical levels, and to increase cooperation with conventional universities in the cooperative use of classrooms for study centers and credit transfer. 相似文献
3.
为持续收集和深入地分析中国民办本科院校及独立学院的科研发展状况,评价研究团队在2020年继续组织开展了中国民办本科院校及独立学院科研竞争力评价的研究工作。2020年的评价仍然坚持系统性、可比性、可操作性、可持续性、可重复验证和结合民办本科院校及独立学院当前实际等六大原则,评价对象包括170所民办本科院校和238所独立学院,数据时间为2018-2019年,其中2019年的数据权重占60%,2018年的数据权重占40%。研究结果显示:(1)民办本科院校及独立学院目前的整体科研实力仍然十分薄弱;(2)西京学院、宁波财经学院及浙江树人学院等高校处于民办本科院校排行榜前列;电子科技大学中山学院、厦门大学嘉庚学院及北京师范大学珠海分校等高校处于独立学院排行榜前列(3)近两年来民办本科院校中科研业绩有明显进步的高校主要有无锡太湖学院、西安培华学院和阳光学院;独立学院中主要有西安交通大学城市学院、新乡医学院三全学院和四川外国语大学重庆南方翻译学院等。 相似文献
4.
日本高等师范学校遭遇数次“存废”之争，最终以“教育大学”的姿态延续至今。教师培养课程（师范类专业）和新课程（非师范专业）共同组成日本国立教育大学的本科专业体系。作为全国教师教育体系的核心据点，日本国立教育大学始终秉行使命，深耕教师培养课程，全面涵盖与初中等教育和教学科目对应的专业，以培养具备高度专业水准的教师为己任。新课程作为应对少子化造成教师需求量下降问题而采取的权宜之计，改变了日本国立教育大学本科专业的单一结构，其体量相对较小。政府在新课程的开设及其从激增到式微的过程中占据主导地位。由于特定历史根源与社会背景，日本国立教育大学本科专业形成了综合、细分、立体等结构特征。在自主与自律的基础上，日本国立教育大学持续优化专业结构，以寻求自立发展。 相似文献
5.
Geoff Harris 《Higher Education》1997,33(1):29-38
Around 60 per cent of UK universities practice job sharing. This article is based on a survey of Personnel Directors in UK universities concerning their perceptions of job sharing. These responses were then used to carry out a cost benefit evaluation of job sharing from the universities' perspective. If productivity of workers in the shared job rose by as little as 0.35 per cent – one third of one per cent – the estimated increase in Personnel Section costs would be covered. If there was a 5 per cent increase in productivity, the ratio of benefits to costs would be 14.3 to 1. Universities also save as a result of greater retention of staff, and there are also important benefits to society, particularly less overall stress and reduced unemployment levels. 相似文献
6.
This article analyzes patterns of expenditure on higher education in Jordan, explores the current system??s adequacy, efficiency, and equity, and identifies its strengths and weaknesses in light of current constraints and future challenges. Among the constraints are the relatively low public expenditure on higher education, leaving households to compensate through private expenditure. Moreover, despite more spending on university education, the quickly rising volume of students has required compromises in quality. Meanwhile, gradually falling subsidies have pressured public universities to reconsider their financing mechanisms and become more efficient. Cost-sharing mechanisms have been introduced through commercial private universities and ??parallel programmes?? at public universities. This generates much-needed income, but raises two critical issues. Students from poorer backgrounds find it even more difficult to enter university, and quality is constrained because universities must compromise on tasks that are essential but not profitable such as research and development. Among the suggested solutions are promoting the culture of charitable endowments, perhaps through a revision of the Islamic awqaf system, and developing innovative financial mechanisms to tap private savings without incurring the hazards of profit maximization. 相似文献
7.
Privatization in higher education is usually understood either as the surge of private institutions or as universities’ growing reliance on private sources of funding or otherwise operating more like firms. Joining the growing literature on university entrepreneurship, this is a case study on the less examined problem of entrepreneurial universities in developing countries. In a period of roughly 15 years, the Pontificia Universidad Católica of Chile, founded in 1888, turned itself from a mostly teaching institution to a research-oriented university, responsible for one-fourth of the Chile’s mainstream scientific output and 40% of all Ph.D.s awarded nationally. Yet, public funding represents today only 17% of its revenues, down from almost 90% in 1972. How such academic development could have occurred as the State withdrew and the market took hold of Chilean higher education after the reforms introduced by the military rule of Augusto Pinochet (1973–1990) is the theme of this work. Universidad Católica’s policies and strategies are described, and the factors contributing to its success, together with their limitations, identified. The case suggests that orientation to the market can be more a means for survival and growth under the pressure of privatization, than a result of a ‘Triple Helix’ strategy of universities, government and industry to generate innovation out of academic knowledge. Secondly, while in the industrialized world, higher education entrepreneurship is associated with knowledge production for economic development (‘Mode 2’), entrepreneurial universities in the context of developing countries may just be finding their way to the academic, disciplinary mode of research. 相似文献
8.
建设国家级高水平民办高校的若干思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在建设高等教育强国的背景下,国家层面的高水平强校建设工程中应有高水平民办高校的地位。本文论述了国家层面高水平民办高校建设工程的必要性和可行性,从民办高校和管理部门两个层面提出国家层面高水平民办高校建设工程的建议和工作思路。 相似文献
9.
Abstract The key task in the establishment of a university charter is ensuring that the text of the charter is in conformity with the law, in compliance with regulations, and rational. This paper proposes a system of observed indicators for textual expression in private university charters in China, including 6 dimensions for Level 1 indicators and 20?key elements for charter content. Through textual analysis of the charters of 105 private undergraduate universities in China, the authors found that, in terms of their textual expression, private university charters universally exhibit issues such as incompleteness of the key elements of content, failure to highlight individual characteristics, an imbalanced internal power structure, unstandardized operations, imperfect mechanisms for democracy and oversight, and so on. The state’s implementation of categorized management of nonprofit and for-profit private schools should be regarded as a golden opportunity to further strengthen the effective supply of external institutions for private universities, perfect the internal governance structures of private universities, improve the mechanisms by which academic organizations at private universities exercise their roles, and achieve effective linkage between private university charters and concrete internal regulations. 相似文献
10.
In this paper we examine variations in Honours programs in Australian universities and the consequences that this has for
students who wish to undertake higher degrees by research after their undergraduate programs have been successfully completed.
Our review of universities’ Honours programs across rural, regional, and urban Australia has indicated that there is a degree
of variation that is localised as far as each university is concerned, and that there is a lack of consistency in various
universities’ application of policies or procedures in the implementation of their Honours programs. We conclude by calling
for greater consistency across universities in Australia in the awarding of Honours, certainly, but also suggesting that a
review needs to be undertaken as part of national, systematic and orchestrated project. 相似文献
11.
In this research, we used institutionalcharacteristics and market-related factors to predictuniversity president's pay, benefits, and totalcompensation at 190 private colleges and universities. Results showed that university CEOs' pay was relatedto the expenditures, type of institution, theexistence of professional schools, and academicreputation ranking, while their benefits package wasrelated to the expenditure, type of institution,reputation ranking, and undergraduate student'stuition. CEOs' total compensation (pay and benefitscombined) was related to the expenditures, type ofinstitution, reputation ranking, and tuition. Resultsof this study support the notion that agency theorycan be used to provide a theoretical framework topredict university CEOs' pay, benefits, and totalcompensation. 相似文献
12.
Andrés Bernasconi 《Higher Education》2006,52(2):303-342
The expansion of private sectors of higher education has usually been regarded as a factor of diversification in higher education
systems. Some of this differentiation has been found to arise from the affiliation of private institutions with organizations
outside the field of higher education. This article reports the results of a study of this form of interorganizational relationship
in private universities in Chile. Cases include universities founded or sponsored by religious, business and military organizations.
A typology of private universities is proposed, on the basis of the forms affiliation (or its absence), was observed to take
in the cases examined. Weak and strong forms of affiliation are described, and affiliated universities are compared to “proprietary”
universities, i.e., those owned by individuals who govern them from their positions in the board of directors, and “independent”
universities, in which governance lies with internal – academic or administrative – constituents. Albeit derived from the
case of Chile, the typology could be applied to the analysis of private higher education in other national systems. The second
part of the article seeks to ascertain whether affiliation operates as a source of differentiation in Chilean private higher
education. Results show that, compared to the other types of private universities, the affiliated ones possess distinctive
mission statements and declarations of principles, consistent with the orientations of their sponsor institutions, they tend
to be smaller, and to have more full-time and better qualified faculty. Some receive financial support from their sponsor
organization or its members. Distinctiveness was not found in indicators of prestige and student selectivity, nor in tuition
levels, program offerings, curriculum design, the weight of research and graduate programs in their functions, student socioeconomic
profile, and faculty involvement in governance. This is not to say that there are no differences in these dimensions among
private universities: much diversity exists, but most of it cuts across all categories of interest for our study. Overall,
affiliation does not appear to be a strong factor behind the diversification that exists in the Chilean private university
sector. 相似文献
13.
This paper estimates economies of scale and scope for 36 Australian universities using a multiple-input, multiple-output cost
function over the period 1998–2006. The three inputs included in the analysis are full-time equivalent academic and non-academic
staff and physical capital. The five outputs are undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD completions, national competitive and
industry grants, and publications. The findings indicate that ray economies of scale hold up to about 120% of current mean
output though product-specific economies of scale hold only for undergraduate teaching. Global economies of scope prevail
in the sector, increasing with the level of mean output, while product-specific economies of scope arise for all outputs except
publications. A cost efficiency index constructed using the sector benchmark indicates that the universities of Ballarat,
Southern Cross and Flinders have a high level of cost efficiency, while New South Wales, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
and James Cook are cost inefficient. 相似文献
14.
This study uses the stochastic frontier multiple-product cost function that is modeled after Battese and Coelli [Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1995). A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production for panel data. Empirical Economics 20(2), 325–332.] in order to empirically measure the cost efficiency of the University Operation Fund (UOF) on Taiwan's public universities.The original purpose of the UOF's implementation was to reduce the government's financial burden by increasing cost efficiency in higher education institutions. By nature, the UOF differs from the traditional governmental budget regimes in three major respects. First of all, institutional operations and programs are no longer fully funded by government appropriations. Secondly, the universities can now retain surplus resources. Finally, the regulations on the use of funds raised by each institution itself are now less cumbersome. These differences provide universities with incentives for higher cost-efficiency and more active fund-raising.The empirical results from our study, which are based on panel data gathered from 34 public universities during the academic years 1992–2000, suggest that the adoption of the UOF has had a significantly negative impact on cost efficiency. 相似文献
15.
Hybrid practices? Contributions to the debate on the mutation of science and university 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary This article reflects on current debate over transformations of scientific research and universities. Four well-known mutation theories (Mode-2 knowledge production, triple helix of university–industry–government relations, academic capitalism and enterprise university), and their recent critiques, are reviewed. It is suggested that a better understanding of the changes can be achieved by drawing analytic insight from research that speaks about scientific practices. Advantages that may be so attained are illustrated through a case study of a plant-biotechnology research group that pursued to straddle the fuzzy university-business boundary. On such grounds, three arguments that pertain to the mutation theories are put forward: (1) the need to appreciate the dynamics between theoretical, experimental and applied dimensions of research work; (2) the fact that external research funding intermingles with the complex social ecology of disciplines at the departmental level of universities; (3) the difficulties academics encounter as they try to fuse their university activities with private commercial development. 相似文献
16.
本的研究目的在于分析和把握在校大学生的个人教育支出和筹资状况。研究对象为4所重点大学的1341名本科生，调查方法是抽样问卷调查，问卷内容包括大学生的个人特征和教育经历、家庭背景、当前的教育支出和筹资方式、对大学生活的满意程度以及就业意向。问卷内容涉及面较广，笔在此仅分析决定大学生教育支出的主要因素，考察大学生的个人教育支出和筹资状况，兼论大学生对学杂费支付金额的态度以及学生资助的公平性、有效性和充实程度。 相似文献
17.
The present study addresses two objectives regarding motivational and affective variables which affect undergraduate students' learning outcomes. In this investigation, we (1) built an empirical model based on the presage–process–product paradigm to clarify potential effects of study habits and of action–emotion style (a classification resulting from analyses of the components of the Type-A Behavior Pattern) on students' academic performance; and (2) evaluated relations of inter-dependence between levels of TABP components, study habits and undergraduate students' academic performance. We used two different samples of 360 and 409 university students from different programs at a university in southeastern Spain. Findings suggest that action–emotion style is a predictor for explaining students' individual differences in motivation and learning outcomes. The research results of this study, although exploratory in nature, are discussed with respect to implications at the research and practical level. 相似文献
18.
《Higher Education Policy》1997,10(3-4):275-289
The period 1979–1996 was one of radical change in British higher education. Initially change was mainly financial, expenditure was cut severely. In response the universities sought funds from elsewhere. By the mid-1980s expenditure cuts were supplemented by government initiatives to encourage universities and polytechnics to undertake research and consultancy contracts with industry and to seek private donations. Education Acts in 1988 and 1992 speeded the pace of change. Most large higher education institutions were redesignated as universities with consequential changes to the idea of a university. Public funding mechanisms were established that encouraged expansion at marginal costs much lower than average costs. The results were dramatic. Between 1989 and 1994 enrollments increased by over 50% and expenditure per student fell by 30%. Financial power shifted from providers to consumers and proxy consumers. Universities began to contract out non-core activities. This paper describes these changes and considers their significance for the nature and meaning of higher education in Britain. 相似文献
19.
Janet M. Cope Cynthia C. Bennett Gytis Balilionis Dianne M. Person 《Anatomical sciences education》2021,14(1):79-88
In 2017, Elon University became one of very few universities in the United States without a medical school to have an in-house Anatomical Gift Program (AGP). The program accepts first-person-consenting individuals only and within 2.5 years has become self-sufficient, supporting anatomy curricular needs of its physical therapy, physician assistant, and undergraduate biology and anthropology programs (n = 21 donors annually). This paper describes the timeline, costs, and benefits of developing an in-house AGP at a university without a medical school. Policy development, public outreach, equipment needs, and cost benefits are discussed. Within 2.5 years of program opening, the AGP Director delivered 161 educational outreach presentations at 86 different venues across the state providing information on anatomical gifting. The program registered 320 individuals (60% female, 40% male) and enrolled 41 deceased donors (69% female, 31% male; average age of 74.6 at time of registration and 74.8 at donation). During the first seven months of the program, donor preparation costs (with outsourcing for transport/donor preparation/document filing/serology testing/cremation) averaged US$ 2,100 per donor. Over the past 23 months, donor preparation has been completed on site, lowering the cost per donor to US$ 1,260. Other costs include personnel salaries, legal fees, and outfitting of the anatomy laboratory and preparatory room. Program benefits include support of anatomy education on campus, assurance that all donors have given first-person consent, and faculty/student access to donor-determined health, social, and occupational information. Faculty, staff, and students contribute to the daily operations of the AGP. 相似文献
20.
The study examines changes in the productivity of U.S. colleges and universities in the provision of instruction from 1967–68 to 1976–77. Combining our data with that from June O'Neill's earlier study of the 1929–30 to 1966–67 period it is possible to observe productivity trends over a period of nearly fifty years. Our figures show declining output per unit of input from the late sixties to the late seventies, and we attribute the decline to an inability to adjust rapidly to changes in demand, the momemtum of the 1960s expansion programs, and a dramatic decline in external funding of research. 相似文献