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1.
《Assessing Writing》2005,10(1):5-43
We assessed whether and how the discourse written for prototype integrated tasks (involving writing in response to print or audio source texts) field tested for Next Generation TOEFL® differs from the discourse written for independent essays (i.e., the TOEFL Essay®). We selected 216 compositions written for six tasks by 36 examinees in a field test—representing score levels 3, 4, and 5 on the TOEFL Essay—then coded the texts for lexical and syntactic complexity, grammatical accuracy, argument structure, orientations to evidence, and verbatim uses of source text. Analyses with non-parametric MANOVAs followed a three (task type: TOEFL Essay, writing in response to a reading passage, writing in response to a listening passage) by three (English proficiency level: score levels 3, 4, and 5 on the TOEFL Essay) within-subjects factorial design. The discourse produced for the integrated writing tasks differed significantly from the discourse produced in the independent essay for the variables of: lexical complexity (text length, word length, ratio of different words to total words written), syntactic complexity (number of words per T-unit, number clauses per T-unit), rhetoric (quality of propositions, claims, data, warrants, and oppositions in argument structure), and pragmatics (orientations to source evidence in respect to self or others and to phrasing the message as either declarations, paraphrases, or summaries). Across the three English proficiency levels, significant differences appeared for the variables of grammatical accuracy as well as all indicators of lexical complexity (text length, word length, ratio of different words to total words written), one indicator of syntactic complexity (words per T-unit), one rhetorical aspect (quality of claims in argument structure), and two pragmatic aspects (expression of self as voice, messages phrased as summaries). 相似文献
2.
The analysis of argumentative discourse produced by 68 students aged 10–17 reveals two facets: argumentative discourse involves both dialogal and argumentative operations. When the dialogue goal calls for the speakers to reach a compromise on a debate topic, they are prompted to negotiate the discourse object: negotiation on content of the exchanges (argumentative cooperativeness which presupposes an articulation of each partner’s arguments with the other partner’) and on the level of the formal argumentative markers of negotiation. The key finding is that dialogal and argumentative operations are functionally linked: the percentage of markers of utterance involvement, axiological forms and modalizations is much higher in argumentative cooperative discourse as compared to discourse where cooperativeness is only dialogal (in which the speakers merely regulate turn taking and maintain thematic continuity). Furthermore, the differentiation in frequency of use of negotiation markers as a function of type of cooperativeness increases with age. Argumentative dialogue thus emerges as a complex form of language behavior which brings interconnected language operations into play. 相似文献
3.
Explaining natural phenomena is an important goal in science teaching. A logical analysis reveals that causal explanations exhibit formal operational structures in that they consist of implication statements chained together through transitive reasoning. It was hypothesized in the present study that individuals who do not reason formally will have difficulty in learning explanations presented in instruction. To test this hypothesis, the effect of levels of operational thought on the explanations which ninth-grade (n = 26) and college (n = 40) physical science students reconstructed after instruction was investigated. Subjects in the study were classified through Piagetian tests as concrete or formal operational. Both concrete and formal subjects were successful in recalling explanations requiring the chaining of two implication statements. Formal operational subjects performed significantly better than concrete operational subjects in three of the four tests of the reconstruction of complex explanations requiring the chaining of six implication statements. In teaching complex causal explanations to students at the concrete operational level, it is suggested that teachers be prepared to furnish some external structuring which the students can rely on in logically relating the various propositions of the explanation to one another. 相似文献
4.
Pierre Coirier Caroline Golder 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1993,8(2):169-181
The development of argumentative writing is studied here by examining the structural organization of argumentative texts. It is assumed that the ability to construct supporting relationships, that is, a conclusion statement supported by argument statements, is acquired gradually with age. The following stages of acquisition are postulated: (1) a preargumentation stage, where at first no explicit position is stated, and then an explicit position is stated but is not supported by an argument; (2) a minimal argumentation stage, where a position is explicitly taken and supported by one argument; and (3) an elaborated argumentation stage, where at least two unrelated supporting arguments are used, and then two related arguments are used. Two corpora were gathered under similar conditions: collective debate in the classroom, followed by individual essays written on the chosen topic. The first corpus was produced by 147 children aged 7 to 14, and a group of 34 college students. The second corpus included the protocols of 92 children aged 11 to 16 the essays were graded for the presence or absence of each structural level, and then classified at the highest structural level exhibited. The resulting classification largely confirmed the hypothesized order for the stages of argumentative development. The minimal argumentative structure (standpoint + one supporting argument) was mastered by nearly 90% of the 7 and 8 year-olds. The most elaborate structural level in our model (two related arguments) was attained later: less than one out of four 7–8 year olds versus three out of four beyond age 14. Techniques involving more complex argumentative relations such as refutations and counterarguments, or restriction of one argument by another, are mastered even later and seem to be strongly linked to the nature of the issues under debate. Three main conclusions can be drawn from these results: precocious argumentative skills exist in children before age 11 or 12, argumentative discourse complexity continues to increase up to age 14 and beyond, and the characteristics of the referential domain of argumentation have an impact on this structural elaboration process. 相似文献
5.
Christopher S. Walsh 《Journal of Research in Reading》2009,32(1):126-136
Multiliteracies‐related research is just emerging from the formal discourse of pedagogical theorising and how it may look in practice needs further exploration. This research, initiated under that warrant, presents practitioner research and the enactment of a multiliteracies curriculum with Year 8 students in New York City's Chinatown. The study describes a collaborative digital literacies project with a local contemporary arts museum where students engaged in the multi‐modal redesign of school texts. First, the article outlines a move of multiliteracies theory into curriculum practice where students explored questions of Chinese‐American and immigrant identities through a discourse analysis of history texts. Then, drawing on a digital gothic and hip‐hop cartoon Web project, it outlines how students challenged ways their ethnic identities were positioned by drawing political satire cartoons about immigration to the United States. The project concluded with a virtual exhibition of students' artwork where they inserted their cartoons within existing educational websites using HTML and Flash. It argues that the redesigned websites are a new set of multi‐modal literacy practices that allow youth to disrupt racist and exclusionary discourses they encounter in school texts and their lived experiences. 相似文献
6.
张斌 《连云港师范高等专科学校学报》2003,(2):24-27
通过英语习语生成转换特征，阐述各类英语习语中的语法、语义、语用等特征，说明这一简洁、有效的语言形式在人们交流中所起的作用；并试图通过诸多语言理论揭开英语习语内部与转换生成特征相关的因素。 相似文献
7.
Nigel Fancourt 《British Journal of Religious Education》2016,38(3):325-340
This article explores the place of discourse about religions in education by comparing two very different schools. It initially outlines some of the current debates around religious discourse, notably in dialogue. A theoretical frame for analysing religious discourse in schools is proposed, combining a theorisation of three levels of dialogue with both notions of classification and framing and with a distinction between the formal curriculum and the institutional curriculum. Research in ‘Flintmead’ and ‘Headley’ is then described: the former an elite Anglican private boarding school, the latter a secular non-selective state day school. The analysis shows how the schools build complex structures across the different dialogical levels, between and within the formal and institutional curriculum, with varying strengths of classification and framing. In particular, similar approaches to religious education sit alongside different discursive structures. The implications of the study for further comparison are discussed, and for understandings of religious dialogue. 相似文献
8.
The Structure of Discourse in Collaborative Learning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Clark A. Chinn Angela M. O'donnell Theresa S. Jinks 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(1):77-97
The authors examined the types of discourse structures that emerge during peer learning and the ways in which those structures are related to learning. One hundred and five 5th graders learned about writing conclusions that summarized the results of experiments they had conducted with electrical circuits. In groups of 4, they discussed the quality of 3 conclusions. The discourse structure of the discussions could be readily characterized as a network of arguments and counterarguments. The quantitative measures of the quality of those argument structures were positively related to improvement in the students' ability to write their own conclusions. In addition, the students who simply discussed whether the 3 conclusions were OK or not OK generated less complex argument structures than the students who discussed which of the 3 conclusions was best and which was worst. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the structure of peer discourse as a mediator of what students learn from peer interactions. 相似文献
9.
10.
The election of a Labour government in Britain, after 18 years of Conservative rule, has seen the emergence of a new educational discourse, based on a distinctive combination of cultural, economic and social themes. In this article, we identify the components of the discourse, and explore how it is currently deployed in arguments for educational change. Specifically, our focus is on two recent documents: All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture and Education (NACCCE 1999), produced by an Advisory Committee appointed by the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS); and Making Movies Matter (FEWG 1999) by the Film Education Working Group, set up by the British Film Institute at the request of the DCMS. Embodying in separate ways the features of the emergent discourse, these texts also position themselves very differently in relation to current educational policy. Through a critique of the reports, we identify some of the broader difficulties of the ‘cultural turn’ in education, and the possibility of a more productive alternative. 相似文献
11.
While an increasing body of Australian and international research has explored the relationship between media and education, few studies have examined this relationship in the context of early childhood education. This paper contributes to this research gap by reporting on a corpus-assisted discourse analysis of how childcare is represented in 801 newspaper texts from six Australian newspapers. As a foundational paper of a broader study investigating public and political influences on parents’ childcare choices, the paper details the use and utility of corpus linguistic tools for exploring the discourse construction of childcare in a large corpus of media texts. It also highlights the value of analysing media corpora via media ownership, focusing on the two dominant Australian media organisations, Fairfax and News Corp. Analyses reveal similarities but also key differences in the representation of childcare in Fairfax and News Corp newspapers. In Australia, print media still sets the daily media agenda and reflects the dominant discourse constructions surrounding major public issues. Accordingly, the beliefs, practices and decision-making of current and potential parent users of formal childcare may be differentially influenced depending not just on their (direct or indirect) access to print media, but by the format (tabloid or broadsheet) and thus ownership (Fairfax or News Corp). 相似文献
12.
一场修辞运动包括话语所蕴含的幻象主题,社会群体的幻象链联以及话语所产生的修辞幻象。修辞幻象一旦形成,就会改变某一社会群体中人们的情感和态度,驱使他们采取某种行动。泛北部湾旅游形象塑造也是一场修辞运动,需要把旅游幻象主题寓于一定的话语材料之中,通过多种链联渠道,形成旅游修辞幻象,使受众群体产生旅游动机和旅游欲望。 相似文献
13.
Peter Cunningham 《History of education》2019,48(1):118-141
Visual images played an increasing role in professional discourse and in popular and political debate about progressive education over a century or more. In the early 1900s photography was adopted by some progressive texts to convey new ideas illustrated by practice. This paper highlights an iconic example: John and Evelyn Dewey’s celebrated Schools of To-Morrow (1915), with reference to a small selection of its photographic illustrations. Consideration is given to how images were constructed, their status as historical evidence and issues of interpretation. Comparison is made with other illustrated works, preceding and following Schools of To-Morrow, by advocates of child- or student-centred pedagogies. The article urges critical reflection on visual representation in arguments for and against progressivism in more recent times. Insights drawn from earlier examples should be borne in mind by historians seeking to evaluate the role of pictorial sources in discourses of pedagogical reform. 相似文献
14.
依照《汉书·艺文志》图书分类法，参考汉代出土文献研究成果，以文献文化史视角梳理、分析《论衡》所引"诸子类""诗赋类"文献，鸟瞰王充的知识来源与阅读视野。同时，将上述文献细分为王充"读过""可能读过""仅作为论据提及，难以断定是否寓目原书"等情况详加申述，指出部分文献对《论衡》话语表达、学术建构的影响，并在具体论述中补充、修订若干前人的观点。 相似文献
15.
This investigation applies two approaches for representing and comparing text structures as undirected network graphs to describe the influence of narrative and expository lesson texts on readers’ knowledge structure elicited as free recall. Narrative and expository lesson texts and undergraduate participants’ free recall essays (n = 90) from a study by Wolfe and Mienko (Br J Educ Psychol 77, 541–564, 2007) were reanalyzed for lexical proximity as sequential occurrence of selected important terms in the text and as actual minimum distances between these terms. The proximity data were then rendered as Pathfinder networks for analysis. Compared to human-rater benchmark measures, the convergent validity of the sequential approach (range of r = .53 to .83, median r = .70) was a little better than that of the minimum distance approach (.51 to .80, median r = .67). Further, we anticipated that the lesson text structure would be reflected in the text structure of the free recall essays, but this was not observed. On average, the essays in all three lesson conditions tended to converge on a sequential expository structure. Further, compared to the expository lesson texts, the narrative lesson text had a distinctly different influence on posttest recall essay text structures. Overall then, the sequential occurrence approach appears to provide a reasonably good, automatically derived method for representing and comparing lesson texts and participants’ essays as network graphs. If further confirmed and fully automated, there is a wide range of application of such measurement approaches for learning and research. 相似文献
16.
Jacqui Gingras 《Learning Inquiry》2009,3(3):177-191
Inquiring into the theoretical underpinnings of dietetic curriculum provides a means for further understanding who dietitians
are (identity) and what dietitians do (performativity). Since dietetic curriculum exists as a structural influence on the
dietetic student identity, it is worth inquiring into how such a structure is theoretically informed, especially considering
that until now, this process has not be undertaken. This research attempts to illuminate how dietetic knowledge is generated
and how various institutional structures reinforce this knowledge. Since dietetic education in Canada is standardized by a
means of national accreditation, the accreditation texts were analyzed following a poststructural discourse analysis method.
Those aspects of the Accreditation Manual concerning dietetic education were scrutinized to illuminate the presence/absence of curricular theory, knowledge assumptions,
and educational values. Findings of the discourse analysis indicate that there is no explicit curricular theory framing dietetic
education, learning processes are sequential and apolitical, and dietetic knowledge is decontextualized from the social world.
These findings have implications for dietetic education, the scholarship of teaching and learning within the profession, and
dietetic epistemology. With further attention to these issues it is hoped that dietetic educators will be encouraged to reflect
on the historical and theoretical foundations of their curricula and will consider how teaching and learning, and ultimately
dietetic knowledge could be enhanced through a socially integrated feminist science of food and nutrition. 相似文献
17.
在学术语境中,研究者倾向于使用特定的语言形式和结构来实现文本或语篇层面上的宏观功能,我们称之为学术话语功能。本文参照Halliday的语言元功能理论,描述与概括短语序列在学术文本中最常实现的三类话语功能：组织功能、指称功能和评价功能;它们是语篇元功能在学术语篇中的具体化表现。研究发现,某些短语序列被频繁地用于实施特定的学术话语功能,某种意义上,这些序列作为意义表达的核心承载,已成为具体功能的标志。 相似文献
18.
Jennifer Bethune 《Gender and education》2017,29(3):389-404
This paper is a critical discourse analysis of teacher resource materials about girl bullying. The ‘mean girl’ phenomenon has been widely taken up as one of the current key narratives about schools and school girls. This paper argues for the importance of understanding the origins of this discourse within behavioural psychology, which coined the term ‘relational aggression’ to describe what is purported to be a uniquely female form of aggression. Our analysis problematises the ways in which this discourse reinforces gendered binaries and pathologises girls’ aggression. We trace the emergence of an ‘expert culture', exemplified by the texts we analyse, which disseminates this discourse and limits the range of ways in which girls’ aggression and friendships may be understood. We critique the raced and classed ways in which these texts establish hegemonic forms of white, middle-class girlhood. We show how the texts draw on neo-liberal ideologies of idealised forms of subjectivity and function as a mechanism for shaping these subjectivities within schools. 相似文献
19.
近年来,批评语言学界兴起用互文性研究进行语篇分析.互文性回答了话语界为何反复使用某些形式描述修辞情境,以及如何利用专业知识确定文本之间的映衬关系,批评话语则分析了互文关系所表达的文字背后的权力关系.结合体裁互文性的上述特点,分别介绍了互文性及体裁的概念,评介了批评话语分析的互文性,梳理了体裁互文性的研究现状,以更好地揭... 相似文献
20.
周殿军 《延安教育学院学报》2008,22(3):58-60
本研究采用2（语篇难度）×3（文章标记类型）的实验设计,研究了文章标记对英语语篇信息理解与保持的影响。结果表明：（1）文章标记对英语语篇信息理解和保持主效应显著;（2）文章标记与英语语篇难度之间存在显著的交互作用。英语语篇容易时。标记效应不显著;英语语篇较难时,标记效应显著;（3）当阅读材料较难时,全标记条件下,被试在英语语篇信息理解和保持方面得分最高;无标记次之;半标记最低。本研究同时也给出了一些英语阅读教学启示。 相似文献