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1.
姜振华 《内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》1996,(3)
听、说、读、写这个顺序是人们学习第一语言的基本顺序。读、说、听、写则是人们学习第二语言的顺序。第二语言的学习是在母语的符号思维系统已经建立起来并相当牢固之后开始的；第二语言的学习是在一种自觉状态中进行的，是一种有意识的学习。母语在第二语言的学习过程中起着极其重要的作用。双语共存的教学本质上是一种比较型教学。 相似文献
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3.
Dr. William R. Tracey 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2013,86(5):212-214
This article examines and critiques the leadership capacity of department leaders in a high school and attempts to gain a deeper understanding of how department leaders perceive their role as teacher leaders, making a distinction between what an individual department leader does in his or her position and teacher leadership as a form of continuous learning and innovation through collaboration. How do department leaders practice leadership to improve student learning? The author provides an investigation and analysis of the current level of leadership capacity exhibited by department leaders in a high school. A close look at the role and function of department leaders in this high school reveals an absence of the teacher leadership necessary to promote the broad-based leadership capacity that results in improved student achievement. 相似文献
4.
E. J. Capaldi Donna R. Verry Timothy M. Nawrocki Daniel J. Miller 《Learning & behavior》1984,12(1):7-20
Two experiments indicated that two approaches to serial learning are too extreme—the classical view that it consists only of interitem associations and various recent views that it involves no interitem associations. The novel assumption introduced here was that phrasing cues, normally conceptualized as merely segregating long series into smaller units or chunks, may also enter into associations with items, thereby reducing interitem interference and facilitating serial learning. It was found that one item could become a signal for another item, an interitem association, or be overshadowed by a phrasing cue, such as a brightness and temporal cue, also signaling that item. The items were .045-g pellets. Rats traversed a runway for items arranged in ordered series, 14-7-3-1-0 pellets (Experiment 1) or 10-2-0-10 (Experiment 2). Complete tracking of, for example, the 10-2-0-10 series would consist of fastest running to 10 pellets and slowest running to 0 pellets. In both investigations, the interitem association overshadowed was that between 0 pellets and the subsequent rewarded item, 0 → 14 (Experiment 1) or 0 → 10 (Experiment 2). Either repetitions of the 14-7-3-1-0 subpattern (Experiment 1) or merely the terminal 10-pellet item (Experiment 2) were phrased, both methods producing identical results. Overshadowing the 0-pellet item produced superior serial learning, more rapid extinction, and, in Experiment 1, considerable elevation of responding when the brightness phrasing cue was introduced in extinction, an effect said to be conceptually identical to spontaneous recovery and one demonstrating directly that phrasing cues are in reality overshadowing cues. It was suggested that many effects attributed to forgetting may be due to unrecognized overshadowing of memory cues by phrasing cues, giving rise to exaggerated estimates of forgetting. 相似文献
5.
James E. Mazur 《Learning & behavior》1997,25(2):131-147
The hyperbolic-decay model is a mathematical expression of the relation between delay and reinforcer value. The model has been used to predict choices in discrete-trial experiments on delay-amount tradeoffs, on preference for variable over fixed delays, and on probabilistic reinforcement. Experiments manipulating the presence or absence of conditioned reinforcers on trials that end without primary reinforcement have provided evidence that the hyperbolic-decay model actually predicts the strength of conditioned reinforcers rather than the strength of delayed primary reinforcers. The model states that the strength of a conditioned reinforcer is inversely related to the time spent in its presence before a primary reinforcer is delivered. A possible way to integrate the model with Grace’s (1994) contextual-choice model for concurrent-chain schedules is presented. Also discussed are unresolved difficulties in determining exactly when a stimulus will or will not serve as a conditioned reinforcer. 相似文献
6.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, both being naturalists, emphasize a close relation between humans and nature. However, their views over the influences of nature towards human world are different in many aspects. Basing on a close discussion of"Nature"by Emerson and Walden by Thoreau, the paper would make a detailed comparison between the two naturalists' views over nature. 相似文献
7.
Simple, reliable and sensitive analytical methods to determine anticariogenic agents, preservatives, and artificial sweeteners contained in commercial gargles are necessary for evaluating their effectiveness, safety, and quality. An ion chromatography (IC) method has been described to analyze simultaneously eight anions including fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate,monofluorophosphate, glycerophosphate (anticariogenic agents), sorbate (a preservative), and saccharin (an artificial sweetener)in gargles. In this IC system, we applied a mobile phased gradient elution with KOH, separation by IonPac AS18 columns, and suppressed conductivity detection. Optimized analytical conditions were further evaluated for accuracy. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the inter-day's retention time and peak area of all species were less than 0.938% and 8.731%, respectively,while RSDs of 5-day retention time and peak area were less than 1.265% and 8.934%, respectively. The correlation coefficients for targeted analytes ranged from 0.999 7 to 1.000 0. The spiked recoveries for the anions were 90%～102.5%. We concluded that the method can be applied for comprehensive evaluation of commercial gargles. 相似文献
8.
In this paper we describe a successful exchange programme between a number of European technological institutions in the fields of Automatic Control and Computer Science which has existed for nearly a decade. Although the programme started initially through a research interaction between the professors, it now has major student exchange and teacher exchange components. The programme has been financed partly by the participating institutions and partly from EEC funds (ERASMUS, ESPRIT, Stimulation action etc.). 相似文献
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ABSTRACT— Circadian rhythms, in particular the sleep–wake cycle, modulate most, if not all, aspects of physiology and behavior. Their impact on education has recently begun to be understood, including a clear positive relationship between sleep and learning. In fact, sleep deprivation, common to adolescents throughout the world, has a deep effect on academic performance, and this fact is often increased by inadequate school schedules. This special issue of Mind, Brain, and Education deals with the relation between biological rhythms and learning, as discussed in an International Mind, Brain, and Education Society meeting that took place in Erice, Italy in May 2007. The articles (with contributors from Brazil, Croatia, Sweden, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, and Argentina) cover several aspects of this fundamental link between timing and education and suggest strategies to optimize school and sleep schedules for a better quality of life and improved academic performance of students. 相似文献
10.
《Educational Assessment》2013,18(1):13-20
In this article, I discuss the long-term estrangement between psychology and educational testing. The schism occurred as a result of differences in the goals of experimental psychologists and correlational psychologists who studied the measurement of aptitude and ability. This breach continued for much of the 20th century and influenced measurement and assessment in both aptitude and achievement. It is now important to close the gap in the 21st century and move toward the development of a science of assessment that considers modern knowledge and fundamental principles of measurement. I envision the foundation and development of a new field that represents a mutually catalytic merger of modern knowledge of cognition and learning and methods and technology of educational measurement and psychometrics. To that end, we must decide which concepts and standards of psychometrics and measurement practices should be maintained, abandoned, revised, or improved. 相似文献
11.
Eating is broadly conceptualized as food choice. Food choice is a complex activity with many dimensions. Food choice is multifaceted as it involves whether, where, when, how long, how, why, with whom, for whom, and under what conditions eating occurs. Food choice is contextual as it is situated within specific conditions and settings involving both individuals and institutions. Food choice is dynamic as it unfolds and is embedded in eating episodes over lifetimes within historical eras. Food choice is multilevel as physical, biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors operate simultaneously and interact. Food choice is integrated as people coordinate many considerations to construct specific eating activities. Food choice is diverse in its broad scope of distinct and unique eating activities. Food choice can be examined using both multi‐perspective and multi‐purpose approaches, and it may not be possible to integrate different perspectives into a unified approach to understanding and changing food choice. 相似文献
12.
Carsten Fogh Nielsen 《Journal of moral education》2019,48(3):381-392
ABSTRACTThis article proposes that Catherine Elgin and Nelson Goodman’s work on exemplification is relevant for discussions within moral philosophy and moral education. Generalizing Elgin and Goodman’s account of exemplification to also cover ethics, the article develops a two-factor account of moral exemplarity. According to this account, instantiation and expressivity are individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for someone or something to function as a moral exemplar. Applying this two-factor account of exemplarity to discussions within the philosophy of moral education the article then argues that it is the expressive aspect of moral exemplars, which explains and justifies the educational significance of such exemplars. The article concludes by discussing the similarities and differences between the expressivity account and the transparency criterion formulated by Michel Croce and Maria Silvia Vaccarezza in a recent paper. 相似文献
13.
Alison Assiter 《Educational theory》2013,63(3):253-263
A recent report on the UK's higher education system by Lord John Browne exemplifies the dominant trend in education policy initiatives toward a focus on education primarily for employment and for the acquisition of skills. In this essay, Alison Assiter argues that such an entrepreneurial approach neglects essential aspects of the processes of teaching and learning. She draws on the work of Hannah Arendt, who saw the proper role of education as imparting the love of a subject, to critique the view expressed in Browne's report. Assiter then uses Søren Kierkegaard's reflections on education to further develop Arendt's perspective. While Kierkegaard certainly would have agreed with Arendt that teaching is a process of inspiring in students the love of a subject, he went beyond this to suggest that teaching also must encourage students to believe they can make a difference in the world and must instill in both teachers and students a commitment to engaging in a mutual process of development. 相似文献
14.
戈莱格·莱斯特尔 《中山大学学报论丛》2008,1(1)
在这篇短文里,我将比较Huw Price([7])和我本人([9])关于否定的对称性处理的两种不同方式,并与Robert Brandom关于承诺、资格和不相容性的分析进行对比.这两种方式都可以归为Brandom所谓的规范语用学,是一种关于意义的语义学反实在论:语汇的含义是由人们的受规则支配(即规范的)的语用实践(语用学)予以明确的.这样的处理不同于直觉主义者的语义学反实在论,因为它提供了一种方式,使得我们可以区分"A"和"A得以保证"的推理意义.尽管"证明"具有某种中心地位,但"实证"并不是意义的首要承载者.而这种区分植根于对人们语用实践的细致分析.一方面,根据Price以及我本人的看法,人们既做断定也做否定:另一方面,Brandom则区分了自上而下的承诺与自下而上的资格,以及据此而定义的不相容性概念.本文考察这些不同进路之间的各种关联,并讨论从这些考察中浮现出的一种关于证明的看法. 相似文献
15.
Simple, reliable and sensitive analytical methods to determine anticariogenic agents, preservatives, and artificial sweeteners contained in commercial gargles are necessary for evaluating their effectiveness, safety, and quality. An ion chromatography （IC） method has been described to analyze simultaneously eight anions including fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, monofluorophosphate, glycerophosphate （anticariogenic agents）, sorbate （a preservative）, and saccharin （an artificial sweetener） in gargles. In this IC system, we applied a mobile phased gradient elution with KOH, separation by IonPac AS18 columns, and suppressed conductivity detection. Optimized analytical conditions were further evaluated for accuracy. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of the inter-day＇s retention time and peak area of all species were less than 0.938% and 8.731%, respectively, while RSDs of 5-day retention time and peak area were less than 1.265% and 8.934%, respectively. The correlation coefficients for targeted analytes ranged from 0.999 7 to 1.000 0. The spiked recoveries for the anions were 90%-102.5%. We concluded that the method can be applied for comprehensive evaluation of commercial gargles. 相似文献
16.
《Cultura y Educación》2013,25(2):103-106
ResumenEn este artículo, se reflexiona sobre las críticas hechas por Emilio Sánchez al Lenguaje Integrado. Estas críticas sugieren la necesidad de abrir paréntesis educativos donde se enseñe al niño a automatizar los procesos de reconocimiento de palabras, aspecto que no tiene en cuenta este movimiento. Sin embargo, veremos cómo la enseñanza aislada de estas habilidades ignora, por una parte, que la lectura y la escritura suponen adquirir conocimientos que van más allá del reconocimient o de palabras, y por otra, que dicho reconocimient o no se da sólo por vía fonológica, sino que precisa de otras vías de acceso léxico que funcionen en paralelo para que el reconocimiento sea efectivo en los procesos de comprensión de textos. Veremos cómo las actividades que propone el L.I. son las ideales para desarrollar estas habilidades. 相似文献
17.
Seymour Kleinman 《Quest (Human Kinetics)》2013,65(1):93-96
The aims and values of Olympism are briefly examined. Sport is then described as an inherently worthwhile practice, concemed with its own goals, standards, and traditions. The place of sport in relation to education and the curriculum is discussed, and the role of the teacher of sport as “educator” is clarified by reference to four points: (a) the teacher as an initiator into and as a guardian of the practice view of sport; (b) the teacher as an enlightened leader of discussion; (c) the teacher as a provider of individual pastoral care; and (d) the teacher as exemplar of the values to which a commitment has been made. The final section is concemed with the relationship between Olympism and sport as a form of education. 相似文献
18.
Teresa Armbula Greenfield 《科学教学研究杂志》1996,33(8):901-933
Science achievement and attitudes were assessed for a series of students in Grades 3–12 representing the four major ethnic groups in Hawai'i (USA). It was found that more differences were accounted for by ethnicity and even grade than by gender; in addition, there was little interaction between ethnicity and gender. With respect to ethnicity, Caucasian and Japanese-American students outscored Hawaiians and Filipino Americans at all grade levels. Caucasians also expressed the most positive attitudes toward science and Japanese expressed the most positive perceptions of scientists; Hawaiians generally expressed the least positive perceptions. Younger students generally expressed more positive attitudes toward science but less positive perceptions of scientists compared to older students. Caucasians expressed the most positive perceptions of their own science ability and achievement. With respect to gender, there were no consistent differences in science achievement and very few in science attitudes and perceptions. The major differences were that males reported more experiences with physical science activities and also expressed a more male-stereotyped view of science than females, with some variation by ethnicity and grade. There were differences in enrollment in advanced science and mathematics classes in that females were more likely than males to enroll in many, but for both genders the major reason was college admission: Japanese students were most likely and Hawaiians least likely to indicate science interest as a reason. Findings are discussed within the context of cultural ecology and feminist social theory. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
19.
维之 《南通师范学院学报》2009,(5):8-14
认识是一多环节过程,“知”只是它的一个主观环节。但“知”（觉知）不是一个关系范畴,用关系机制说明不了“知”的义理,其本义乃是心理现象（观念）的自明或自肯定。因此,认识外部客观事物还需借助心理的意向性来完成。意向性是人通过感知与动作的协调过程而形成的,它有指向外物的特征。若深入理解,意向性实际也是一种整体觉知效应。 相似文献
20.
Teacher Education in Italy, Germany, England, Sweden and Finland 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
GIORGIO OSTINELLI 《European Journal of Education》2009,44(2):291-308
This article presents a brief analysis of teacher education in five European countries: Italy, Germany, England, Sweden and Finland. In the post-industrial world, the sense of teaching has profoundly changed, influenced by a rapidly evolving socio-economic context.
The responses given by each country are different, but two tendencies emerge: on the one hand, the English model, which seeks to make a teacher a faithful executor with regard to centrally decided learning objectives; on the other, the Nordic model that conceives the teacher as a 'fully-fledged' professional.
From the point of view of the sustainability and of the safeguard of the educative mission of the school, the second model, though with all the difficulties that its efficacious realisation entails, presents some advantages when compared to the first. The article concludes with some considerations on the need to conceive the reform of teacher education from a systemic point of view, in the context of a global change of national school systems, where the autonomy of the single schools plays a role of paramount importance. 相似文献
The responses given by each country are different, but two tendencies emerge: on the one hand, the English model, which seeks to make a teacher a faithful executor with regard to centrally decided learning objectives; on the other, the Nordic model that conceives the teacher as a 'fully-fledged' professional.
From the point of view of the sustainability and of the safeguard of the educative mission of the school, the second model, though with all the difficulties that its efficacious realisation entails, presents some advantages when compared to the first. The article concludes with some considerations on the need to conceive the reform of teacher education from a systemic point of view, in the context of a global change of national school systems, where the autonomy of the single schools plays a role of paramount importance. 相似文献