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1.
Josh Compton - Josh Compton is Assistant Professor Chair of the 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2008,36(1):98-119
Student plagiarism continues to threaten academic integrity. This investigation assessed whether an inoculation message strategy could combat university plagiarism by protecting student attitudes against pro-plagiarism justification arguments. Additionally, we sought theoretical confirmation of previous findings on involvement and accessibility in inoculation, examined the effects on vested interest, and evaluated matching and mismatching strategies in terms of affect- and rationality-based inoculation treatment messages and subsequent attack messages. A total of 225 students participated in three sessions spanning six weeks. Results indicated that none of the inoculation treatments conferred resistance as measured in attitude toward plagiarism, but all treatments enhanced involvement and attitude accessibility, and the fear- and rationality-based treatments enhanced vested interest. Additionally, fear-based treatments derogated the source of the message. Results also suggest that a matching strategy is superior with both affect- and rationality-based attack messages, such that inoculation treatments are most effective when using the same argument bases (e.g., affective or rational) as the attack message. These results offer guidance for crafting communication campaign strategies to reduce the occurrence of student plagiarism offenses. 相似文献
2.
Wei-Kuo Lin Assistant Professor 《亚洲交流杂志》2013,23(1):85-102
The present study tested inoculation theory in international context. Core inoculation concepts and variables were examine, especially focusing on relationships among inoculation treatments, issue involvement, perceived threat, resistance to counter-attitudinal attack, attitudinal confidence, and change of attitude. A two-wave telephone survey of 206 randomly sampled citizens was conducted in Taiwan. The method of field experiment in a context of the formation of public opinion regarding Taiwan's political future was performed. Results from the panel data supported major hypotheses of this study. Inoculation strategies elevated people's resistance to attitude change. People who identified themselves with higher party identification were more resistant to counter-attitudinal political attacks. In addition, people who received an inoculation pretreatment, as compared to those who did not, grew more confident in their attitudes over time. A partial support data also indicated that higher involved participants tended to be more resistant to counter-attitudinal messages. This study has provided international evidence for the robust inoculation theory and related strategies. 相似文献
3.
Student credit card debt is a growing problem. This study explores the effectiveness of the inoculation strategy to foster resistance to credit card marketing targeting college students. In order to explore further the medical analogy on which the inoculation strategy is based, this study was the first systematically to alter the argument strength of both the counterarguments and refutations in the inoculation pretreatment message to determine whether argument strengths impact effectiveness of inoculation treatments. In addition, this investigation explored whether inoculation spreads from person to person via social channels, similar to the marketing concept of viral marketing. Results indicated that conventional inoculation treatment messages successfully inoculated college students against credit card advertisements, manifested in attitude valence and behavioral intentions, and that matching argument strength is the most effective inoculation strategy. 相似文献
4.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):281-311
A meta-analysis of 54 cases testing the effectiveness of inoculation theory at conferring resistance and examining the mechanisms of the theory was conducted. The analyses revealed inoculation messages to be superior to both supportive messages and no-treatment controls at conferring resistance. Additionally, the results revealed refutational same and refutational different preemptions to be equally effective at reducing attitude change. However, the data were not consistent with some predictions made in narrative reviews of inoculation. No significant increase in resistance as a function of threat or involvement was found. Further, instead of a curvilinear effect for delay on resistance, the point estimates from our meta-analysis revealed equivalent resistance between immediate and moderate delays between inoculation and attack, with a decay in resistance after two weeks. 相似文献
5.
Although the effectiveness of inoculation as a strategy for promoting resistance to attitude change is fairly well established, the potential of inoculation messages to offer cross-protection for related, but untreated, attitudes warrants additional attention from scholars. The reported study tested the “blanket of protection” conferred by inoculation. Participants (N = 118) were randomly assigned to read an inoculation message addressing a target topic and subsequently had their attitudes toward three related, but untreated, topics attacked. The results offer some evidence that inoculation messages can confer cross-protection for related attitudes. Participants in the inoculation condition reported greater perceptions of threat, greater counterarguing, and less attitude change in response to attacks than participants in the control condition for two of the three untreated topics. Counterarguing in response to attacks on untreated attitudes appears to be primarily responsible for cross-protection. 相似文献
6.
This study focuses on the problem of collapsed ‘stay in the market’ (SIM) beliefs during financial crises. More specifically, the goal of this investigation was to ascertain whether or not inoculation messages are a viable preemptive crisis communication strategy to protect the SIM beliefs of inexperienced investors amidst a major stock market downturn. Inoculation messages were compared to both supportive messages and no-message controls to determine their effectiveness in protecting SIM beliefs. Additionally, the impact of inoculation messages on beliefs in the absence of a crisis and the impact of crisis message modality (i.e. video versus print) on inoculation-generated resistance were explored. A between-subjects factorial design (3?×?2 plus one additional condition) was designed to explore three hypotheses and two research questions. Results indicate that inoculation messages can serve as a viable preemptive financial crisis communication strategy and that inoculation messages did not harm SIM beliefs in the absence of a crisis. 相似文献
7.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(1):49-69
Fear appeals have long been used in persuasive messages to motivate people to perform adaptive behaviors. This research explored the influence of a fear appeal message concerning breast cancer on attitude accessibility. Messages advocating the efficacy of breast self‐examinations increased the accessibility of attitudes toward the adaptive behavior. Further, the accessibility of participants' attitudes toward the adaptive behavior predicted behavioral intentions to perform breast self‐examinations. Attitudes toward the threat became less accessible after exposure to a high fear‐arousing message, however. Analyses suggest that defensive reactions to the fear‐inducing message mediate the influence of the message on the accessibility of the attitudes toward breast cancer. Implications of these findings for models of fear appeals are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Bobi Ivanov William J. Burns Timothy L. Sellnow Elizabeth L. Petrun Sayers Shari R. Veil Marcus W. Mayorga 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2016,44(4):381-398
This investigation tested the effectiveness of inoculation as a pre-crisis strategy in combating the effects of politically motivated violent acts. A four-phase experiment was conducted involving 355 national consumer panel participants. The findings indicate that inoculation can be an effective pre-crisis message strategy as it was successful in enhancing public beliefs in the ability of government agencies to prevent, and minimize the effects of, violent acts. This strategy also created a ‘blanket of protection’ that extended beyond the focal politically motivated attack event as it enhanced the confidence in government agencies to manage national crises in general. Inoculation was also effective in lowering the intensity of experienced fear evoked by the threat of violent attacks and it enhanced the ability of individuals to cope with the aftermath of a crisis. 相似文献
9.
《Communication methods and measures》2013,7(2):91-111
Media scholars often warn against inferring effects when examining media content because message meaning depends on the interpretations of message receivers. Unfortunately, typical message receivers and trained coders conducting content analyses are likely to perceive messages differently because of varying perspectives and processing strategies. Accordingly, this study examined the extent to which trained coders and untrained message receivers converged in their coding of print-based alcohol advertisements. Results from a traditional content analysis of 40 randomly selected print alcohol ads using two sets of trained coders were compared with results from a receiver-oriented message analysis, which used typical message-receivers (n?=?520) as coders. Significance tests indicated that message receivers and trained coders disagreed frequently-often dramatically-on virtually all types of content. Of particular interest, message receivers tended to perceive more frequent portrayals of underage individuals, more appeal to underage drinkers, more frequent sexual connotations, more frequent messages that encouraged drinking a lot of alcohol, and fewer moderation messages. The results demonstrate that potential differences in processing strategy and perspective between trained coders and message receivers can lead to very different conclusions that have implications for the understanding of message effects. 相似文献
10.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(4):257-263
Effects on selection of message strategies of variables relevant to two communicative objectives, task and interpersonal, were studied. Subjects composed a message in response to one of four situations: high or low self interest in compliance, or high or low desire for liking by the message recipient. Self interest influenced the degree of pressure exerted on the message recipient. Desire for liking altered usage of strategies which conveyed attitudes about the message recipient or attempted to alter reactions to the communicator. In a second study, subjects selected strategies from a list provided by the experimenter rather than actually composing messages. Under this procedure, the effects of the independent variables disappeared. An argument is advanced that message construction may be the more useful approach in determining effects of situational variables on the selection of message strategies, as well as more valuable in elaborating the strategies themselves. 相似文献
11.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(4):211-234
This study examined the experiential attitude function-an attitude based on past experience(s)-and tested whether a message targeted at this function would elicit attitude change. Each of 139 undergraduates was assigned randomly to one of four conditions in which a fictitious Executive Committee for Academic Integrity (ECAI) report, written for a university president, supplied strong or weak arguments. Furthermore, these messages either argued that tenure should be abolished (anti-tenure) or that tenure should continue (pro-tenure). Results indicated that, although the functional target of the message was not related to posttest attitudes, conformity to message recommendations was contingent upon the discrepancy between the respondent's initial attitude and the position advocated in the message. Interestingly, the mean attitude change in every experimental condition was negative, indicating that regardless of the position advocated in the message, respondents' attitudes became increasingly antitenure. 相似文献
12.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):211-234
This study examined the experiential attitude function--an attitude based on past experience(s)-and tested whether a message targeted at this function would elicit attitude change. Each of 139 undergraduates was assigned randomly to one of four conditions in which a fictitious Executive Committee for Academic Integrity (ECAI) report, written for a university president, supplied strong or weak arguments. Furthermore, these messages either argued that tenure should be abolished (anti-tenure) or that tenure should continue (pro-tenure). Results indicated that, although the functional target of the message was not related to posttest attitudes, conformity to message recommendations was contingent upon the discrepancy between the respondent's initial attitude and the position advocated in the message. Interestingly, the mean attitude change in every experimental condition was negative, indicating that regardless of the position advocated in the message, respondents' attitudes became increasingly antitenure. 相似文献
13.
14.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(4):396-410
This paper addresses the conceptualization and production of irony. Specifically, psychological predispositions are used to identify what makes the production of an ironic message likely. Reasons for endorsing and suppressing ironic messages are discussed based on individuals’ goals in a situation. The importance of common ground between individuals during ironic message productions is also discussed. Results suggest (a) the suppression of ironic messages due to concern for both the other and the self, (b) there is a need for mutual understanding of an attitude for ironic messages to be understood as ironic, and (c) the endorsement of ironic messages is designed to inflict harm to others. 相似文献
15.
Can Inoculation Work Against the Spiral of Silence? A Study of Public Opinion on the Future of Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study explores the relationships between inoculation andthe spiral of silence theories. Inoculation strategies wereemployed to mitigate the process of the spiral of silence, especiallyfocusing on resistance to counter-attitudinal attack, attitudinalconfidence, willingness to speak out, fear of isolation, andchange of attitude. A field experiment was conducted in a two-wavesurvey of randomly sampled citizens in Taiwan. The issue employedwas Taiwan's political future in relation to the People's Republicof China. Results are consistent with major inoculation findingsand support the study's core hypotheses: Inoculation treatmentsenhanced people's resistance to attitude change. People whoreceived an inoculation pre-treatment, as compared with thosewho did not, became more confident in their attitude over time,more willing to speak out on behalf of one's attitudes, andmore likely to overtly resist the counter-attitudinal attemptsof others to influence oneself. Received for publication November 21, 2002. Revision received August 14, 2006. Accepted for publication November 28, 2004. 相似文献
16.
This study examines strategies employed by women when refusing an unwanted request for increased intimacy. Women (N = 76) orally produced refusal messages to unwanted requests from hypothetical dating partners and friends. The influence of relationship type, request persistence, and alcohol consumption on refusal strategies was examined. Approximately half of the participants (N = 37) drank alcohol before encoding the refusal messages. The results indicate that relationship type influenced women's refusal strategy selection and that request persistence had a more pronounced influence on the refusals to dates’ requests than to friends’ requests. Alcohol consumption did not significantly affect the encoding of refusal strategies. Results suggest that the influence of alcohol consumption on refusals should be examined within the context of the whole message production process. 相似文献
17.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(1):47-72
This investigation introduced the attitude base (cognitive or affective) as a moderator in the resistance domain and effectively partitioned the role of affect from cognition by properly delineating its function. A three-phase experiment was conducted involving 290 participants. The results confirmed the role of the original elements in the process of resistance introduced by McGuire: threat and counterarguing output. Furthermore, the results indicated that inoculation messages were most effective when their content matched the attitude base. Cognitive inoculation messages generated greater resistance to counterattitudinal attacks when presented to individuals whose attitude base was primarily cognitive, rather than affective, in nature. The reverse was also found to be true as affective inoculation messages generated greater resistance to counterattitudinal attacks when presented to individuals whose attitude base was primarily affective, rather than cognitive, in nature. 相似文献
18.
Examining the persuasive effect of statistical messages: A test of mediating relationships 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The current study tested the degree to which the sample size heuristic (Baesler & Bur goon, 1994), perceived verifiability of evidence (Ah Yun & Massi, 2000), and perceived message credibility (Kopfman, Smith, Ah Yun, & Hodges, 1998) mediate the relationship between the use of statistical evidence in a persuasive appeal and a person's attitude toward a given topic. Four hundred eighty‐six participants were exposed to one of three messages (statistical, narrative, or no‐evidence control) or a no‐message control condition and completed either a 12‐ (control) or 33‐item (experimental) survey that was designed to measure respondents’ perceptions of the sample size heuristic, verifiability of evidence, message credibility, and attitude toward a year‐round academic schedule. Path analysis and hierarchical regression modeling were employed to test the proposed model. Results revealed that the perceived sample size heuristic, verifiability of evidence, and message credibility mediate the relationship between statistical evidence and individuals’ attitudes. Additionally, the perceived sample size heuristic was found to be the strongest unique predictor of attitudes and confirmatory factory analysis results indicated that perceived verifiability and message credibility may be two indicators of a higher‐order factor. These findings and their implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
19.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):196-206
This study measured the effects of message threat level, message quality, and initial receiver attitude on attitude change and evaluations of source credibility. Significant positive attitude change occurred as the main effect of message quality, with no main or interaction effects for threat or receiver attitude. Significant source derogation on the dimensions of trustworthiness, objectivity, and expertness occurred as primary effects of message threat level and initial receiver attitude, with the greatest derogation occurring among disagreeing receivers exposed to high threat messages. The implications of these results for the theory of psychological reactance is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Michael T. Stephenson 《Communication Studies》2013,64(4):358-380
Anti‐drug media campaigns have changed the drug‐consumption behaviors of high sensation seekers in part through a campaign strategy called SENTAR. This strategy relies largely on high sensation value messages, which contain structural and content features that elicit sensory, affective, and arousal responses. To learn more about the persuasiveness of high sensation value ads, this investigation focused on the processing of anti‐heroin PSAs by 200 young adults. Of specific interest was the influence of perceived message sensation value on three types of processing (argument‐based, narrative, and sensory), two affect variables (sympathetic distress and stimulated excitation), and anti‐heroin attitudes. Sensation seeking was examined as a moderator of these effects. In general, sensation seeking moderated the effects of perceived message sensation value and sensory processing on sympathetic distress and anti‐heroin attitudes. Additionally, high sensation seekers’ anti‐heroin attitudes were largely influenced by narrative and sensory processing, while low sensation seekers’ anti‐heroin attitudes were relatively unaffected by the anti‐heroin ads. 相似文献