共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 625 毫秒
1.
This study examines the effect of antitrust regulation of patent consolidation on the development of follow-on innovations. Our reconciliation of the various strains of literature hypothesizes that in sectors where cumulative innovation is crucial to firms’ market operations, a firm that consolidates patents for substituting technologies for its already-possessed technologies discourages market competitions and follow-on innovation by competitors. In this case, antitrust regulation of patent consolidation is anticipated to positively affect competitors’ follow-on innovation. We empirically test this hypothesis with the case of the US Department of Justice's regulation of Novell's software patent transfers to four large proprietary software companies (i.e., Microsoft, Oracle, EMC, and Apple) in 2011. Our analyses using US patent, trademark, and copyright data have found evidence corroborating our hypothesis. Our research provides policy and scholarly implications regarding how antitrust law can be a complementary institution to the patent law for promoting innovation. 相似文献
2.
《Research Policy》2023,52(7):104809
The localization effect of cumulative innovation was strengthening in the past few decades, a puzzling trend given the decreasing cost of knowledge transmission. To unravel this puzzle, we attend to patent regime and propose a legal perspective. We illustrate with a stylized model that a pro-patent regime re-distributes profits from later innovators to initial patent owners, which discourages distant followers with higher learning and licensing costs and therefore leads to stronger localization of cumulative innovation. We test the model predictions by exploiting an unexpected pro-patent regime change—the creation of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. We find that follow-on innovations became more localized after patents were strengthened in litigation, especially in regions that experienced a greater increase in patent enforceability. A series of robustness tests and cross-sectional analyses strongly support this finding. Interestingly, we find that scientific knowledge diffusion, which was unaffected by patent regime, became less localized during the same period. Our paper shows that patent regime can shape the geography of cumulative innovation, which has profound implications for firm strategies and policymaking. 相似文献
3.
Darshak PatelMichael R. Ward 《Research Policy》2011,40(6):886-894
We propose an empirical strategy to estimate competition in innovation markets. Our method relates firms’ market return on equity to information about patent citation patterns. Two innovations are implemented in the methodology. First is the application of daily abnormal stock returns rather than annual measures of Tobin's q. Second is the creation of citation patterns related to the area of science a firm patents in as represented by the detailed patent classification system. We find that markets positively reward firms when patents are granted. We further find that firm's market value increases when its patent portfolio is cited. We find evidence of competition in innovation markets. The market reacts at the time that the citation occurs and does not anticipate future citations at the time of patenting. Holding this effect constant, we find that citations from patents in the same area of science tend to reduce market value. We interpret these findings as consistent with more citations indicating more valuable intellectual property but citations from competing technologies decreasing it. 相似文献
4.
Mapping technologies into industries is frequently required in empirical innovation studies, but many concordances only provide coarse mappings. We develop a novel concordance between industries and technologies making use of linked inventor-employee data for a large sample of German patents filed at the European Patent Office between 1999 and 2011. Inventors listed on these patents are matched and disambiguated with German social security records. Employment data recorded in this database include detailed industry codes describing the industrial activities of the inventors’ establishments. These linked microdata allow us to identify the precise industrial origin of inventions, combine them with technology classifications from the inventors’ patents and to generate novel concordance tables. We evaluate our approach by comparing the concordances with existing work. Moreover, in an empirical application, we find that patent based indicators represent valid proxies for the innovation performance of industries and thus help to measure innovation in the absence of other survey based indicators. Service sector innovation activities, however, appear to be barely represented by the patenting activities of inventors and establishments. 相似文献
5.
《Research Policy》2023,52(9):104853
Patents are key strategic resources which enable firms to appropriate innovation returns and prevent rival imitation. Patent examiners – individuals who may be subject to various sources of bias – play a central role in determining which inventions are awarded patent rights. Using a novel dataset, we explore if one increasingly prevalent source of bias – political ideology – manifests in examiner decision-making. Reassuringly, our analysis suggests that the political ideology of patent examiners is largely unrelated to patent office outcomes. However, we do find evidence suggesting politically active conservative-leaning examiners are more likely to grant patents relative to politically active liberal-leaning examiners, but only for patent applications where there is ambiguity regarding what constitutes patentable subject matter and hence examiners have greater discretion. 相似文献
6.
以创业板市场上市公司为研究对象,以不同类型专利授权量衡量创新质量,在分析企业经营绩效与创新质量关系的基础上,进一步研究了创业板市场能否有效识别创新质量。经验研究发现:(1)不同类型专利对企业经营绩效均存在正向影响,但创新质量最高的发明专利影响最为显著,实用新型专利影响的显著性较低,而外观专利对企业经营绩效没有显著影响,说明创新质量能够反映企业经营绩效;(2)发明专利对企业市账比及托宾Q值均有显著的正向影响,而实用新型和外观专利没有显著影响,说明我国创业板市场能够在一定程度上识别企业创新质量,具体表现为市场能够有效识别发明专利包含的增量信息,但不能有效识别实用新型和外观专利包含的细微信息差异。 相似文献
7.
《Research Policy》2022,51(5):104496
The study examines the role of a patent filed by government scientists in regard to the dissemination of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. While a patent filed by government scientists decreases the rate of follow-on patents in a technological area that overlaps with the areas of the focal patent, it increases the rate of follow-on patents in non-overlapping technological areas. The increase in follow-on inventions is attributed to risk-taking inventions, that is, inventions involve a high chance of resulting in either impactful or failure patents, rather than incremental inventions. It is also characterized by inventions with a high level of originality. Inventors in distant locations in terms of geographical and technological proximity are most affected by the patents filed by government scientists. The patent effect is pronounced when the government scientists involved in the focal discovery have fewer social connections and when the scientific field is less familiar in the industry. These findings are consistent with the idea that patenting by government scientists helps facilitate the dissemination of technological information or potential of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. Policy and managerial implications are also discussed. 相似文献
8.
专利价值再认识:大学专利转让的实证研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(9):1608-1620
高价值专利工作已经成为我国经济社会发展的一个重要方面,合理认识、科学评价专利价值是开展相关工作的重要前提和手段。从保护范围、创新水平、主体特征、时间因素等方面系统回顾、梳理了有关专利价值的客观指标。利用手动收集的1704项大学转让专利,用转让价格测量价值,实证分析了相关指标对专利价值的影响,发现专利价值是内生的。整体上,权利要求数、专利文献页数、海外同族专利数、独立权利要求字数、专利寿命对专利价值有显著的影响,发明人数量、专利审查时间、专利引用信息、是否与企业合作没有表现出与专利价值的显著相关性。分别以5万元、10万元、15万元为临界值进行逻辑回归发现,真正高价值的专利不仅具有法律意义上的高质量,技术上的高水平是其高价值的重要基础。 相似文献
9.
10.
Appropriate intellectual property protection and economic growth in countries at different levels of development 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper examines how the role of patents and utility models in innovation and economic growth varies by level of economic development. Using a panel dataset of over 70 countries, we find that patent protection is an important determinant of innovation and that patentable innovations contribute to economic growth in developed countries, but not in developing. Instead, in developing economies, a minor form of intellectual property rights (IPRs) - namely utility models - is conducive to innovation and growth, controlling for other factors. Using Korean firm level data as a case study, we find that utility model innovations contribute to firm performance when firms are technologically lagging and that those minor innovations can be a learning device and thus a stepping stone for developing more patentable inventions later on. Upon reaching higher levels of technological capabilities, firms become more reliant upon patents and less on utility models. Thus the lesson here is that patent protection enhances innovation and economic growth in countries where the capacity to conduct innovative research exists. Where this capacity is weaker, a system that provides incentives to conduct minor, incremental inventions is more conducive to growth. The significance of this paper is to emphasize the importance not just of the strength of IPRs but of the appropriate type of IPRs for economic development. 相似文献
11.
我国知识资本生产特征及其对经济增长的影响 《科学学研究》2017,35(8):1155-1166
以专利为代表的我国知识资本高速增长,是否具备支撑经济长期增长的潜力,是否能对经济增长产生显著的促进作用,成为各界广泛关注的焦点,也是本文研究的核心问题。本文基于内生经济增长理论中关于知识生产函数的设定,测算了1996年-2014年我国30个省份以专利为代表的知识资本生产函数,认为目前我国知识资本存量的内生积累效应仍不明显,尚不具备突破经济增长约束、推动经济长期增长的能力。进一步地,本文采用参数回归和半参数回归方法,分时间区间测算了不同增速水平下知识资本对经济增长的促进作用。结果表明,随着专利制度的逐步完善,专利存量对经济增长的促进作用将逐渐凸显;在知识积累的过程中,当知识资本增速过高,超过了技术转化和市场接受的范围,其对经济增长的促进作用有限;而以发明专利为代表的高质量知识资本增加,则表现出对经济增长的明显促进作用。因此,本文建议我国专利制度和相关科技创新政策,应加强专利的审查和监督,提高专利质量;弱化政策追求专利数量的干预,确立市场配置地位;突出专利成果转化的重要性,形成产学研协同创新网络。 相似文献
12.
专利数量和结构是表征企业乃至国家创新能力的重要指标。而近年来,国内出现了低质量专利泛滥的现象,企业迫切需要明确的专利组合战略,以有效提升企业的价值。本研究通过收集2012-2016年上海地区制造业上市公司的专利拥有量,并选取托宾Q系数作为企业价值衡量指标,分析专利组合对制造业上市公司价值的影响。结果表明：第一,专利数量可有效提升企业价值,如果组合中发明专利的比例足够大,则提升组合中专利的数量可显著提升企业的价值;第二,不同创新程度的专利对企业的价值影响不同,创新度高的发明专利对企业价值的提升效果更为显著。本研究为企业制订合理的专利组合战略、提升企业价值提供了理论依据,并为政府制订差异化的专利申请资助政策提供参考。 相似文献
13.
14.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103808
We explore the effect of political uncertainty on innovation. In particular, we examine the differential effects of two sources of uncertainty – leaders’ education levels and political regimes (i.e., presidential vs. parliamentary) – on patent applications. We posit that firms react to political uncertainty caused by the unexpected departure of a national leader by investing in patents as growth options. The empirical design analyzes a panel with information from over 62 million patent applications at the aggregated applicant level. Results show that leaders’ unexpected departures cause, on average, increases of approximately 9% in the aggregate growth of patent applications. We also find that the leader’s level of education and the country’s political regime system have significant effects on the relationship between political uncertainty and innovation. The difference between leaders with high and low levels of education accounts for 21% of the change in the growth of patent applications. Further, the effect of political uncertainty on innovation is amplified in presidential systems, which grant leaders more power and make electoral transitions less predictable. The differences between presidential and parliamentary systems account for approximately 16% of the change in the growth of patent applications. As a robustness check, we utilized a subsample of more than 170,000 firms with local and foreign patent applications, as well as a panel of over 5700 government non-profits, universities, and hospitals with local patent applications. Consistent with our theory, the former react to political uncertainty by investing in patents, while the latter remain unaffected. We contribute by showing the theoretical mechanisms linking leader and regime characteristics with patent applications. 相似文献
15.
The past decade has witnessed a resurgence in innovation awards, in particular of grand innovation prizes (GIPs) which are rewards to innovators developing technologies reaching performance goals and requiring breakthrough solutions. GIPs typically do not preclude the winner also obtaining patent rights. This is in stark contrast with mainstream economics of innovation theories where prizes and patents are substitute ways to generate revenue and encourage innovation. Building on the management of innovation literature which stresses the difficulty to specify ex-ante all the technical features of the winning technologies, we develop a model in which innovative effort is multi-dimensional and only a subset of innovation tasks can be measured and contracted upon. We show that in this environment patent rights and cash rewards are complements, and that GIPs are often preferable to patent races or prizes requiring technologies to be placed in the public domain. Moreover, our model uncovers a tendency for patent races to encourage speed of discovery over quality of innovation, which can be corrected by GIPs. We explore robustness to endogenous entry, costly public funds, and incomplete information by GIP organizers on the surplus created by the technology. 相似文献
16.
17.
通过构建一个包含多项初始专利技术的序贯研发模型讨论了序贯创新背景下最优专利宽度的设计原则,并在此基础上考察了专利宽度对创新阻塞的协调机制以及专利联盟的社会福利效应。在该模型中,专利宽度的调节不仅能够影响后续创新对初始专利技术的侵权概率,还可以改变现有专利技术的实际数量。研究表明,最优的专利宽度应当使事后专利许可下初始专利的期望许可价格等于诱使厂商进行初始研发的临界价格。这一专利宽度水平不仅可以为初始创新提供必要的激励,而且可以限制事前许可价格和事后许可的期望价格,从而缓解许可收费对后续研发决策的扭曲。由于专利联盟的联合利润最大化定价会阻碍专利宽度对事前专利许可定价的调节,因此专利联盟无法增进社会福利,反而可能会带来社会福利的净损失。 相似文献
18.
[目的/意义]研发商业化机会(R&BD)是指通过整合市场和创新来开发技术以创造有价值技术的过程,基于商标和专利的不同映射情景识别不同的R&BD机会并制定不同的策略,不仅使商标这一重要的知识产权战略得以充分应用,而且可以为不同情景下的R&BD机会制定具有针对性的策略。[方法/过程]为了降低技术商业化的失败率,提出一个以商标和专利数据为依据,利用文本挖掘技术识别商标和专利空白,使用文本相似度算法和逆映射寻找商标和专利的对应关系,结合情景分析法分情景识别潜在R&BD机会的研究框架。以远程医疗领域商标和专利作为分析对象,预测该领域的潜在R&BD机会。[结果/结论]实证结果表明:所选技术领域共发现29个潜在的商标空白点,通过商标和专利的逆映射确定了11个商标空白点与现有专利对应,同时确定了24个具有商业化潜力的现有专利技术,通过LDA主题模型以及人工分析进行主题概括,可以发现该情景下远程医疗领域潜在的R&BD机会主要集中在4个方面;确定了7个商标空白点与3个专利空白点对应,该情景下归纳出3个潜在R&BD机会;确定了11个商标空白点与现有专利和专利空白点均无对应,该情景在现阶段无数据支撑,无法做具体研究。 相似文献
19.
专利转化中的"专利沉睡"及其治理分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
专利转化率低是阻碍中国技术创新的一个重要因素,“专利沉睡”是专利转化率低的重要体现。本文分析认为“专利沉睡”现象产生的根本原因是由于各种制度条件的限制使专利持有人和专利需求方无法形成有效的专利转化收益预期,而且专利市场信息不完全、跨国公司的专利滥用和专利申请中的“泡沫”则进一步加剧了“专利沉睡”现象的出现。在此基础上,本文对解决中国“专利沉睡”问题给出了政策建议。 相似文献
20.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103790
Patent scope is one of the important aspects in the debates over “patent quality.” The purported decrease in patent quality over the last decade or two has supposedly led to granting patents of increased breadth, decreased clarity, and questionable validity (in part due to over-breadth). Such patents allegedly diminish the incentives for innovation due to increased transaction costs in the market for technology, more frequent disputes and litigation, trolling behavior, and breakdowns in bargaining. This paper focuses on the patent examination process at the PTO, highlighting the relationship between patent scope and the patent examination process. We develop and validate two measurements of patent scope: independent claim length and independent claim count. These metrics—in contrast to other measurements of patent scope—can be calculated before and after examination and enable us to provide the first large-scale analysis of trends in patent scope changes during the examination process. Our results show that applications with narrower scope are associated with a higher probability of grant and a shorter and less intense examination period in comparison to applications with broader scope. Further, we find that the examination process itself tends to narrow the scope of patents relative to the scope at filing, and that the changes are more significant when the duration and intensity of examination is increased. We explain our metrics and make our data available in a public use dataset, which we hope will encourage more research in the evaluation of patent scope, patent examination, and patent quality more broadly. 相似文献