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1.
Maj-Britt Isberner Tobias Richter Johanna Maier Katja Knuth-Herzig Holger Horz Wolfgang Schnotz 《Instructional Science》2013,41(5):849-872
When reading conflicting science-related texts, readers may attend to cues which allow them to assess plausibility. One such plausibility cue is the use of graphs in the texts, which are regarded as typical of ‘hard science’. The goal of our study was to investigate the effects of the presence of graphs on the perceived plausibility and situation model strength for conflicting science-related texts, while including the influence of readers’ amount of experience with scientific texts and graphs as a potential moderator of these effects. In an experiment mimicking web-based informal learning, 77 university students read texts on controversial scientific issues which were presented with either graphs or tables. Perceived plausibility and situation model strength for each text were assessed immediately after reading; reader variables were assessed several weeks prior to the experiment proper. The results suggest that graphs can indeed serve as plausibility cues and thus boost situation model strength for texts which contain them. This effect was mediated by the perceived plausibility of the information in the texts with graphs. However, whether readers use graphs as plausibility cues in texts with conflicting information seems to depend also on their amount of experience with scientific texts and graphs. 相似文献
2.
Improving the comprehension of disabled readers 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Joanna P. Williams 《Annals of dyslexia》1998,48(1):213-238
Students with learning disabilities (LD) often have difficulty comprehending what they read. Although reading comprehension
problems frequently are associated with inadequate word recognition, students also have difficulties related to comprehension
itself—a passive approach to the reading task, insensitivity to text structure, and poor metacognitive skills. The reading
and language arts curricula that have emerged from today’s constructivist paradigm can pose problems for these students. Whereas
the new curricula emphasize personal interpretations of text and relatively unstructured teaching strategies, students with
LD do well with explicit, highly structured instruction. This paper introduces an instructional program designed to teach
students with serious learning disabilities how to identify a story theme, and how to relate it to their own real-life experiences.
The program focused on understanding a text as a whole, and integrating text meaning with concepts and experiences that are
personally meaningful, goals shared by a constructivist approach. At the same time, the program incorporates the explicit,
structured instruction that these students also need. A study to evaluate the program’s effectiveness is described, as are
current efforts to refine the program to promote transfer of comprehension strategies. 相似文献
3.
Explicitly informing students about learning goals has been argued to foster intentional learning. This study tested three
theoretical hypotheses regarding the facilitating effects of learning goals by investigating 72 students’ actual reading behaviour
and cognitive processes (i.e., the use of learning goals). Participants studied a text presented on 15 separate computer screens
with/without learning goals. In line with the three hypotheses, the analyses focused on three aspects: students’ interpretations
of the learning goals, information selection processes and monitoring behaviour. Results indicated variability among students
in their perceptions of the learning goals in terms of goal consistency and specificity. Students in the learning goal condition
recorded more goal-relevant information in their notes. However, only few students deliberately used learning goals to monitor
their goal-directed activities while studying the text. Analysis of students’ reading behaviour and cognitive processes suggests
that the absence of significant performance differences between the conditions can be explained by referring to students’
actual use of learning goals. 相似文献
4.
Research has shown that differences in the prior knowledge of the participants and in the learning indexes adopted can explain why some studies show positive learning effects of analogy enriched text while others do not. In the present studies, these two factors were combined into one through the construction of a learning index that measured incremental positive changes in the participants' prior knowledge after reading an analogy enriched or no analogy text. A second learning index was also used to evaluate whether the participants created well-formed conceptual models after reading the science text. These learning indexes were used in two studies in which the effects of analogy enriched versus no analogy text were compared on the learning of the scientific explanations of the day/night cycle and of the seasons. The participants were 3rd and 5th graders in the first study and 6th graders and college students in the other. Although only few of the participants learned the correct scientific explanation, those who read the analogy enriched text produced more incremental positive changes in their pretest explanations at posttest and delayed test and created more well-formed conceptual models close to the scientific one than those who read the no analogy text. They also recalled more information and created fewer invalid inferences in their recalls. The results indicate that analogies can be used without reservation to facilitate the learning of science and have broader implications about how to evaluate the learning of science in general. 相似文献
5.
The study compared the comprehension processes and outcomes obtained with refutation and expository text and their association with learning outcomes. After a knowledge pretest, undergraduate students read an extended expository text or a corresponding refutation text that addressed three potential misconceptions about the scientific concept of energy. Think-aloud, cued recall, and posttest data indicated that the positive impact of refutation text was more associated with comprehension outcomes than processes. Refutation text did not influence comprehension processes but facilitated valid inference generation in recall and minimized the negative effects of distortions on learning. The findings suggest the timing of the refutation text effect to be later, after reading, and its nature to be that of neutralizing the influence of any misconceptions on learning from text instead of changing them. 相似文献
6.
Topic interest and learning from texts have been found to be positively associated with each other. However, the reason for this positive association is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to examine a cognitive process, inference generation, that could explain the positive association between interest and learning from texts. In Study 1, sixty undergraduate students participated by reading two science texts, which differed in coherence levels, silently. The results replicated previous findings that topic interest is positively associated with recall and accurate answers to comprehension questions for both texts. In Study 2, sixty-nine undergraduate students participated by reading the same two science texts while thinking aloud. The results indicated that topic interest was positively associated with inference generation while reading for the more coherently-written text. Subsequent analyses indicated inference generation partly explained the positive association between topic interest and accurate answers to comprehension questions for the more coherently-written text. The findings from Study 2 were independent of the effects of reading comprehension skill. Theoretical implications of the findings, in regard to standards of coherence and depth of processing while reading, are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Uncovering the effect of text structure in learning from a science text: An eye-tracking study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study examined whether reading a refutational or non-refutational text would induce different cognitive processing, as
revealed by eye-movement analyses. Unlike a standard expository text, a refutational text acknowledges a reader’s alternative
conceptions about a topic, refutes them, and then introduces scientific conceptions as viable alternatives. Forty university
students read one or the other type of text about the phenomenon of the tides. All had alternative conceptions about the topic.
Findings showed that at post-test (off-line measure) refutational text readers learned more than non-refutational text readers.
Outcomes regarding indices of visual behavior (on-line measures) during reading revealed that refutational text readers fixated
the text segments presenting scientific concepts for a longer time overall than non-refutational text readers, in particular
during the second-pass reading. Refutational text readers also fixated the refutational segments for a shorter time than non-refutational
text readers for the control segments. Furthermore, all indices of visual attention predicted learning only for the refutational
text readers. The more the students’ reading of the refutational text was strategic, the better they learned from it. Implications
about eye-tracking methodology and the refutational effect are drawn. 相似文献
8.
AbstractThis study investigated whether presenting a picture before reading can encourage situation-model construction. We compared two conditions (n?= 30) which differed in whether a picture of the initial situation described in a narrative text was presented before reading (i.e. pictorial-support condition) or not (i.e. no-picture condition). Situation-model construction was measured using both process- and product-oriented measures. Eye-tracking data indicated online resource allocation to the different levels of text representation: surface, textbase, and situation model. Literal text questions and inference questions were used as an offline indication of textbase and situation-model processing, respectively. The results showed that a picture presented before reading led to a redistribution of processing resources during reading, evidenced by a shift from textbase to situation-model processing. This attentional shift did not translate into higher comprehension scores. The results were interpreted in line with multimedia learning theories suggesting pictures can serve as a mental scaffold for situation-model construction. 相似文献
9.
Maria dos Santos Lonsdale Mary C. Dyson Linda Reynolds 《Journal of Research in Reading》2006,29(4):433-453
Examinations are conventionally used to measure candidates' achievement in a limited time period. However, the influence of text layout on performance may compromise the construct validity of the examination. An experimental study looked at the effects of the text layout on the speed and accuracy of a reading task in an examination‐type situation. A survey of the reading strategies used in examinations was conducted to help in defining the reading context in which text layout may have an effect. A set of guidelines was also derived from research on typographic features of text and these were used to select three text layouts (intended to be more or less legible) from the layouts used in English language reading examinations. Results of the experiment showed that task time was significantly shorter and the number of correct answers per second was significantly higher with the layout conforming to legibility guidelines. Participants' judgements indicated that this layout was also the easiest in which to find answers and the most attractive. The main conclusion of the study is that text layout affects performance in a task that involves reading text to search for specific information in order to answer questions on it under time pressure. Consequently, the construct validity of examinations may be compromised by confounding legibility with reading skills. 相似文献
10.
Claire John 《Literacy》2009,43(3):123-133
Changes in the teaching of reading during the past decade include a shift away from a previous emphasis on ‘one‐to‐one’ learning experiences to a focus upon more communal forms of learning which place the teacher center stage. With the teacher's role thus highlighted, teacher–pupil interaction in practice has come under the spotlight, with a number of studies raising concerns about the quality of teaching taking place and suggesting this is featuring more traditional patterns of ‘IRF’ exchanges between teachers and pupils, which are limiting to children's learning. This article reports on a small‐scale study into teacher–pupil interaction styles during three Key Stage 1 ‘shared reading’ sessions – an activity in which teacher and children work together on an enlarged, illustrated text, with the teacher explicitly modeling components of the reading process to children. The article considers the more tacit modelling taking place during these sessions and how particular linguistic patterning used by teachers frames reading as an educational and cultural activity in ways that position children differentially in relation to it. In particular, it considers how variation in the use of the IRF exchange can mediate different cultural meanings about what it is to engage with text as a reader. 相似文献
11.
12.
Reading is an essential activity for learning at university, but lecturers are not always experienced in setting appropriate questions to test understanding of texts. In other words, their assessments may not be ‘constructively aligned’ with the learning outcomes they hope their students to exhibit. In examination conditions, questions may be set with insufficient time for re-reading available texts, thus drawing more on students' powers of recall than on deeper learning and comprehension. Previous research has been undertaken on reading comprehension generally, but no research has yet explored the interaction of factors such as text availability (re-reading of texts), text layout, question type and respondents' language background. This study explores the correctness of 50 participants' responses to a set reading task based on an expository text, and participants' confidence in giving those answers, in relation to four factors: the effects of question type; text availability; text layout; and language background. The main findings are that non-native speakers of English have more difficulty and less confidence in answering implicit questions and that reviewing the text has a significant effect on response correctness for implicit questions. The form of text layout did not show a significant effect, however. Our results have implications for lecturers who set readings and questions for comprehension and others who use reading comprehension as part of their ‘hidden curriculum’. Further research in this area is required to determine more precisely the effects of language background. 相似文献
13.
This study examined whether children’s reading rate, comprehension, and recall are affected by computer presentation of text.
Participants were 60 grade five students, who each read two expository texts, one in a traditional print format and the other
from a computer monitor, which used a common scrolling text interface. After reading each text, participants were asked to
recall as much as they could from what they had read and then answered questions that measured text recall and comprehension.
Children took more time to read the passage and recalled more of the text material that they had read from the computer monitor.
The benefit of computer presentation disappeared when efficiency variables, which take time into account, were examined. Children
were, however, more efficient at comprehending text when reading from paper. The results suggest that children may take more
time to read text on computer screens and that they are more efficient when reading text on paper. 相似文献
14.
Françoise Armand 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2001,16(1):67-86
The objective of this study was to verify the effects of the interaction between text structures and prior knowledge on memory
and learning from expository texts. It examined the effects of two levels of prior knowledge and two types of mixed structures
on a post-reading questionnaire. A total of 119 French-speaking, sixth-grade subjects were selected on the basis of a multiple-choice
questionnaire. This questionnaire served to distinguish two groups, one possessing a high level of prior knowledge about the
topic covered in the text (HP group), and another having a low level of prior knowledge (LP group). The children’s reading
ability was evaluated by a cloze test that also served to eliminate children with reading comprehension difficulties from
the experimental groups. The subjects in each group were arbitrarily assigned to subgroups. One group read an experimental
passage, “The effects of acid rain on maple and pine”, which was organized in a collection inserted in cause/effect structure
(SI). The other group read the same information, but which was organized in a comparison inserted in cause/effect structure
(S2). The post-reading measure consisted of 24 questions that varied according to three criteria. The statistical analysis
revealed that the effects of text structure were dependent on the level of prior knowledge and on the type of questions and
confirmed that prior knowledge had a determining influence on knowledge acquisition. 相似文献
15.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(1):43-50
Abstract Many students in Australian schools today experience difficulty understanding read text beyond Year 3 despite early intervention and rich learning experiences. Often the first indications that such students may have reading comprehension difficulties is from poor performance on comprehension tests in fourth grade. After Year 3 the written text becomes more complex and there is an increasing emphasis on reading comprehension. Less skilled comprehenders experience difficulties because they often use inefficient memory strategies and do not normally visualise story content. Readers with comprehension difficulties can be taught to construct mental imagery that will enable them to link verbal and imaginal information more efficiently into their working memory by reducing the cognitive load. The indications are that engaging readers in elaborative questioning and discussion of the text improves reader's own language and mental imagery as well as enhancing comprehension of read text. For readers who have struggled for years and have developed a resistance to reading, a literacy tutoring intervention framework that focuses on a personalised responsive relationship‐based approach to reading, combined with interesting text and student choice of appropriate material, can facilitate improved reading. The Comprehension of the Narrative intervention program is an example of a multiple strategy training intervention program that utilises explicit strategy instruction in a framework of measured stages while also increasing the level and complexity of the reading texts used. It has been shown that participating students are enabled to build on previously mastered skills and develop more effective higher order comprehension outcomes through focused dialogue with trained tutors. 相似文献
16.
In the context of Learning Technologies, the need to be able to assess the learning and domain comprehension in open-ended learner responses has been present in artificial intelligence and education since its beginnings. The advantage of using summaries is that they allow teachers to diagnose comprehension and the amount of information remembered from text in the learning process. This study addresses the issue of automatically obtaining overall discourse scores from surface discourse measures for Basque language. Global measures have been studied for cohesion, adequacy and use of language. The approach taken was to estimate the presence of the automatically gathered surface discourse measures in expert grading decisions in cohesion, adequacy and use of language. As a consequence, three grading decision-making regression models were obtained to estimate overall grades from text written in Basque. Next, the obtained regression models were tested in corpus-containing summaries written by learners with different degrees of summarisation maturity. The results show that the obtained grading frameworks significantly reflect human decisions and are able to discriminate summarisation maturity differences. 相似文献
17.
Some studies suggest that individuals having completed undergraduate science programs are often poorly prepared to use graphs
in ways typical of their disciplines. Science and technology studies have identified competency in graphing as being of central
importance to the practice of a scientific discipline. Given the centrality of graphing to the practice of science, an important
aspect of becoming enculturated into the practices of a scientific discipline is being able to use and interpret graphs in
ways that are typical to that discipline. For example, competency in this usage is important to reading, interpreting and
understanding journal articles in a discipline. Undergraduate science students spend a considerable amount of time in lectures
where graphical representations play a major role in the presentation of subject matter. To gain an understanding of the use
of graphs in lectures and how this use contributes to student understanding, this paper provides a microanalysis of graph
use in lectures drawn from artifacts compiled from videotaping all lectures and seminars in a thirteen week ecology course.
This analysis focused on both the text and the geestural references made in the reading of a graph in an ecology lecture.
We conclude that the common ground existing amongst scientists that help them reach an agreed upon interpretation of a graph
is missing from the present lectures and then discuss the constraints this places on students, learning about graphs in lectures. 相似文献
18.
Effects of different ways of introducing a reading task on intrinsic motivation and comprehension 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study compared the effects of two brief prereading instructional practices – hands‐on activities and prior knowledge activation – on sixth‐graders' intrinsic motivation for reading a text and reading comprehension. Both hands‐on activities and prior knowledge activation substantially improved reading comprehension relative to a control condition where students just read to answer questions and take a test about the text content. These effects did not depend on preexisting individual differences in basic reading skill, reading motivation or topic knowledge. Hands‐on activities and prior knowledge activation did not differentially affect reading comprehension, however, nor did either of them have any effect on intrinsic motivation to read the text. If used regularly in classrooms, brief prereading practices in the form of hands‐on activities or prior knowledge activation may result in knowledge gains that accumulate to build a solid conceptual basis for further, self‐regulated learning from text. 相似文献
19.
Direct instruction of reading strategies, such as the ‘structure strategy’, is demonstrated to be effective for the development of more mature and skilled reading processes in struggling readers. This instructional intervention approach, aimed at directly improving reading ability, can be used in combination with text simplification. Text simplification is the modification of the text in order to make it more understandable or readable for target groups of readers. In this article, we discuss a theoretically-driven text simplification approach, inspired by cognitive models of reading comprehension. Differently from classical approaches to linguistic text simplification, the aim of cognitive text simplification is not simply to reduce the linguistic complexity of the text, but to improve text coherence and the structure of information in the text. This can be achieved by using rhetorical devices, like signaling or discourse markers, which specify relationships among ideas at a global level (macrostructural) and work as processing instructions for the reader, scaffolding reading comprehension. The goal of this paper is to discuss, in light of the literature, the effectiveness of these adaptations for improving struggling readers’ understanding and learning from informational texts. 相似文献
20.
It is well known that children who read more tend to achieve higher scores in academic reading tests. Much less is known, however, about the link between reading different types of text and young people's reading performance. We investigate this issue using the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009 database, exploring the association between the frequency with which teenagers read five different types of text (magazines, non-fiction, fiction, newspapers and comics) and their PISA reading scores. Analysing data from more than 250,000 teenagers from across 35 industrialised countries, we find evidence of a sizeable ‘fiction effect’; young people who read this type of text frequently have significantly stronger reading skills than their peers who do not. In contrast, the same does not hold true for the four other text types. We therefore conclude that encouraging young people to read fiction may be particularly beneficial for their reading skills. Interventions encouraging fiction reading may be especially important for boys from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, who are less likely to read this text type. 相似文献