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1.
Delinda Van Garderen Marjorie Montague 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2003,18(4):246-254
The purpose of this study was to investigate students' use of visual imagery while solving mathematical problems. Students with learning disabilities (LD), average achievers, and gifted students in sixth grade (N= 66) participated in this study. Students were assessed on measures of mathematical problem solving and visual‐spatial representation. Visual‐spatial representations were coded as either primarily schematic representations that encode the spatial relations described in the problem or primarily pictorial representations that encode persons, places, or things described in the problem. Results indicated that gifted students used significantly more visual‐spatial representations than the other two groups. Students with LD used significantly more pictorial representations than their peers. Successful mathematical problem solving was positively correlated with use of schematic representations; conversely, it was negatively correlated with use of pictorial representations. 相似文献
2.
Abstract This study combines a critical analysis of analogies found in eight chemistry textbooks used by Australian senior high school students with the views of the textbook authors about analogies in chemistry textbooks and teaching. Sixty‐two analogies were identified which described abstract chemical concepts such as atomic structure and collision theory. A range of styles, including pictorial analogies, were identified and the analogies were found to have variant amounts of analogical mapping and analogue explanation. Analogical limitations were rarely identified. Authors contended that they were cautious about including analogies in textbooks as analogies require a flexibility not available when they are set in print. It was argued that analogy was best applied as a strategy for teachers in response to them perceiving that students had misunderstood an original explanation. 相似文献
3.
The effect of laboratory and lecture teaching methods on cognitive achievement in integrated science
A sample of 210 class-two (grade 8) students from six randomly selected classes from six Nigerian schools was divided into two (experimental and control) groups. Using materials from some units of the Nigerian Integrated Science Project (NISP), the experimental group was taught by a laboratory method while the control group was taught by the lecture method. Data were collected using an Achievement Test for Integrated Science Students developed by the authors and student ability was measured by tests secured from the Department of Teacher Education, University of Ibadan. In analyzing the data, an analysis of covariance was employed. T-test statistics were also used to determine significant difference between means of different groups. High achievers of both groups had identical achievement, but the low achievers in the experimental group performed better than their counterparts in the control group. While the study showed that males in this study prefer laboratory method to lecture method when compared with their female counterparts, the study also revealed that females in the control classes performed better than males of the same group. 相似文献
4.
The use of analogies in language teaching: Representing the content of teachers' practical knowledge 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study sought to determine how experienced language teachers use analogies to help students comprehend a text on the course of their regular teaching routines. It is assumed that analogies constitute one important component of the content of teachers' practical knowledge in the context of reading-comprehension instruction. The framework of the study drew from Shulman's notion of 'pedagogical content knowledge'; the perspective was the analogy-provider (e.g. teacher or textbook author). Eight lessons taught by eight different teachers were observed and analysed for the presence of analogies. The frequent use of analogies, continuously under discussion in the literature about science education, seems at least open to question. The research suggests that teacher education programmes for language teaching should include information about developing and evaluating instructional analogies. 相似文献
5.
Ludwig J. Issing 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1990,5(4):489-499
The use of visualisation in learning material is increasing rapidly. Three major categories of pictures or illustrations are distinguished: representational pictures, logical pictures, and pictorial analogies. This article concentrates on pictorial analogies of which the cognitive functioning depends on identical relations between two non-identical domains. To get more insight into the crucial parameters of pictorial analogies in combination with expository text, two investigatory studies with physics materials are reported. The results show that the use of pictorial analogies can improve learning significantly if they are designed properly and used together with the expository text to be studied. Pictorial analogies should be carefully developed in regard to high structural similarity between the base and the target domain. Understanding of the analogical relationship is supported by inter-connecting the information text closely with references to the relevant features of the pictorial analogy. 相似文献
6.
Locus of control and tutor's instructional style as determinants of cross-age tutoring effectiveness
Junior high students serving as cross-age tutors taught their elementary school tutee an analogy lesson in the presence of observers who recorded tutor teaching behaviors and tutee learning as a function of students' internal-external control. Based upon results demonstrating that externals outperform internals when another person provides feedback regarding response accuracy, it was hypothesized that tutorial instruction would benefit external learners more than internal learners. Correlations between tutee externality and task performance (though in the expected direction) were not significant and failed to support the hypothesis. On the other hand, hypotheses regarding tutor behaviors were confirmed. As predicted, internal tutors expected to be more successful teachers, used more verbal and nonverbal cues in their teaching, expended more noticeable effort, and taught more analogies than external tutors. The implications of these results for the conduct of tutoring programs in schools was discussed. 相似文献
7.
Douglas P. Newton 《教育心理学》1985,5(2):179-185
Abstract Pictures for children commonly contain pictorial metaphor. This non‐mimetic information supplements, clarifies or renders unambiguous properties or actions represented in the mimetic parts of a picture. Children's perception of some pictorial metaphors may not be wholly by processing them as metaphors or implied analogies but as word‐like figures. Some evidence is presented which may support this view. 相似文献
8.
This study explored the efficacy of promoting a beginning chemistry teacher's curriculum development and teaching practices through the use of computers. Using pictorial analogies, historical cases of science, and discrepant events in a web site designed by the researchers as curricular samples, the beginning teacher was asked to develop similar curriculum for his own teaching. After taking the researchers' advice into account and making adjustments, the beginning teacher implemented the curriculum in his classroom teaching and shared his experience with the researchers by e-mail communications. The teacher's teaching practices both before and after the web site treatment were observed and analyzed. It was found that before the treatment the teacher used the textbook as the only resource of his teaching. Extra curriculum was rarely seen, there were not many student-teacher interactions, and analogies or examples used in his explanation of abstract concepts were not preorganized. On the other hand, after the treatment, the teacher was able to develop suitable curricula by himself for the purpose of increasing student involvement. He also explained the applications of chemical concepts in daily lives and his analogies and demonstrations were well organized. Although the beginning teacher was able to develop curricula after the treatment, many aspects of his teaching can be improved, especially in the areas of student-teacher interaction and the implementation of students activities in science teaching. 相似文献
9.
Jesper Haglund 《Studies in Science Education》2013,49(1):35-68
It has long been recognised that analogies may be a useful tool in science education. At the same time, it has been found that there are challenges to using analogies in teaching. For example, students might not identify a suitable analogy, might not recognise how the taught target domain is similar to the source domain to which it is compared, or may fail to realise where the analogy breaks down. The present study offers a review of two trends which reflect the ambition to come to terms with such challenges: self-generated analogies, making use of students’ own analogies in teaching, and analogy generation in collaborative settings, such as in small-group work. Empirical studies show predominately positive results with regard to students’ enjoyment and learning gains, and point to opportunities for formative assessment. The specificities of language in conjunction with analogy and the role of analogies in authentic science classroom discourse are suggested as areas of study that deserve more attention going forward. 相似文献
10.
Pre‐ and post‐word association and achievement tests were administered to relate concept growth with classroom learning. In the secondary school chemistry topic of reaction kinetics no conceptual differences were detected in the pre‐tests between high and low achievers in the achievement tests. In the post‐test the low achievers showed virtually no conceptual changes whereas the high achievers showed clearly relevant conceptual growth and structuring. The key concept collision integrated the concept structure of the high achievers, not appearing at all for the low achievers. The results show the potential of word association tests for use by teachers to follow the learning of concepts during science teaching. 相似文献
11.
John J. Clement 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(10):1271-1286
Evidence is presented indicating that spontaneously generated analogies can play a significant role in expert problem solving. Since not all analogies are valid, it is important for the subject to have a way to evaluate their validity. In particular, this paper focuses on an evaluation strategy called bridging that has been observed in solutions to both science and mathematics problems. Spontaneous analogies have also been documented in the problem solving of students. The shared natural use of analogies for unfamiliar problems is an expert‐novice similarity. Some of the strategies observed in experts were incorporated in a teaching technique for dealing with students’ preconceptions in mechanics. Students taught via these units achieved large gain differences over control groups. Thus non‐deductive reasoning strategies used by experts can give us valuable clues concerning instructional strategies for science students. This complements the prior focus in the literature on expert novice differences with a focus on expert novice similarities. 相似文献
12.
13.
Muhammad Maqsud 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(2):237-243
An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of metacognitive instruction on mathematics achievement and attitude towards mathematics of low mathematics achievers at a middle school in the North‐West Province of South Africa. Forty standard (std) 7 pupils were identified whose non‐verbal general ability and previous mathematics achievements were significantly lower than those of other std 7 pupils. These subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Metacognitive strategies in solving mathematical problems related to four mathematics topics were individually taught to the members of the experimental group, while the pupils in the control group were taught the four mathematics topics through the conventional method of teaching mathematics. The comparisons of pretest and posttest measures of general ability, metacognitive awareness, attitude towards mathematics, and mathematics achievement revealed that the posttest scores of all the four variables for the experimental group were significantly higher than those for the control group. 相似文献
14.
The difficulties encountered by pupils and students when learning physics can often be explained by the differences that exist between their spontaneous ideas about the real world and how the scientist models this reality. How can children and adolescents be helped to better understand scientific ideas that could be of use to them? What is the role in learning and in teaching of: peer group interaction, different forms of representation (pictorial analogies, schemes, graphs), intelligent tutoring systems; etc? In this special edition there are a number of pieces of recent research of interest both to the researcher and to educator concerned with the development of knowledge and the teaching of the experimental sciences. 相似文献
15.
Yin-Kum Law 《教育心理学》2014,34(4):470-494
The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two types of cooperative learning groups used in reciprocal teaching (RT) classes (i.e. high-structured vs. low-structured groups) for enhancing students’ reading comprehension. The participants were 235 Hong Kong Chinese Grade 6 students in nine classes. Reading comprehension tests and questionnaires were used to investigate students’ reading comprehension, teachers’ cognitive support and perceptions of cooperative learning. The findings indicate that high achievers from the low-structured RT group significantly outperformed high achievers from the high-structured RT group in post-test reading comprehension, whereas low achievers from the high-structured RT group significantly outperformed low achievers from the low-structured RT group in follow-up reading comprehension. Students from the high-structured RT group reported higher scores for their perceptions of cooperative learning than students from the low-structured RT group. 相似文献
16.
Audrey C. Rule Samantha Baldwin Robert Schell 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(9):1159-1182
This study examined the use of form and function analogy object boxes to teach second graders (n = 21) animal adaptations. The study used a pretest–posttest design to examine animal adaptation content learned through focused analogy activities as compared with reading and Internet searches for information about adaptations of animals followed by making an informative puppet play. Students participated in six week‐long lesson sets, each addressing adaptations of two animals, which alternated between the two conditions. In the analogy condition, students matched cards explaining form and function analogies of animal body parts or homes to analogous manufactured items. They mapped analogies, thought of alternate manufactured items, and created new analogies. Students scored similarly on material to be taught through both conditions on the pretest, but made significantly higher posttest mean scores (76.1% analogy versus 57.2% traditional condition) with large effect size (partial η2 = 0.58) on animal adaptation content learned through the analogy activities. This study shows the usefulness of form and function analogies in teaching product innovations to second‐grade students, indicating that early childhood students are able to successfully engage in sophisticated analogy activities. Efficacy of the analogy activities was related to objects that focused attention, motivated, and gave concrete representations of concepts; to cards and graphic organizers for organization, connections, and memory; and to complex thinking activities that challenged students and promoted peer interaction. 相似文献
17.
Suzanna E. Henshon 《Roeper Review》2013,35(4):191-194
This article describes a training program in analogical reasoning skills based on Sternberg's componential processes research. Students are first taught how to apply the processes of encoding, inferring, mapping and applying in the solution of linguistic and nonlinguistic analogies of the A:B::C:D type. Then, they apply these components in the processing of extended linguistic analogies developed in sentence, paragraph, and story form. Finally, several weeks are spent teaching students the utility of these same components and analogical reasoning to their performance in the content areas. 相似文献
18.
Tova Stenlund Hanna Eklöf Per-Erik Lyrén 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2017,24(1):4-20
This study investigated whether different groups of test-takers vary in their reported test-taking behaviour in a high-stakes test situation. A between-group design (N = 1129) was used to examine whether high and low achievers, as well as females and males, differ in their use of test-taking strategies, and in level of reported test anxiety and motivation. The results showed differences between high and low achievers on a number of test-taking strategies, where high achievers reported using successful strategies to a higher extent. There were also gender differences: females, for example, reported using random guessing to a higher extent than males. Further, low achievers, especially females, reported significantly higher levels of test anxiety than high achievers, and high achievers reported slightly higher levels of motivation when compared to low achievers. To conclude, test-taking behaviour might bring additional variance to test scores, whether or not this is irrelevant variance is discussed. 相似文献
19.
本研究的主要目的是调查我国英语专业一年级学生元认知策略、认知策略和社会情感策略的使用情况,发现其中的问题,为一二年级的听力教学提供指导。主要研究问题包括：1）三类听力策略的总体使用情况;2）听力成绩与三类听力策略之间的关系;3）高、低两个水平组在使用三类听力策略方面的差异。研究发现：一年级学生认知策略使用率最高,其次是元认知策略和社会情感策略;声音、上下文、关键词等认知策略、情感策略与听力成绩显著正相关,翻译策略与听力成绩显著负相关,根据认知策略的运用,可在一定程度上预测学生的听力成绩;高、低水平两组学生在三大策略的使用方面存在显著差异,高分组学生比低分组学生能更好地使用部分认知策略和情感策略,低分组学生更倾向于运用翻译、迁移等认知策略。这说明部分外语学习者之所以听力成绩优异是源于能够有效地使用部分认知策略,因此,低年级听力教师应该注意培养学生运用认知策略的能力。 相似文献
20.
Beate Staudt 《High Ability Studies》2006,17(1):3-16
In this study the neural efficiency phenomenon (more efficient brain function in brighter as compared to less intelligent individuals) was investigated regarding differences in intelligence (average vs. above‐average intelligence) and scholastic achievement (achievers vs. underachievers). The cortical activation (assessed by event‐related desynchronisation in the EEG) of 31 male adolescents was measured while performing a verbal and figural version of Posner's letter matching task and two creativity tasks. During the figural Posner task, average intelligent underachievers showed higher frontal activation than similarly intelligent achievers and brighter underachievers, whereas average intelligent achievers showed higher posterior activation. During one creativity task underachievers were frontally less activated than achievers. The results provide first evidence that different achievement levels are also reflected in different levels of cortical activation. 相似文献