共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 453 毫秒
1.
Peter Andreas Federolf 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1063-1068
Abstract Alpine ski racing is a popular sport in many countries and a lot of research has gone into optimising athlete performance. Two factors influence athlete performance in a ski race: speed and the chosen path between the gates. However, to date there is no objective, quantitative method to determine instantaneous skiing performance that takes both of these factors into account. The purpose of this short communication was to define a variable quantifying instantaneous skiing performance and to study how this variable depended on the skiers' speed and on their chosen path. Instantaneous skiing performance was defined astime loss per elevation difference dt/dz, which depends on the skier's speed v(z), and the distance travelled per elevation difference ds/dz. Using kinematic data collected in an earlier study, it was evaluated how these variables can be used to assess the individual performance of six ski racers in two slalom turns. The performance analysis conducted in this study might be a useful tool not only for athletes and coaches preparing for competition, but also for sports scientists investigating skiing techniques or engineers developing and testing skiing equipment. 相似文献
2.
Jörg Spörri Josef Kröll Hermann Schwameder Erich Müller 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(7):911-919
Knowing how to enhance alpine skiing performance is essential for effective coaching. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of path length- and speed-related factors for performance enhancement, while skiing on a homogeneously set/constantly inclined giant slalom course section (average gate distance: 27?m; offset: 8?m; slope inclination: 26°). During a video-based three-dimensional kinematic field-experiment, the data of six athletes who skied a two-gate section on four different types of skis were collected. The performance parameter analysed was section time. The performance predictors analysed were centre of mass (CoM), path length and the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed along the analysed section. Furthermore, since the current study examined alpine skiing performance within short sections, the skier’s entrance speed was also considered. Classified as a high-performance and a low-performance group based on section time, slow and fast trials significantly differed in CoM path length, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed and entrance speed. The entrance speed of all trials analysed ranged between 15.25 and 17.66?m/s. In trials with both high and low entrance speed, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed was found to be more relevant for the prediction of section time than CoM path length. However, further studies should investigate whether such a prioritization can be unrestrictedly generalized to other situations, such as entrance speeds, course sets, slope inclinations and competition disciplines different to those assessed in the current study. 相似文献
3.
John Seifert Thomas Stöggl Peter Scheiber Eva Heizinger Erich Müller 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(5):419-425
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ski slope grade, skiing speed, skiing ability, sex, and age on HR, RPE, and energy expenditure responses during recreational alpine skiing. Thirty-eight participants were divided by age, sex, and skiing ability. Instructor- and self-paced skiing conditions were conducted on 10° and 19.8° slopes. Skiing HR was recorded, RPE collected at the end of each run, and energy expenditure calculated. The pertinent results of this study demonstrate that the interactions of grade × speed, speed × age, and grade × age and the main effects of speed and grade significantly influenced %HRmax, mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure during skiing. When %HRmax is taken into account, the older skiers skied at a greater relative intensity than the young skiers. The sex, age, and skiing ability main effects did not have a significant influence on mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure. These data demonstrates that increased speed and grade results in increased physiological stress. Using mean, HR data may not be the best option for assessing physiological stress during exercise in the older athlete as it does not account for the influence of the ageing process. 相似文献
4.
A continuously waxed ski has been developed that releases a thin film of lubricant under the base of a ski. This replicates the melt water layer observed in snow skis which is caused by frictional and solar heating. The system is particularly effective on artificial (dry) slopes where skiers slide on plastic bristles rather than snow. Speeds comparable to those achieved on snow are achieved using this system and this improves the experience for the skier. Speed enhancements on plastic slopes of up to 50?% have been achieved using solutions of polyethylene glycol in water. There is speed enhancement of approximately 9?% on artificial snow and 2?% on fresh alpine snow. The latter value is highly significant as it can be the difference between winning a medal in ski competitions and finishing outside the top ten. In addition to the quantitative data, qualitative athlete perceptions were also recorded and show that a feel like snow can be achieved on artificial surfaces. Because the lubrication system is attached to the ski, it allows personal performance enhancement irrespective of a water misting system being in operation or not. The design complies with the equipment regulations of the skiing??s international governing body so it can be used in competition. 相似文献
5.
高校开展高山滑雪教学对培养大学生冬季体育锻炼的兴趣、爱好,以及锻炼行的养成具有重要的促进作用,是改变黑龙江省大学生体质逐年减弱趋势的主要冬季体育活动之一。高山滑雪教学的理论授课是预防滑雪运动损伤的有效手段,从熟悉滑雪器材与掌握技术概念,遵守禁止在滑雪道上停留、掌控自己滑行的速度、不准许超速滑行、保持安全的滑行距离、按自己的技术水平选择滑行的滑雪道的滑雪规则,掌握安全摔倒的时机、方法等几个方面构建、设计高山滑雪教学理论授课的要点,在寓教于乐中灌输安全滑雪、终身体育的理念,提高黑龙江省大学生体质健康水平。 相似文献
6.
Chiara Zoppirolli Kim Hébert-Losier Hans-Christer Holmberg Barbara Pellegrini 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(18):2127-2148
ABSTRACT Cross-country skiing is a complex endurance sport requiring technical skills, in addition to considerable physiological and tactical abilities. This review aims to identify biomechanical factors that influence the performance of cross-country skiers. Four electronic databases were searched systematically for original articles in peer-reviewed journals addressing the relationship between biomechanical factors (including kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation) and performance while skiing on snow or roller skiing. Of the 46 articles included, 22 focused exclusively on the classical technique, 18 on the skating technique, and six on both. The indicators of performance were: results from actual or simulated races (9 articles); speed on specific tracts (6 articles); maximal or peak speed (11 articles); skiing economy or efficiency (11 articles); and grouping on the basis of performance or level of skill (12 articles). The main findings were that i) cycle length, most often considered as a major determinant of skiing speed, is also related to skiing economy and level of performance; ii) higher cycle rate related with maximal speed capacity, while self-selected cycle rate improves skiing economy at sub-maximal speeds; iii) cross-country skiing performance appears to be improved by joint, whole-body, ski, and pole kinematics that promote forward propulsion while minimizing unnecessary movement. 相似文献
7.
后冬奥时期大众滑雪消费规模增长向品质提升转变,区域滑雪场服务质量逐渐成为目的地滑雪旅游核心竞争力的重要体现。本文运用修正IPA方法对鄂西神农架四大滑雪场服务质量进行了实证研究。结果表明:滑雪消费者对鄂西神农架滑雪场服务质量基本满意。配对样本t检验显示33项因子中的27项因子重要性和实际绩效之间存在显著差异。根据改进IPA象限图,鄂西神农架滑雪场场地防护、公共交通、滑雪教学、医疗救援、实时咨询投诉等14项因子落入改进各区。针对改进远区的雪场安全与交通掣肘、改进中区的雪场需求对接效率冲突、改进近区的雪场公共管理与个性化服务矛盾等关键性问题,本文尝试提出以下优化策略:(1)统筹滑雪场与主干交通的无缝对接,提升客运转换服务效能;(2)启动滑雪场智慧管理升级,构建智能信息时代安全防护的新屏障;(3)融景观、民俗、研学于一体,扩展雪场特色体验的交互能级;(4)制定多层次滑雪消费价格体系,满足差异化的滑雪消费需求;(5)引入特色模块化教学体系,推行滑雪教练准入与考评机制;(6)构建战略合作立体化矩阵,打造区域滑雪特色经营共同体。 相似文献
8.
北京市和河北省崇礼县滑雪旅游市场已经有了十几年的经营历史,为了探讨两地滑雪市场发展过程中存在的主要问题,为滑雪市场的开发和经营提供直接经验和参考依据,本文对北京市13家滑雪场和河北省崇礼县四大滑雪场经营现状、营销方法等多个方面进行了调查研究。结果发现,京冀地区滑雪场的经营状况在十多年的发展过程中已呈现出明显的差异。两地政府相关主管部门应该积极加强京冀地区滑雪旅游项目的管理,提升滑雪旅游产品的质量,要出台和规范滑雪旅游标准,增加滑雪旅游产品的功能,提升滑雪旅游产品的服务质量。 相似文献
9.
Takeshi Yoneyama 《Sports Engineering》2018,21(4):277-282
The relation between the ski side-cut radius and deflection during a turn has been investigated. Using a model wherein the ski slides along a turn of a constant radius with an edging angle, it was found that the side-cut radius increases and the ski-deflection radius decreases as the edging angle increases. Even if additional deflection is necessary in the front part of the ski to form the turn groove, the side-cut radius is still the same in the groove. Owing to the constant side-cut radius of existing skis in the turn groove with a large edging angle, the top wide part of the ski causes an increase in skiing resistance. To reduce the skiing resistance, a prototype variable side-cut ski was fabricated, and test skiing was performed. Athletes felt more stable in the turn with the variable side-cut ski and found it easier to increase speed. 相似文献
10.
越野滑雪运动员根据滑雪场地不同地形的需要,熟练运用最合理的滑行技术可以减小雪板与雪地之间的摩擦力和空气阻力,达到以最小的体能代价获得最佳运动速度的目的。分析越野滑雪运动员在不同滑道地形自由滑行技术的特点,探讨运动员在各种地形中使用自由滑行技术的合理性,并在训练中针对平原——缓上坡——缓下坡——陡上坡等地势变化的具体情况,培养运动员合理运用自由滑行技术,使越野滑雪运动员取得更优异的运动成绩。 相似文献
11.
This review study focuses on knee injuries in recreational alpine skiing. The objectives of this study were (1) to provide selected knowledge derived from current and past knee injury epidemiology; (2) to outline the most important knee injury mechanisms; and (3) to review and discuss how modifications of the skiing equipment might alleviate the risk of knee injuries. This review represents the essence of a comprehensive research report and considers the content of more than 230 scientific papers, further “grey literature”, patents, international standards and other publications. Knee injuries are the most frequent injuries in alpine skiing and their incidence rate remained high despite a decline of the incidence of other skiing injuries in recent years. Women have a higher knee injury risk, but age and tiredness appear not to be significant factors. Apart from the commonly described injury mechanisms “phantom foot” and “boot-induced anterior drawer” other more sophisticated injury categorisations are given. The ski radius, the ski length and the standing height on the ski may be relevant ski parameters. For the binding, the release mechanisms in different mechanical degrees of freedom, the impact tolerance and the maintenance frequency are discussed. In the ski boot, the height of the upper, the boot liner, the shaft stiffness, and the position on the ski may play a role. The biggest challenge, but probably also the biggest opportunity for a reduction of knee injury rates seems to be the development of a mechatronic binding. The current strategies to develop these types of bindings are explained and illustrated by one example. Some of the possible parameters which may be essential for the necessary control algorithms are described. Finally, considerations regarding the strategic and operational implication of the analysed technical measures are given. 相似文献
12.
雪蜡作为雪上项目必备辅助材料,无论是在世界顶尖的滑雪比赛,还是在日常休闲的滑雪运动中均发挥着不菲的价值。运动科学的相关研究表明,雪蜡使用的合理性和精准性已成为赢得比赛的重要因素;及时引进、吸收相关科学研究成果已成为提高雪上项目的运动表现和预防损伤的关键因素之一。雪蜡的产生源自偶然的发现,并逐步渗透人们的生活。在当今滑雪比赛中,不同的雪蜡以及打蜡方式会对雪上项目的竞技表现产生巨大影响;氟化物和石蜡的混合物所制成的滑雪蜡是目前最常用的雪蜡,但纳米科技在雪蜡中的介入为运动表现的提高提供了潜在的可能;雪板滑行的本质为底板在水膜层上的运动,通过打蜡可使水膜的厚度最佳化,但同时也应留意蜡质、温度和雪质等因素对雪板运行的影响。 相似文献
13.
A new sensor for detecting ski bending and torsional deflection during an actual ski turn on the snow has been developed.
It consisted of bending and torsion sensors connected by light rigid beams. This structure was fixed to the upper surface
of a ski and passed through a tunnel in the central binding plate. The bending and torsion sensors were strain cells, designed
to reject strain orthogonal to the desired measurement direction. The calibration factor for each sensor was determined in
a jig, then the calibration of the overall sensor assembly was checked by static bending experiments and a free vibration
test. A data logger recorded the strain signals synchronously with other data such as the components of the earth’s magnetic
field measured by a sensor on the ski. The data set allowed reconstruction in software of the instantaneous shape, direction
and edge angle of the ski. The purpose of this paper is mainly to introduce the equipment used and methods developed. Tests
of the sensor performance are described. Results from a ski run on snow are presented to show how the various types of data
can be combined. A skilled ski athlete performed long turns with the ski at about 60 km/h on a groomed snow surface at Shiga
Kogen in Japan. The experiment on snow showed that the deformation of the ski was predominantly bending; torsional deflection,
although measurable, had only a small effect on the shape of the running edge. The ski edge adopted a symmetrical circular
bent shape with an unexpectedly small radius when on the outside, but was unconstrained, lightly loaded and nearly straight
when on the inside. 相似文献
14.
Net efficiency of roller skiing with a diagonal stride 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aims of this study were: (a) to determine net efficiency during roller skiing with a diagonal stride at various speeds; (b) to assess the development of net efficiency across speeds; and (c) to examine the characteristics of efficiency in diagonal roller skiing. Two-dimensional kinematics and oxygen uptake were determined in eight male collegiate cross-country ski athletes who roller skied with the diagonal stride at various speeds on a level track. Net efficiency was calculated from rates of internal and external work and net energy expenditure. Individual net efficiency ranged from 17.7% to 52.1%. Net efficiency in the entire group of athletes increased with increasing speed, reached a maximum value of 37.3% at 3.68?m?·?s(-1), before slowly decreasing. These findings indicate that roller skiing with the diagonal stride at high speed is a highly efficient movement and that an optimal speed exists at which net efficiency can be maximally enhanced in diagonal roller skiing. 相似文献
15.
董明杰 《哈尔滨体育学院学报》2010,28(2):34-36
采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法和逻辑分析法等,通过济南市滑雪场和滑雪人群的深入调查分析,目前济南市开展大众滑雪运动的现状和影响发展的各种因素,发现济南市大众滑雪运动发展速度较快,但还存在滑雪费用高、滑雪道难度小、器材陈旧,大众滑雪教练整体水平低等问题,因此还需要政府以及各部门的支持帮助,推动济南市大众滑雪的可持续发展。 相似文献
16.
Tomas Carlsson Magnus Carlsson Daniel Hammarström Christer Malm Michail Tonkonogi 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(6):582-588
Abstract The purpose of the present study was to establish the most appropriate allometric model to predict mean skiing speed during a double-poling roller skiing time-trial using scaling of upper-body power output. Forty-five Swedish junior cross-country skiers (27 men and 18 women) of national and international standard were examined. The skiers, who had a body mass (m) of 69.3 ± 8.0 kg (mean ± s), completed a 120-s double-poling test on a ski ergometer to determine their mean upper-body power output (W). Performance data were subsequently obtained from a 2-km time-trial, using the double-poling technique, to establish mean roller skiing speed. A proportional allometric model was used to predict skiing speed. The optimal model was found to be: Skiing speed = 1.057 · W 0.556 · m ?0.315, which explained 58.8% of the variance in mean skiing speed (P < 0.001). The 95% confidence intervals for the scaling factors ranged from 0.391 to 0.721 for W and from ?0.626 to ?0.004 for m. The results in this study suggest that allometric scaling of upper-body power output is preferable for the prediction of performance of junior cross-country skiers rather than absolute expression or simple ratio-standard scaling of upper-body power output. 相似文献
17.
为减少我国大众滑雪伤害事故的发生，支持"3亿人参与冰雪"战略，采用数理统计法和案例分析法，研究近年大众滑雪伤害事故特征，结合案例论证滑雪场责任的法律基础、具体义务和过错类型。发现：大众滑雪伤害事故后果严重；案件属于侵权责任纠纷，责任认定较为简单；依据《侵权责任法》（2021年后为《民法典》）等法律，滑雪场有安全保障义务，具体可分为5类；司法实践中存在滑雪场担责比例偏高问题，"自甘风险"条款的确立可能加重该问题。建议：政府应强化监管和惩处力度；业界建立经验交流与赔偿协商机制；滑雪者应养成良好滑雪行为习惯；滑雪场应积极购买附高风险运动的意外伤害责任保险并提高额度。 相似文献
18.
19.
随着滑雪体育休闲旅游的日益升温,参与的人数和损伤人数均呈上升趋势,大众滑雪者意外伤害事故的不断发生,使旅游安全成为滑雪产业发展的制约因素。通过文献资料法、问卷调查法、实地考察法、数理统计分析法等分析大众滑雪运动损伤的原因。结果表明:每个滑雪场所都会发生大众滑雪者人群的安全事故,自我防范意识较差、思想上对运动损伤不够重视是诱发意外事故的主要原因;意外伤害事故所引发的滑雪安全问题,会导致游客对滑雪丧失兴趣,降低滑雪爱好者的滑雪旅游出行率,滑雪安全问题会对滑雪休闲旅游产业链条的发展产生不良影响。滑雪场所要加强安全意识,建立自己的滑雪俱乐部或与上述滑雪俱乐部合作,积极引导与组织大众滑雪者参与滑雪运动,提高大众滑雪的安全度;滑雪爱好者应增强预防观念,提高个人保护能力,提高个人技术,从而避免或减少大众滑雪者事故的发生。 相似文献
20.
对国内50余家滑雪场1 450名滑雪爱好者进行实际调研,探讨导致滑雪运动人群产生运动损伤的因素和规律。滑雪爱好者下肢发生运动损伤率较高且具有明显的部位特征,运动损伤主要类型为关节扭伤、肌肉拉伤和挫伤。导致滑雪运动损伤的原因主要与滑雪者自身、滑雪场管理以及滑雪装备器材等因素有关。预防滑雪运动损伤的措施包括滑雪者自身应提高安全意识,选择好滑雪运动装备与器材,滑雪场应完善安全保障与医疗救护服务体系等。旨在减少和避免滑雪运动损伤的发生几率,使更多的人参与到滑雪运动中来,并为滑雪场管理部门更好地采取安全保护措施提供参考。 相似文献