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1.
Our findings from a survey study of retired educators (N – 373) confirm that reasons for the retirement decision have changed over time. Long‐term retirees were found to stress the influence of statutory imperatives in leaving the workplace, whereas the recently retired, and women in particular, were more likely to cite factors related to personal interest and life‐style. Results suggest that university personnel programs engaged in retirement life planning need to be responsive to retirees' changing needs.  相似文献   

2.
Despite a large literature that investigates the effects of education savings plans on schooling outcomes, much less is known about how parents finance this saving and how it affects other household spending, including spending broadly related to child-rearing. To provide new insights on this issue, this paper estimates the spillover effects of contributions to an education savings plan on household spending and retirement saving behavior in Canada. The analysis uses a cross-sectional, nationally-representative household expenditures survey (N = 28,978) and, in an instrumental variables design, exploits policy-induced variation in education saving resulting from changes in federal matching contributions for low-income and middle-income households. The analysis finds that education saving has little effect on total household expenditures, donations, and home investments, and crowds in retirement saving among households with strictly positive net contributions in both types of saving vehicles. Only out-of-house childcare expenditures decrease as a result of education saving, suggesting that households substitute between educational investments and current spending on other child-rearing commodities. However, the dollar value of this substitution is small. These findings offer new insights into how households finance education saving for their children and suggest that different types of tax-preferred saving vehicles may be complementary rather than substitutes.  相似文献   

3.
Higher education employees often participate in university-sponsored defined contribution pension plans that place the investment decision responsibility upon them. In order to examine investment decision-making behavior with retirement savings plans we investigated attitude-mediated, individual difference determinants of risky decision-making behavior in employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plans. Using a field survey of 795 higher education employees, who participated in one of four defined contribution savings plans, we tested a risk taking model using data on the employees’ investment allocations in their defined contribution savings plan. We found that an attitudinal preference toward risk and a perception of opportunity served as mediators for the relationships among employees’ dispositional characteristics and their retirement savings behavior. We also found that investment knowledge directly affected risk taking behavior. Implications of the results for higher education institutions are discussed. Funding for this study was provided by TIAA-CREF and is gratefully acknowledged by the authors.  相似文献   

4.
The study inquired into characteristics associated with the subjective well-being of Filipino women who had experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Using a person-centered analysis, three groups of Filipino women who had experienced IPV were identified in terms of their reported levels of subjective well-being (high, moderate, low). The three groups were compared in terms of several relationship characteristics and also personal internal qualities. Results indicated that the women in the high and moderate subjective well-being groups were more likely to have left their abusive relationship and to report higher levels of optimism, self-esteem, and behavioral intentions that reflected self-mastery. Women in the low-wellbeing group were more likely to still be in their abusive relationship and report lower positive personal resources. The results are discussed in terms of how internal resources might allow women to deal with varied types of experiences in their abusive relationship. Implications for screening and counseling of abused Filipino women are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
The development of a person's gifts is influenced by multiple factors‐including culture. In this paper, we explore implications for the development of gifts of women from a nonmainstream culture in the United States by sharing the personal experiences of gifted Islamic women. Based on five women's personal experiences, five key aspects for the development of gifts were revealed; (a) a sense of social motivation, (b) a sense of spiritual motivation, (c) a focus for change, (d) a role for study and learning, and (e) barriers to change. The first three categories were clearly articulated by each participant. The remaining two categories were suggested from the data of a majority of the participants, but not by all. In negotiating the five aspects listed, these women identified needs within their communities and used their gifts to address the needs‐exercising their rights and fulfilling their responsibilities as Muslim women.  相似文献   

6.
This paper calculates the public savings (financial benefits) from greater public investments in the education of African-American males. Over one-fifth of each age cohort of black males in US is not a high school graduate. We identify five interventions that would—based on credible research—increase the graduation rate; we also report the public cost of each intervention. We then calculate the lifetime public benefits in terms of increased tax revenues and lower spending on health and crime. In present values, for a black male aged 20, these public benefits amount to $256,700 per new graduate and the median intervention would cost only $90,700. The benefit/cost ratio is 2.83. Simply equating the high school graduation rate of black males with that of white males would yield public savings of $3.98 billion for each age cohort. These results suggest that increased investments in education for black males at risk of dropping out of high school should be an economic priority.  相似文献   

7.
本文在介绍了我国社会养老保险个人帐户改革、“老化”的退休政策和持续攀升的平均预期寿命等相关背景的基础上,计算退休年龄与个人帐户金额之间的定量关系,以及个人帐户用完以后,个人从社会统筹基金领取金额的性别差距。通过计算发现,女性早退休使得个人帐户终身交纳金额、个人终身领取的个人帐户养老金总额和个人帐户养老金月领取金额都少于男性;男性60岁退休社会统筹基金支付的养老金数量少于女性55岁退休而多于女性50岁退休。  相似文献   

8.
Using a phone survey conducted in 2012, we examined whether there is a gender difference in financial literacy among Hong Kong workers; and if such a difference exists, whether it can be explained by gender differences in sociodemographic variables, social or psychological factors, and/or the outcomes of retirement planning. Results show a gender gap in financial literacy as well as age, spousal support for retirement savings, risk tolerance, computational ability, and perceived financial knowledge. Multivariate data analyses show that a proportion of the gender difference in financial literacy could be explained by gender differences in risk tolerance, computational ability, and self-reported financial knowledge; but the difference remained after adjusting for variables found to be associated with gender. Our findings suggest that it may be important to develop programs targeted specifically to women.  相似文献   

9.
The purpose of this interview study was to examine the perceptions and experiences of tenured university professors who continue to work in their career jobs after age 70. The study utilized the case study method to let professors describe in their own voices the personal, professional, and institutional factors in their decision to keep working beyond the conventional retirement age and their plans for the future. The population under investigation was all tenured professors aged 70-74 at a major public research university, the institutions most likely to be impacted by the end of mandatory retirement (Hammond & Morgan, 1991). Content analysis of the interview tapes revealed the following themes: most professors continued to work because they enjoyed it, or felt that it was important to continue their work, perceived the overall atmosphere in their department and the university as positive, felt little institutional pressure to retire, and had no plans to retire. Economic factors played a relatively small role in continuing to work.  相似文献   

10.
Increased longevity coupled with inadequate savings makes retirement savings and investment research increasingly important. A policy-capturing method was used to examine the relative importance of 6 demographic predictors on the retirement investment decisions of 64 working adults. All predictors were significant predictors of the investment. In addition, although age differences on amount of investment were not significant, interactions between participant age and vignette information were found. Results indicate that older and younger adults make similar decisions using different pieces of information. These findings have implications for individuals planning for retirement and financial professionals who help others make decisions.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that contributed to the academic success of Haitian‐American women. This study was also conducted to determine if factors attributed to by academically successful Haitian women are related to selected demographic characteristics. Two hundred and thirteen Haitian women selected from the National Haitian Student Alliance, with at least a Bachelor’s degree, participated. They completed an online survey designed to elicit demographic information and their perception of the factors. Our results indicate that self‐motivation, financial assistance, access to resources, self‐perception and time management are among the most important factors that contributed to their academic success. Less important are community support and knowledge of a second language. Statistically significant relationships were found between a linear combination of the 16 success factors and only the following demographic characteristics: birthplace, years taken to complete college, father’s level of education and participant’s residence region.  相似文献   

12.
This study examines sources of satisfaction, indicators of stress, academic performance, and reward structure in the academic careers of male and female faculty at a major midwestern state university. Faculty pairs were selected from five academic divisions. A total of 58 matched pairs were identified. Of these, 63 faculty responded, yielding data for 23 matched pairs. Subjects were mailed the Academic Career Development Survey, consisting of 144 items. Results indicated that self-reported physical and mental health, and professional and personal life satisfaction were high for both males and females. Both males and females placed high importance on their career and on marriage/other intimate relationships; however, both reported high levels of dissatisfaction with these factors. Gender differences were found in both satisfaction and type of stress reported; no gender differences were found in composite teaching and research performance indices. Salary data, obtained for 42 matched pairs, indicated similar salary levels for men and women. Results were discussed with respect to prior research on gender differences and the academic career.  相似文献   

13.
Retirement is viewed as a passage that can result in psychological, physiological, and economic problems among some retirees. Adequate preparation for retirement through preretirement education, as practiced in the Western-European societies, has been found to ease transition into retirement and adjustment in retirement. Preretirement education is a relatively new practice in some organizations in Nigeria; hence, little investigation has been conducted to examine the attitudes of Nigerians toward it. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the attitudes of Nigerian bankers toward retirement in general and preretirement education in particular. Respondents included senior members (n = 48) and middle-level workers (n = 60). There were more males (79.6%) than females (20.4%). More than half were over 40 years of age. A summary of data based on questionnaire administration reveal that retirement on its own is not as traumatic as generally thought. Respondents looked favorably toward retirement, and identified potential advantages of preretirement education. Therefore, it is recommended that employers consider preretirement education as the rule rather than the exception as currently being practiced in Nigeria.  相似文献   

14.
Retirement proximity's role in the prediction of satisfaction in academe   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  
As of January 1, 1994, the Amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act eliminated mandatory retirement of college faculty. This change allowed faculty to schedule their retirement in accordance to a personal timetable and not necessarily by chronological age. This study proposes a conceptual model of faculty satisfaction as applied to three subgroups, defined by the number of years until voluntary retirement from academe. Findings suggest the model to be moderately predictive in determining the diverse proportions of factors for each group. Paper presented at the 1993 meeting of the Association for Institutional Research May, 1993.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personal variables of physical education students and their attitudes towards participation of children with disabilities and self‐efficacy (SE) in teaching students with disabilities in regular classes. A total 153 PE majors (95 females and 58 males) participated in the study. A 15‐item attitude instrument and a 15‐item SE instrument concerning dilemmas during educational tasks were administered as a part of the didactic assignments. Factor analysis revealed one challenge and two threat factors in the attitude instrument. The statistical analysis revealed significant effects on attitudes to gender (females higher than males) and years in college (advanced students higher than novices). Significant effects on SE were found in the coursework, previous experience and years in college variables. SE was inversely related to both threat factors of the attitude instrument (r?=???0.42 and ??0.43 respectively).  相似文献   

16.
《Educational gerontology》2012,38(12):719-727
ABSTRACT

Baby boomers in Taiwan benefit from better health, economic conditions, and education in comparison to older generations. The participants in this study were older adult learners from the baby boom generation. This study aimed to examine their retirement decisions, adaptation, and learning processes. A qualitative research approach was employed in this study. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews. Thirty-one individuals, consisting of 15 men and 16 women aged 55–68 years, were interviewed. The research results showed that the interviewees’ retirement decisions involved an awareness of retirement timing, and in addition, four approaches to retirement decisions were identified, namely, straightforward decision making, retirement planning, hesitancy, and involuntary retirement. Each decision approach would lead to various losses and gains. The background of baby boomers provided them with high adaptability and the motivation to learn and change. The retirement adaptation process presented goals related to health, learning, and contributions. Learning participation and service learning allowed the interviewed baby boomers to feel joy from learning, forget about their age, and maintain positive attitudes. The results of this study can provide workers engaged in the field of older adult education with a reference for the formulation of policies and projects related to retirement transition and learning.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine if relationships exist between selected personal and academic attributes of and differences between affective characteristics of a 1980s sample and a 1990s sample of teacher candidates. MANOVA and follow‐up univariate ANOVA procedures identified statistically significant differences between current and past candidates' concerns about the task of teaching, anxieties about teaching, and confidence about becoming teachers. Relationships were found between the affective characteristics and the gender, planned level of teaching, father's educational level, locus of control orientation, prior teaching‐like experiences, scholastic aptitude, and personality types of the candidates.  相似文献   

18.
This article presents labor‐force tends that show certain geographic areas, such as Kentucky, Sweden, and Japan, experiencing very limited labor‐force growth and a heavier reliance on older workers because of declining younger‐age populations. The authors discuss these declines and other factors such as participation rates of women and older people in the labor force, retirement incentives of income‐support programs, and educational and training needs. Based on the data and trends presented, this article advocates for research and policy options to be studied in relation to this information if we are to respond effectively to an aging labor force.  相似文献   

19.
This paper discusses research examining the attitudes and behaviours of researching women in academia and considers the effect of these factors on successful researching outcomes. The results of this exploratory research highlight in particular, a number of interesting environmental influencers which contribute to enhancing successful work outcomes for academic women researchers. Specifically, personal factors such as, marital status, partner support, age, cultural background and level of organisation (in life) coupled with, research defined factors such as incentive for conducting the research and the existence of research partnerships and/or groups are identified as significant performance influencers. These dimensions appear to facilitate the level of research productivity for women academics based on key performance indicators such as journal/conference paper submissions and successful research funding applications. The potential benefits of this exploratory research are that any correlation between specific self-supporting attitudes or behaviours of successful women academics and effective research outcomes could provide important clues to both emerging and continuing researchers for career development and promotion.  相似文献   

20.
This article draws upon expected retirement age cohorts as a main determinant to financial planning preparation in Malaysia. The return rate was 55% from 600 questionnaires distributed. Five hypotheses were analyzed using hierarchical and stepwise regression analysis. The results revealed that expected retirement age cohort variables made significant contribution to financial planning preparation as well as personal orientation towards retirement planning, particularly the younger age cohort. There is an effect on personal orientation towards retirement planning. No significant effect was found between expected retirement age cohort and current financial resources, but older age cohorts were relatively more significant predictors.  相似文献   

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