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1.
The aim of this work is to show how the most advanced technology together with spatial analysis can be usefully employed to investigate historical and archaeological phenomena. In this note some preliminary results are shown. Two geographical information systems (GIS) were structured in an integrated way. The first GIS is a vector-like system while the other is a raster-like one. Moreover, some applications regarding the environmental reconstruction of a part of the investigated area are proposed. Then the identification and the modeling of archaeological site maps by means of point pattern analysis are proposed. Finally, an auto-logistic model to predict archaeological site is presented. This topic is currently under investigation.  相似文献   

2.
This paper describes some results from an experiment carried out regarding a procedure to be adopted for temperature and R.H. monitoring of indoor spaces designed for exhibiting events, such as museums and similar institutions. The monitored data employed in this study has been collected by the Department di Ricerche Energetiche ed Ambientali of the Università degli Studi di Palermo in co-operation with the Regional Gallery ''Palazzo Abatellis'' of Palermo. The study analyses a simple method for characterising the environmental quality of museums so as to ensure the optimal conservation of works of art. This methodology is based on the procedure (where thermal and hygrometry parameters are concerned) proposed by an Italian standard rule. A new technique, firstly applied to the industrial environment, based on the passive reactive monitoring of proper coupons is also proposed for monitoring air quality in museums. The methodology adopted, has been applied to two survey campaigns which were carried out at a distance of 5 years. This shows the two aspects of thermal-hygrometry and levels of indoor air quality aimed at preserving works of art. The future developments of this work are oriented towards the definition of guidelines in support of those responsible for the conservation of works of art and improvements in the quality of environments for artwork conservation and for the comfort of visitors through the use of proper HVAC systems.  相似文献   

3.
The increasing awareness of some local and international authorities has promoted the appearance of new legislation and the rising of research works focused in the prevention of damage to the cultural heritage in karstic caves. Nevertheless, karstic areas usually imply complex studies, and a universal methodology is very difficult to establish. This work exposes the basic methodology for the geological risk assessment in archaeological site and/or rock art bearing karstic caves getting a strategy that provides flexibility to adjust specific methods according to the conditions of different cases. The integrated use of basic geological (mapping, petrology, stratigraphy…) and geotechnical (rock mass quality analytical methods and indexes) techniques used in engineering geology is proposed. Those techniques permit the geological characterization of the rock mass, the hazard identification and the analysis and the geological risk assessment of the research area. Obtained geological risk areas could be included in protection areas that could be used as the basis for the selection of the areas where further investigations and the application of prevention/mitigation measures would have a better cost/benefit ratio. The geological risk should be considered together with other type risk evaluations in order to define effective protection areas.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
The paper presents a synergic and multidisciplinary approach where laser scanner survey, radar interferometric monitoring and finite element (FE) numerical modelling are used for expeditious and no-contact dynamic identification of monumental masonry towers. The methodology is applied to a real case of great historical interest: the “Torre del Mangia” (Mangia's tower) in Siena (Italy). The tower geometry was acquired through Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) techniques. The tower oscillations were detected using an interferometric radar in “Piazza del Campo”, the square facing the Mangia's Tower, along three alignments, and movement of the structure at several heights were recorded. A FE model, built on the basis of the geometry acquired through the TLS, was used to interpret and verify the physical meaning of the experimental results. Through the discussion of the case study, the paper shows that the proposed approach can be considered as an effective and expeditious method for assessing the dynamic behavior of monumental buildings (and to plan interventions) on territorial scale.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of the present paper is the identification of natural or anthropic buried cavities under the church of St. Sebastiano in Catania (Sicily). To this purpose Ground Penetrating Radar (G.P.R.) surveys were performed on the pavement of the church and three in situ drillings were carried out outside the church. Through the G.P.R. investigation, the existence of hidden structures was revealed; the results obtained by in situ drillings allowed a detailed characterization of the most superficial layers of the ground.  相似文献   

7.
The requirements of historical environments that are related to social and economical changes sometimes necessitate the re-use of historical buildings that no longer serve their functions. Deciding how to re-use historical buildings is a difficult problem when the concerns of decision makers are not aligned. This paper proposes a methodology for the appropriate re-use of historical patterns that have lost their original functions and discusses the results of such re-use. Appropriate re-use can result in a sustainable preservation of both historical assets and the environment. Thus, the respectful conversion of structures for new uses based on economic and social needs ensures the authenticity of the structure and of the historical environment. In this study, the historical pattern of Diyarbak?r Hasan Pasha Khan was evaluated through the application of the proposed method. Adaptation of the structure required knowledge of traditional construction techniques. The results reveal that the proposed methodology can be effectively used for historical patterns to prioritise between various re-use criteria. This methodology can be applied in the context of re-use problems and provides solutions for such problems in historical buildings.  相似文献   

8.
The present work was one of the first attempts to analyze the conservation status of two ferrotypes, ancient photographic plates realized on a support made of iron. The photographic material was constituted of collodion as binder for the photosensitive silver halides grains. The two ferrotypes studied belonged to a private collection of a family from Durham, UK, and were made at the end of the 19th century. The analytical techniques used for the morphological and physicochemical characterization were noninvasive. The surface morphology was studied by means of optical microscopy (OM) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) system for the elemental analysis. These techniques, together with microreflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR) and contact angle, allowed to obtain information on both the chemical – elemental – composition of the materials constituting the ferrotypes, and the conservation status of these photographic plates. The study showed that the physicochemical diagnostics allowed to characterize the two ferrotypes that, despite their similar age and provenance, showed different conservation status, surface properties, and elemental composition.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
The European project Friendly-Heating (FH): comfortable to people and compatible with conservation of artworks preserved in churches addressed the problems caused by the continuous or intermittent heating of historic churches, which disturbs the microclimatic conditions to which the building and the artworks preserved inside have acclimatised. As thermal comfort and the preservation of artworks often conflict with each other, a balance between the two needs is necessary. The proposed heating strategy is to provide a small amount of heat directly to people in the pew area while leaving the conditions in the church, as a whole, undisturbed. This novel heating system is based on some low-temperature radiant emitters mounted in a pew to provide a desirable distribution of heat to the feet, legs and hands of people occupying it. Due to little heat dispersion, this novel system not only significantly reduces the risk of mechanical stress in wooden artworks and panel or canvas paintings, fresco soiling and cyclic dissolution-recrystallization of soluble salts in the masonry, but is energy-efficient. The detailed environmental monitoring was conducted in the church of Santa Maria Maddalena in Rocca Pietore, Italy over a 3-year period to verify the performance of the novel heating system in comparison to the warm-air system that was active earlier in the church. The methodology and results of this comprehensive and multidisciplinary study were included in three draft standards of the European Committee for Standardisation intended for use in the study and control of environments of cultural heritage objects.  相似文献   

11.
The methodology of protecting the European stained glass windows against environmental risk (e.g. meteorological factors, air pollution, microorganisms) by means of an external glazing is not new. In spite of many scientific studies carried out in the last 20 years, some questions were still up for discussion. The European VIDRIO (2002–2005) project gave an answer to these questions. The research carried out by the different project partners established a new multidisciplinary approach aimed at evaluating the efficiency of the protective glazing systems and their effects on stained glass windows conservation, and finally at assessing the most appropriate strategy to preserve stained glass windows. Scientific results showed that the so-called isothermal glazing (i.e. ventilation by the air coming from the inside of the building) protected efficiently the ancient stained glass window from environmental attack (i.e. rain, pollutants, condensation, thermal shocks) with very limited secondary effects. The scientific research highlighted that its efficiency was strongly related to the technical design of the protective system. In particular, the ventilation and the size of the interspace had to be carefully considered. The research developed within the VIDRIO project was turned into general recommendations to the owners and practitioners on the best practice for the stained glass windows future conservation.  相似文献   

12.
Based on both a historic and documentary and a physicochemical approach, the study is attempting to codify well-adapted antique, medieval and traditional textile dyeing recipes; to reconstruct them through a detailed sequence of simple and reproducible operations; and to optimize the methodology at all stages, i.e. extraction of the colouring principles, as well as mordanting and dyeing; the latter being evaluated through standard light and wash fastness assessments, and on the basis of systematically obtained colorimetric data. As colouring agents are considered saffron, turmeric, weld, Persian berries, henna, safflower, dyer's bugloss, madder, scale insects, sappan and Brazil wood. A variety of mordants, namely FeCl3, SnCl2, K2Cr2O7, ZnCl2, CuSO4, and KAl(SO4)2·12H2O, is anticipated to meet both early and rather recent options, while being easily available. Based on a large collection of ancient proposals and optimized by means of methodical assessments, the standardized dyeing processes proposed are simple, reproducible, and perfectly reliable for use in the preservation of the relevant tangible heritage, and the revival of traditional arts and crafts; and are consequently beneficial to artistic weavers, as well as conservators and restorers of textile products.  相似文献   

13.
Musicians, singers and bands can use their popularity to promote various causes and products, either through endorsements or more individual initiatives. Environmental activism is becoming more widespread as humans are trying to tackle and mitigate climate change. In this paper, we ask how best a band can compensate for the carbon emissions generated by fans travelling to its shows. We first report on the various “green” initiatives and practices of the music industry. We then focus on greenhouse gas emissions that result from tours and concerts since they are one of the largest environmental impacts generated by the music industry. We take the perspective of the artist or band wishing to internalize their carbon emissions and present a model of carbon offsets in the context of rock concerts, which amounts to the private provision of a public good. In our model, bands have the option to include offsets in the ticket price or to offer voluntary offsets. To illustrate our point, we present a field study conducted by a Quebec rock band at shows in Montreal and in Europe to show how the artists can reduce the environmental impact of their concert by buying carbon credits equivalent to their fans’ footprint. We show that at 1 % of the ticket price on average, the cost of carbon offsets is marginal and discuss the numerous challenges that arise for those artists wanting to engage in carbon offsetting.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
In this paper, the threat posed to cultural heritage by landslides and avalanches is analysed for two communities (Ushguli and Mulakhi) in the Upper Svaneti region in Georgia. The vulnerability of 60 cultural heritage objects has been evaluated through a conservation calculation based on an existing methodology using a State of Conservation Index (SCIx), which served as an input in a Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation (SMCE). Factors that are considered important for the occurrence of landslides (slope, landcover, lithology and drainage density) and snow avalanches (slope, insolation, slope curvature and landcover) have been used to generate a susceptibility map. A qualitative risk assessment was carried out by combining susceptible areas and cultural heritage objects. As there were very limited historical data available on the occurrence of landslides and snow avalanches, a combination of local and expert knowledge has been used to extract information on both cultural heritage and natural hazards. Existing management plans were also analysed to evaluate how natural hazards could be incorporated. Finally, some recommendations are given related to the analysis of the impact of natural hazards on cultural heritage in Georgia.  相似文献   

16.
Within the multidisciplinary study concerning one of the covered dockyards (called tezone 105) erected in the Arsenal of Venice, carried out by the ‘Target Venezia’ CNR Project, it will be presented here a preliminary work concerning the survey of decay1. This analysis is strictly connected with the other works carried out by the Operative Units of the ‘Target Venezia’, especially with the stratigraphical survey2 and the chemical and microstructural characterisation of mortars3 and bricks4. First, the survey of decay has been based on the stratigraphical investigations of the tezone structure, which has allowed the classification of the different building phases over a long period (from the XVI until the first half of the XX century). Second, a computer aided methodology has been applied in order to make the research easier and to allow multiple queries either to know which kind of decay are present in every point of the surfaces and the global extension of each typology of degradation5.  相似文献   

17.
The utilization of laser light to produce fine and selective cleaning of superficial deposits and encrustation from stones was originally proposed more than 20 years ago by John Asmus who performed pioneering trials of laser cleaning on stone façades in Venice, Cremona and Padua. The opportunity to collect stone samples from these sites allowed us to carry out an original study aimed at evaluating the conservation state of stone surfaces cleaned 10–20 years ago by means of three different techniques: Nd:YAG laser radiation, micron sandblasting and chemical pads. Samples of various stone types, as Istria limestone, Botticino limestone and Nanto sandstone were collected and examined by means of optical and SEM microscopy, FT/IR, and EDAX analyses. The results provided preliminary indications that the state of conservation of stone surfaces previously subjected to laser cleaning is generally better in comparison with those which concurrently underwent mechanical and chemical cleaning.  相似文献   

18.
Cultural heritage sites and artefacts get a significant added value from high-resolution 3D models. These models are increasingly available due to improvements in technology and to higher integration of survey techniques such as laser scanning and photogrammetry. In this paper we present a case study on the development of a web-based application for user access and interactive exploration of three-dimensional models by providing integrated geometrical and non-geometrical information into an intuitive interface. The main feature of this interactive system is to provide the user with a completely new visit experience based on a free interactive exploration interface of the object (i.e., not constrained by any predefined pathway) and on the opportunity to get more detailed information on specific parts of interest. A parallel aim achieved was to use, in data processing and in the architecture, open source tools and free software, thus providing full transparency on adopted methodology and data processing methods, and a cost effective solution both for server and client. Furthermore, the aspect of data size has been considered using a segmentation and simplification scheme and server-side data management to keep transmission size to a minimum, thus improving access speed.  相似文献   

19.
The paper estimates the demand for vinyl L.P.s in the U.K. In so doing, it outlines a technique to account for the impact of product differentiation innovation when estimating the demand for a product group. This may be particularly important for cultural goods where consumers are attracted to buy a product because of its unique characteristics and where these characteristics differ across time. Thus, the methodology may be used to estimate the demand for other product groups, such as movies and literature. Over the sample period L.P.s are found to be normal goods which are close to being unit price elastic. The diffusion of the Compact Disc appears to reduce the price elasticity of vinyl L.P.s. Consumers also appear to treat L.P.s as perishable goods and the demand for vinyl albums is positively stimulated both by the range of albums available on the L.P. format and product differentiation innovation.  相似文献   

20.
Historical cartography all over the world is a fundamental part of Cultural Heritage, and it needs to be preserved from damage of its analogical support due to ageing. Regeneration of ancient cartography in digital form is an interesting way not only to preserve historical cartographic documents as Cultural Heritage, but also to allow new chances of understanding and using the historical information they record. In such a way, modern digital techniques, in particular study of map deformations and map georeferencing, help in metric analysis of ancient cartography, and at last they appear to be useful for researchers to derive historical information for their studies, for example related to urban development or to geomorphological and environmental topics. The present research would give an example of the usefulness of the digital regeneration of ancient cartography, but also an example of possible difficulties in correctly interpreting information preserved in historical cartography, especially the pre-geodetic one. The study subject consists in three contemporaneous pre-geodetic maps (late 16th century) from the ancient Po river delta area (Italy), by means of which a geometrically correct representation of those parts of the landscape, not preserved today because of sea erosion, was tried. In fact, standard georeferencing methods, that use reference control points to compare historical cartography with the present one, in this specific case demonstrated to be not successful in describing the real location of disappeared landscape details with an adequate level of accuracy. For these reasons, in order to define which map among the others was the most faithful to the contemporaneous physical reality, a compound methodology, consisting of a three-step analytical process, is here applied to the three samples. Starting from measurement of sighting angles and distances applied to a number of landmarks, a splitting of the old maps in sub-areas, probably corresponding to the set of original surveyed zones, was performed. In the area of main concern, the use of absolute measurements was avoided in order to check the level of inner congruence of the representation. Finally, a new specific error index, that can also be applied to maps lacking an explicit graphical scale, is proposed to evaluate the map truthfulness degree. The proposed method can be applied to other similar examples from ancient cartography.  相似文献   

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