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1.
Roger PielkeJr. 《Minerva》2012,50(3):339-361
The use of the phrase “basic research” as a term used in science policy discussion dates only to about 1920. At the time the phrase referred to what we today commonly refer to as applied research in support of specific missions or goals, especially agriculture. Upon the publication of Vannevar Bush’s well-known report, Science – The Endless Frontier, the phrase “basic research” became a key political symbol, representing various identifications, expectations and demands related to science policy among scientists and politicians. This paper tracks and evaluates the evolution of “basic research” as a political symbol from early in the 20th century to the present. With considerable attention having been paid to the on-going evolution of post-Cold War science policy, much less attention has focused on the factors which have shaped the dominant narrative of contemporary science policies. 相似文献
2.
The global community, from UNESCO to NGOs, is committed to promoting the status of women in science, engineering and technology,
despite long-held prejudices and the lack of role models. Previously, when equality was not firmly established as a key issue
on international or national agendas, women’s colleges played a great role in mentoring female scientists. However, now that
a concerted effort has been made by governments, the academic community and the private sector to give women equal opportunities,
the raison d’être of women’s universities seems to have become lost. This paper argues otherwise, by demonstrating that women’s universities
in Japan became beneficiaries of government initiatives since the early 2000s to reverse the low ratio of women in scientific
research. The paper underscores the importance of the reputation of women’s universities embedded in their institutional foundations,
by explaining how female scientific communities take shape in different national contexts. England, as a primary example of
a neoliberal welfare regime, with its strong emphasis on equality and diversity, promoted its gender equality policy under
the auspices of the Department of Trade and Industry. By contrast, with a strong emphasis on family values and the male-breadwinner
model, the Japanese government carefully treated the goal of supporting female scientists from the perspective of the equal
participation of both men and women rather than that of equality. Following this trend, rather contradictorily, women’s universities,
with their tradition of fostering a ‘good wife, wise mother’ image, began to be highlighted as potential gender-free institutions
that provided role models and mentoring female scientists. By drawing on the cases of England and Japan, this paper demonstrates
how the idea of equality can be framed differently, according to wider institutional contexts, and how this idea impacts on
gender policies. 相似文献
3.
Science and technology (S&T) policy studies has explored the relationship between the structure of scientific research and the attainment of desired outcomes. Due to the difficulty of measuring them directly, S&T policy scholars have traditionally equated “outcomes” with several proxies for evaluation, including economic impact, and academic output such as papers published and citations received. More recently, scholars have evaluated science policies through the lens of Public Value Mapping, which assesses scientific programs against societal values. Missing from these approaches is an examination of the social activities within the scientific enterprise that affect research outputs and outcomes. We contend that activities that significantly affect research trajectories take place at the levels of individual researchers and their communities, and that S&T policy scholars must take heed of this activity in their work in order to better inform policy. Based on primary research of two scientific communities—ecologists and sustainability scientists—we demonstrate that research agendas are actively shaped by parochial epistemic and normative concerns of the scientists and their disciplines. S&T policy scholarship that explores how scientists balance these concerns, alongside more formal science policies and incentive structures, will enhance understanding of why certain science policies fail or succeed and how to more effectively link science to beneficial social outcomes. 相似文献
4.
In Western societies scientists are increasingly expected to seek media exposure and cooperate with industry. Little attention
has been given to the way such expectations affect the role of scientific experts in society. To investigate scientists’ own
perspectives on these issues eight exploratory, in-depth interviews were conducted in Denmark with reputable nutrition scientists.
Additionally, eight interviews were held with ‘key informants’ from the field of nutrition policy. It was found that nutrition
scientists experience two dilemmas: first, between their aspiration to make a collective impact on public health and the powerful
incentives of each to appear frequently in the media with new messages; second, between their need to cooperate with the food
industry for financial reasons and their fear that this may compromise their independence and scientific integrity. It is
argued that the dilemmas identified in this study should be dealt with openly by the relevant groups of scientists. 相似文献
5.
Michael O’Hare 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2008,32(4):281-291
This article was presented at the symposium dedicated to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of Patrons Despite Themselves: Taxpayers and Arts Policy (Feld et al., 1983), held by the Association for Cultural Economics International, Boston, June 2008. It considers “big questions” in arts policy that promise intellectual and social payoff if approached in the spirit that animated the effort behind Patrons Despite Themselves, with special attention to issues that economists might illuminate, namely: (1) Waste of resources; (2) A workable business model for digital media; (3) Increasing the value created through amateur participation; (4) Withdrawal of elites, especially economic elites, from their historic participation in arts governance and support; and (5) Fragmentation of collective patrimony. The associated questions are the same in each case: Why is this happening? Is there a market failure or equity justification for government action? What policies would help? 相似文献
6.
Dietmar Braun 《Minerva》2012,50(4):471-491
This article improves our understanding of the reasons underlying the intellectual migration of scientists from existing cognitive domains to nascent scientific fields. To that purpose we present, first, a number of findings from the sociology of science that give different insights about scientific migration. We then attempt to bring some of these insights together under the conceptual roof of an actor-based approach linking expected utility and diffusion theory. Intellectual migration is seen as the choice of scientists who decide under uncertainty and on the base of estimations about probabilities, costs, and benefits of the migration. The resulting choice model can be used as a heuristic base for further exploration of the subject. 相似文献
7.
Adina Simona Zemanek 《Culture, Theory & Critique》2018,59(2):119-138
ABSTRACTThis paper, based on textual analysis and interviews, offers a complementary perspective of scholarly studies of nation branding which focus on the state and corporate elites involved in such undertakings. It places grassroots initiatives in branding Taiwan through tourist souvenirs and other video and graphic materials against the larger background of cultural policies and official branding campaigns, and shows grassroots actors’ complex entanglement with official institutions, policies and discourses despite declared scepticism towards the latter and a low degree of direct collaboration. It compares official and grassroots messages and argues that the latter are more coherent; capture a local specificity and encourage a tourist gaze centred around the ‘human touch’ theme; distance themselves from China, the significant ‘other’ of Taiwanese nationalism; and markedly highlight an epistemological and representational strategy based on individual, sensorial experience, which may constitute a response to biased and untrustworthy state national narratives of the martial law era. 相似文献
8.
Nela Filimon Jordi López-Sintas Carlos Padrós-Reig 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2011,35(2):137-161
This article compares and contrasts Adler and Rosen’s theories regarding the stardom and popularity of musical artists through
the impact of local linguistic policies on consumers’ decisions to buy recorded music (CDs). Spain, with local linguistic
policies implemented in Catalonia and the Basque Country, serves as an ideal quasi ‘natural experiment’ for testing these
theories. The authors’ predictions are addressed within a multilevel regression framework, with two main results: first, contrary
to Rosen’s predictions, the impact of local linguistic policies on the probability of buying music CDs is positive; second,
local linguistic policies seem to contribute to increasing the production of music CDs in local languages, increasing the
popularity of local artists with their audiences. 相似文献
9.
Brendan Cantwell 《Minerva》2011,49(4):425-445
This article draws upon concepts developed in recent empirical and theoretical work on high skilled and academic mobility
and migration including accidental mobility, forced mobility and negotiated mobility. These concepts inform a situated, qualitative
study of mobility among international postdoctoral researchers in life sciences and engineering fields who were employed at
US and UK universities in 2008 and 2009. Informed by epistemological methods in the Foucauldian tradition of discourse and
governmentality, the study explores how policy discourse and technologies empower and limit scientists and engineers in negotiating
employment arrangements across national boundaries. 相似文献
10.
Mercy W. Kamara 《Minerva》2009,47(4):441-463
Drawing from contemporary social science studies on the shifting regime of research governance, this paper extends the literature
by utilizing a metaphoric image—research is a game—observed in a field engagement with 82 American, British, and Danish crop
and plant scientists. It theorizes respondents’ thinking and practices by placing the rules of the research “game” in dynamic
and interactive tension between the scientific, social, and political-economic contingencies that generate opportunities or
setbacks. Scientists who play the game exploit opportunities and surmount setbacks by adopting strategies and reinventing
tactics in order to maximize their winnings and to minimize their losses. Winners become superstars who decree what is open,
closed, or doable science for the majority of the scientific community. 相似文献
11.
David J. Hess 《Minerva》2011,49(3):333-348
Two of Bourdieu’s fundamental contributions to science studies—the reflexive analysis of the social and human sciences and
the concept of an intellectual field—are used to frame a reflexive study of the history and social studies of science and
technology as an intellectual field in the United States. The universe of large, Ph.D.-granting graduate programs is studied
in two parts. In the first analysis, relations between institutional position and disciplinary type are explored by department.
A positive correlation exists between historians of science and institutional position (as higher prestige or capital). In
the second analysis, attention to intellectual tastes for research topics is explored at an individual level with respect
to departmental position and the individual’s discipline and gender. Scholars in nonelite history of science departments have
low field interest in democracy, social movements, or public participation; environment or sustainability; and gender, race,
or sexuality; whereas those in history of technology programs and nonelite STS programs have a higher field interest in those
areas, and historians of technology have a higher interest in class or labor issues. Among social scientists, there is a higher
interest among scholars in nonelite programs in environment or sustainability and in democracy, social movements, or public
participation. 相似文献
12.
Fumi Kitagawa 《Minerva》2010,48(2):169-187
There are a number of different forms of inter-organisational collaborative arrangements between universities at international,
national and sub-national levels. This paper focuses on a particular form of inter-university collaboration mechanisms, which
represents one of the key recent policy developments in Scotland. Research pooling initiatives are a regional response to
create international research excellence and regional relevance by ‘pooling’ specific areas of research excellences that are
seen to be of strategic importance to Scotland universities across the region. Research pooling initiatives as networks can
be seen as strategic processes. Universities share resources and research facilities among selective partners and recruit professors and research students internationally by branding their subject areas together. This multi-scalar
institutional development is set against the background of devolution and globalisation of science, technology and innovation
policy on the one hand, and changing national higher education policies in the UK on the other. 相似文献
13.
Sampsa Kaataja 《Minerva》2011,49(4):447-460
Regardless of the increased interest in technological innovation in universities, relatively little is known about the technology
developed by academic scientists. Long-term analyses of researchers’ technological contribution are notably missing. This
paper examines university-based technology in Finland during the period 1900–85. The focus is on the quantity and technological
specialization of applications created inside the universities and in the changes that occurred in scientists’ technological
output over nine decades. In the long-term analysis several aspects in universities’ technological contribution, which are
typically considered a recent phenomenon, turn out to have long historical roots. Thus the empirical evidence provided in
the article challenges views emphasising that the world of science has faced a drastic change in recent decades. 相似文献
14.
Funding agencies in Canada are attempting to break down the organizational boundaries between disciplines to promote interdisciplinary
research and foster the integration of the social sciences into the health research field. This paper explores the extent
to which biomedical and clinician scientists’ perceptions of social science research operate as a cultural boundary to the
inclusion of social scientists into this field. Results indicated that cultural boundaries may impede social scientists’ entry
into the health research field through three modalities: (1) biomedical and clinician scientists’ unfavourable and ambivalent
posture towards social science research; (2) their opposition to a resource increase for the social sciences; and (3) clinician
scientists procedural assessment criteria for social science. The paper also discusses the merits and limitations of Tom Gieryn’s
concept of boundary-work for studying social dynamics within the field of science.
相似文献
| Brian D. HodgesEmail: |
15.
Mark William Neff 《Minerva》2014,52(2):213-235
Studies of how scientists select research problems suggest the process involves weighing a number of factors, including funding availability, likelihood of success versus failure, and perceived publishability of likely results, among others. In some fields, a strong personal interest in conducting science to bring about particular social and environmental outcomes plays an important role. Conservation biologists are frequently motivated by a desire that their research will contribute to improved conservation outcomes, which introduces a pair of challenging questions for managers of science and scholars of policies governing science: 1) How do scientists integrate that goal into their processes of research priority evaluation, and 2) How can managers and funders of science utilize that knowledge in designing and administering funding programs? I use Q method to uncover four distinct schools of thought amongst researchers and knowledge-users about the merits of possible research priorities for coral reefs; one of the axes along which these schools of thought differ is in their interpretation of how science can and should interact with policy. The results reveal that perceived severity of reef stressors plays a role for some participants. Disciplinary training does not appear to be a major influence on research priority evaluation, but individual participants indicated professional expediency does prevent some researchers from pursuing or advocating that others pursue topics outside of that disciplinary specialty. Influences on and processes in research prioritization uncovered in this study have the potential to lead to counter-productive disciplinary path dependencies. From these results and building on outside literature, I conclude that better coordination and communication about research priorities across disciplines and with broader stakeholders – including knowledge users – could improve the research enterprise’s ability to contribute to meaningful societal and conservation goals. These findings are relevant to researchers and research administrators across disciplines that seek to conduct or fund science that is useful in addressing specific goals. 相似文献
16.
Aaron L. Panofsky 《Minerva》2011,49(3):295-316
This paper uses Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory to develop tools for analyzing interdisciplinary scientific fields. Interdisciplinary
fields are scientific spaces where no single form of scientific capital has a monopoly and therefore multiple forms of scientific
capital constitute the structures and stakes of scientific competition. Scientists compete to accumulate and define forms
of scientific capital and also to set the rates of exchange between them. The paper illustrates this framework by applying
it to the interdisciplinary field of behavior genetics. Most behavior geneticists envision their participation in the field
as a means to compete for scientific capital in other fields. However, the scientific capital of behavior genetics has different
values for scientists attempting to deploy it in different neighboring fields. These values depend on situations in each field
and the ways behavior genetics mediates relationships among them. The pattern of relationships of exchange helps explain the
social hierarchy and several features of knowledge production within behavior genetics. 相似文献
17.
National research policies are today driven by the concept of the ‘knowledge society’, in which development is deemed to follow
the application of new ideas. Australia, like other countries, has encouraged partnerships between the universities and industry.
This essay examines how Australian scholars in the humanities have responded to the Australian Research Council’s Linkage Projects. Their experience underlines the importance of viewing collaboration as social practice, and the need to find a satisfactory
synthesis between academic and industry perspectives. 相似文献
18.
The Snowbird Charrette: Integrative Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Environmental Research Design
The integration of ideas, methods, and data from diverse disciplines has been a transformative force in science and higher
education, attracting policy interventions, program innovations, financial resources, and talented people. Much energy has
been invested in producing a new generation of scientists trained to work fluidly across disciplines, sectors, and research
problems, yet the success of such investments has been difficult to measure. Using the Integrative Graduate Education and
Research Training (IGERT) program of the U.S. National Science Foundation as a strategic research site, we conducted an experiment
to determine whether and how the process and products of research of IGERT-trained scientists differ from those of scientists
trained in disciplinary graduate programs. Among scientists in the early years of graduate study we found substantial and
consistent differences suggesting that interdisciplinary training improved the quality and process of research, but this pattern
was equally strongly reversed among students in the latter years of graduate study. Using systematic observation and other
data we suggest why this might be so, then discuss the implications of these results for the design and conduct of graduate
education and research. 相似文献
19.
Taran Thune 《Minerva》2010,48(4):463-483
Changes in knowledge production, increasing interaction between government, universities and industry, and changes in labor
markets for doctoral degree holders are forces that have spurred a debate about the organization of doctoral education and
the competencies graduates need to master to work as scientists and researchers in a triple helix research context. Recent
policy also has supported a redefinition of researcher training with increasing focus on broader skills and relevance for
careers outside the university sector. Consequently, it is pertinent to investigate current changes in doctoral education
and researcher training. Particularly further knowledge about university–industry collaboration as a context for researcher
training is required. With this in mind, this study provides empirical illustrations of how research training carried out
in collaborative research contexts is experienced by doctoral students, and offers some insight into antecedent and process
factors that are central in shaping PhD students’ research and training experience in collaborative research contexts. Based
on the empirical data and a review of existing literature, suggestions for further research are made. 相似文献
20.
Geographic clustering of economic activity: The case of prominent western visual artists 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This article compiles original data relating to artists’ place of birth and work migration patterns using various art history
dictionaries. The broad historic pattern, from the 13th to the 20th century, of the birth locations of prominent artists is examined, followed
by a detailed study of the work migration patterns of prominent artists in two important situations, namely Renaissance Italy
and France in part of the 19th century. The evidence indicates a marked clustering of activity of prominent artists, both
arising from birth location and migration patterns. Some possible explanations for the observed patterns are briefly outlined.
相似文献
| John O’HaganEmail: |