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1.
P. G. Aaron 《Reading and writing》1989,1(4):291-308
This study tested the hypothesis that when a stringent criterion of normal IQ is applied in the selection of dyslexic readers, and when dyslexics, nondyslexic poor readers, and normal readers are matched on reading comprehension — rather than word reading — significant differences among these groups can be demonstrated. Two groups of poor readers from primary grades, one with normal IQ (dyslexics) and the other with below-average IQ (nonspecific reading disabled, NSRD) were matched for reading comprehension with a group of younger normal readers. The dyslexic group was found to be inferior to the other two groups in tests of decoding and spelling. The dyslexic readers were more context-dependent for word recognition than the other two groups. The NSRD group did not differ from the normal readers in these aspects but had the worst performance on a test of inferential comprehension. It was concluded that dyslexics differ from normal readers and low-IQ poor readers in word and nonword reading skills and context-dependency for reading. A group of six adult dyslexics were also found to be deficient in decoding skills. A lack of unanimity in the use of certain terminology, a substantial age difference between low-IQ poor readers and normals, and the difference in the criteria used for matching the different groups could be factors that can explain the disagreements seen between the findings of the present study and those reported by some other studies. Potential problems associated with reading-age matched experimental design are discussed. 相似文献
2.
The results of longitudinal studies suggest that although dyslexic children improve their reading skills with time, they do not outgrow their disability (Spreen, 1982). This paper compares the development of reading and spelling in a group of dyslexics and non-dyslexics over a five-year period. In addition to addressing the issue of the relative rates of development of reading in the two groups, a central focus of the paper is the extent to which dyslexia can be said to represent a stable disability. How many of the children classified as dyslexic at age eight would be reclassified as dyslexic at age thirteen? Three distinct groups emerged: ‘stable',‘transient’ and ‘late emerging dyslexics'. The ‘stable’ dyslexics were children classified as dyslexic at both ages, the transient were those classified only at the younger age, and the ‘late emerging’ were those classified at age thirteen. Regression analysis was used as the technique of identification of the dyslexics. 相似文献
3.
Given the well-acknowledged phonological deficit found in dyslexic children, this study was aimed at investigating graphophonological processes in dyslexic readers of French over a 1-year period. Among the different types of phonological processing can be distinguished those related to phonological awareness based on knowledge of the oral language and graphophonological processes based on correspondences between the oral and the written language. In this study, we evaluated graphophonemic and graphosyllabic processes using, in each case, two different tasks varying in the degree of cognitive constraint associated with the task (CC- vs CC+). Twenty 11 year-old dyslexic students were compared with younger normal-readers of the same reading level (RA, n=26) and to normal-readers of the same age (CA, n=24). Two variables were considered in the analyses: accuracy and response latency. Results show that dyslexic readers do process written items at the graphophonological level. Also, results indicate main effects of task (CC- vs CC+), time (T1 vs T2), and group (DYS vs RA vs CA). In general, dyslexic participants' performances are comparable to those of RA and differ from those of CA. 相似文献
4.
Aglaia Stampoltzis Stavroula Polychronopoulou 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2008,8(1):37-46
Dyslexia is defined as a disability that primarily affects reading and writing. Internationally, the number of dyslexic students entering higher education is on the rise. It is estimated that students with dyslexia represent a small but significant minority. Many English-speaking countries have developed support services and teaching practices to accommodate dyslexic students' educational needs. In Greece, research on dyslexia is very limited. The purpose of this study is to define the incidence of dyslexia among the Greek student population and to examine dyslexic students' age, gender and major field of study. Data were collected from a total of 406 departments at all Greek public institutions of higher education (n = 32). The existing practices for identifying and provisions for supporting dyslexic students were also examined. The incidence of dyslexia in Greek higher education was estimated to be 0.16%, which is far below the estimated incidence in the general population. Interesting results were yielded regarding the variability of higher education institutions' responses to dyslexia. In almost all Greek institutions, provision takes place in the form of oral examinations and generic counseling. technological education institutions (TEIs) seem to be more aware of the educational needs of dyslexic students, possibly because they have three times more dyslexic students than higher education institutions (HEIs). All Greek universities deal with the needs of dyslexic students on an individual basis, making provision reactive rather than proactive. The results of the present study are discussed in the light of inclusive education and equality of opportunity for students who learn in a different way but do not differ from their counterparts in terms of intelligence or general abilities. 相似文献
5.
It has been suggested that the differences observed for dyslexic readers compared to normal readers on tasks measuring visual sensitivity may simply be the result of differences between the two groups in general cognitive ability and/or attentional engagement. One common way to accommodate this proposal is to match normal and dyslexic readers on IQ. However, an explicit test of this suggestion is to take normal and dyslexic readers who differ on IQ—where IQ would be expected to explain reading ability—and determine if visual sensitivity can still account for reading skill, even when IQ is taken into account. In this study we explored the relative contributions of nonverbal IQ, visual sensitivity as measured by sensitivity to the frequency doubling illusion, and phonological and irregular word reading to reading ability. Visual sensitivity explained a significant amount of variance in reading ability, over and above nonverbal IQ, accounting for 6% of the unique variance in reading ability. Moreover, visual sensitivity was related primarily to irregular word reading rather than to nonsense word decoding. This study demonstrates that low-level visual sensitivity plays an intrinsic role in reading aptitude, even when IQ differences between normal and dyslexic readers are contrived to maximize the contribution of IQ to reading skill. These results challenge the suggestion that impaired visual sensitivity may be epiphenomenal to poor reading skills. 相似文献
6.
Eileen Stirling 《Annals of dyslexia》1989,39(1):268-278
The adolescent dyslexic student’s problems with spelling are very different from those of a young dyslexic child, as he already
has considerable knowledge of the English spelling system. But this knowledge is very often random and confused, so he needs
to acquire a logical structure which will enable him to generate spelling for himself and to communicate effectively in writing.
It will be suggested that accuracy is not always attainable, but the student can be taught to recognize and use the main components
of the spelling system and can learn to employ all available resources. The general aim is to provide the dyslexic adolescent
with the tools he needs to cope with his spelling requirements, both in school and outside; to make informed deductions; to
think for himself. In short, to spell independently and logically. 相似文献
7.
This study was conducted to determine if the phonemic awareness skills of college-aged dyslexic students (n=10) differ from
those of their nondyslexic peers (n=10). Both groups were tested on reading of real and nonsense words and a phoneme reversal
task. Although the dyslexic subjects had received considerable language remediation and were all succeeding at their college
studies at a level that did not significantly differ from the nondyslexic subjects, they performed significantly poorer on
two measures of phonemic awareness: reading of nonsense words and increased error rate and response time on reversal of common
three phoneme words. These results were interpreted to suggest that although the dyslexic subjects had improved their reading
skills there remained a fundamental deficit in their ability to process phonological information quickly and accurately. 相似文献
8.
In an earlier paper (Miles and Wheeler 1975) it was reported that dyslexic subjects, aged over 13, were less able than suitably
matched non-dyslexic subjects to respond correctly to arrays of tachistoscopically presented digits. A further experiment
is now reported involving a younger age-group: 15 dyslexic subjects, average age twelve and one-half, were matched for spelling
age with 15 non-dyslexic subjects, average age eight and one-half; and since the dyslexic subjects were appreciably less successful
it is argued that “maturational lag” does not, on its own, fully account for the difference in performance between the two
groups. A similar procedure was repeated with 41 dyslexic and 41 non-dyslexic subjects, all aged between 10.4 and 14.4, both
with and without the introduction of a visual masking stimulus immediately after the test stimulus. Twenty undergraduate “fast-readers,”
20 undergraduate “slow-readers,” and four undergraduate dyslexic subjects were also compared both on their responses to tachistoscopically
presented digits and on their performance in a visual search task. The results, taken in conjunction, suggest that dyslexia
can be regarded as some kind of limitation in the ability to process information, perhaps affecting in particular the “visual
code store” postulated by Posner et al. (1969).
This paper was prepared for deliveryin absentia at the 27th Annual Conference of The Orton Society, in New York City, November 1976. 相似文献
9.
Fifteen dyslexic children between the ages of 8 and 16 were given the Rorschach ink blot test and their responses were compared
with those of 12 suitably matched controls. It was found that they made very considerable use of the shape of the cards, but
much less use of the other determinants (color, texture, etc.). Unlike the controls they seldom turned the cards around so
as to obtain some fresh “view,” and the overall number of responses per person was considerably less, with many of them giving
only one response per card. It is suggested that the educational and social pressures on a dyslexic child often make him reluctant
to commit himself in a context where “playing safe” is socially acceptable. 相似文献
10.
Kees P. van den Bos 《Annals of dyslexia》1984,34(1):179-193
Hypothesized cognitive strengths and weaknesses of three dyslexic subgroups (Boder and Jarrico 1982) were examined in two
reading related experiments. The first experiment tested the prediction that auditorily presented letter sets should be processed
better by dyseidetic than by dysphonetic readers. The prediction was not confirmed. The results did not show any modality
of presentation-specific recall differences between the three dyslexic subgroups. Overall, dyslexic children’s scores were
significantly lower than those of age-matched control groups. The second experiment tested predictions of differential performance
of dyseidetic and dysphonetic readers in a task in which the name identity of letters in pairs had to be indicated. Predicted
patterns were not confirmed. Compared to the control groups all three dyslexic subgroups (whose means did not differ significantly)
made significantly more errors in the condition in which it was essential to activate phonetic representations of the letters.
The experimental results of this study suggest a greater similarity in the nature of letter processing problems in dyslexic
children than is assumed in Boder and Jarrico’s (1982) subtyping test.
This research was supported by grant 634301 from the Department of Special Education, State University of Groningen, and a
travel grant from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).
Based on a presentation at the 32nd Annual Conference of The Orton Dyslexia Society, Baltimore, Maryland, November 1982. 相似文献
11.
Identifying dyslexia in adulthood presents particular challenges because of complicating factors such as acquisition of compensatory strategies, differing degrees of intervention and the problem of distinguishing dyslexic adults from those whose literacy difficulties have non‐cognitive causes. One of the implications is that conventional literacy measures, per se, do not provide a satisfactory basis for screening for dyslexia in adulthood as some dyslexic adults have above‐average literacy skills and some non‐dyslexic adults have very poor literacy skills. This study examined an alternative approach to dyslexia screening, using three tests that depend heavily on phonological processing, lexical access and working memory, but which are not conventional measures of literacy. Using these tests, which are computer delivered, 70 dyslexic adults from three different types of educational institution were compared with 69 non‐dyslexic adults from the same institutions. The results showed that the dyslexic and non‐dyslexic groups were significantly different on all three computer‐based tests, with an average effect size of 1.55. Adaptive versions of these tests were then created to reduce overall administration time for the suite to about 15 minutes. Analysis showed that the combined scaled scores from the adaptive versions of the three tests significantly discriminated the dyslexic from the non‐dyslexic group with an increased effect size of 2.07 and with a sensitivity rate of 90.6% and a specificity rate of 90.0%. It was concluded that this approach is a valid and useful method of identifying dyslexia in adulthood, which, given the ease of administration to large numbers of adults, has noted advantages for education and employment. 相似文献
12.
13.
The existing literature on developmental dyslexia (hereafter: dyslexia) often focuses on isolating cognitive skills which differ across dyslexic and control participants. Among potential correlates, previous research has studied group differences between dyslexic and control participants in performance on statistical learning tasks. A statistical learning deficit has been proposed to be a potential cause and/or a marker effect for early detection of dyslexia. It is therefore of practical importance to evaluate the evidence for a group difference. From a theoretical perspective, such a group difference would provide information about the causal chain from statistical learning to reading acquisition. We provide a systematic review of the literature on such a group difference. We conclude that there is insufficient high-quality data to draw conclusions about the presence or absence of an effect. 相似文献
14.
Dyslexia is a specific learning disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and
by poor spelling abilities. The absence of other high level cognitive deficits in the dyslexic population has led some authors
to propose that non-strategical processes like implicit learning could be impaired in this population. Most studies have addressed
this issue by using sequence learning tasks, but so far the results have not been conclusive. We test this hypothesis by comparing
the performance of dyslexic children and good readers in both implicit and explicit versions of the sequence learning task,
as well as in another implicit learning task not involving sequential information. The results showed that dyslexic children
failed to learn the sequence when they were not informed about its presence (implicit condition). In contrast, they learned
without significant differences in relation to the good readers group when they were encouraged to discover the sequence and
to use it in order to improve their performance (explicit condition). Moreover, we observed that this implicit learning deficit
was not extended to other forms of non-sequential, implicit learning such as contextual cueing. In this case, both groups
showed similar implicit learning about the information provided by the visual context. These results help to clarify previous
contradictory data, and they are discussed in relation to how the implicit sequence learning deficit could contribute to the
understanding of dyslexia. 相似文献
15.
Peter Gregor Anna Dickinson Alison Macaffer Peter Andreasen 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2003,34(3):341-355
SeeWord is a highly configurable word processing environment, which assists dyslexic users when producing and reading text. The software was developed using a user-centred development cycle where user feedback contributed to each revision. Evaluations showed that users were able to find individualised combinations of settings using the specialised software, which they used in preference to the black-on-white text that is usually displayed on computer monitors. Three separate prototypes of the software were developed and evaluated. The third prototype was used in an experimental study with 6 dyslexic school pupils. The research showed that 5 out of the 6 dyslexic users aged 14–16 years benefited from the use of specialised software when reading text from a computer screen. Participants were able to read standard texts from a screen significantly more accurately with the aid of SeeWord. All participants reported that they felt they could read text from the screen better using the software. The results suggest that a larger scale evaluation of the software would provide valuable information about problems associated with computer use by people with dyslexia. A further study into the visual processes involved in dyslexia would also be of great value. 相似文献
16.
Nathlie A. Badian 《Annals of dyslexia》1992,42(1):159-178
The aims of the study were to investigate whether children showing a low nonverbal/high verbal (LNV) WISC-R profile are more
likely to exhibit behaviors conducive to school failure than children with a low verbal/high nonverbal (LV) profile, and to
examine the relationships among these behaviors, the LNV/LV profiles, and reading ability. The 65 subjects included 27 LNV
and 38 LV children, aged 5 to 11 years. Results confirmed earlier findings (Badian 1986) that LNV children are perceived by
their teachers as significantly poorer than LV children in many behaviors associated with school success. There was a dichotomy,
however, between LNV good and poor readers. All LNV subjects displayed problems in organizational skills, but those who were
dyslexic were poorer in social behavior (e.g., acceptance of criticism and peer relationships) than either LNV good readers
or LV good or poor readers. It was concluded that children with a low nonverbal/high verbal profile and a probable right hemisphere
dysfunction, who appear to be dyslexic in the early school years, are at high risk for both social behavior problems and school
failure, and that these children are a more high-risk group than poor readers with a low verbal/high nonverbal profile. 相似文献
17.
Chiara Valeria Marinelli Paola Angelelli Alessandra Notarnicola Claudio Luzzatti 《Reading and writing》2009,22(3):333-351
The study uses an orthographic judgment task to evaluate the efficiency of the lexical reading route in Italian dyslexic children.
It has been suggested that Italian dyslexic children rely prevalently on the sub-word-level routine for reading. However,
it is not easy to test the lexical reading route in Italian directly because of the lack of critical items (irregular words),
so visual lexical decision tasks and the comprehension/detection of pseudo-homophones are often used. While the former may
also be solved on the basis of visual familiarity or phonological re-codification, the latter also involves conceptual and
syntactic skills. Eleven dyslexic children participated in the study, performing an orthographic judgment task on stimuli
with two phonologically plausible spellings, of which only one was orthographically correct. Their performance was compared
with those of 11 proficient readers. The dyslexic children showed selective impairment in detecting phonologically plausible
errors, but their performance was normal when required to judge errors inserted in words with regular orthography, i.e., devoid
of orthographic ambiguity, and for which a sub-word-level reading procedure is sufficient to guarantee a good performance.
Overall, data are coherent with a diagnosis of surface dyslexia, with most children showing defective orthographic lexical
processing.
相似文献
| Paola AngelelliEmail: |
18.
The present study was designed to investigate the influence of syntactic complexity on sentence comprehension in Hebrew. Participants were 40 native Hebrew-speaking 5th grade dyslexic and normally reading children aged 10–11 years. Childrens syntactic abilities were tested by three experimental measures: syntactic judgment, a sentence-picture matching task, and a sentence correction task. Each task consisted of sentences composed of five syntactic constructions varying in the level of syntactic complexity (active, passive, conjoined, object-subject relative, and subject-object relative). The length of sentences and the number of propositions in the sentences were controlled. In addition, a wide range of the childrens reading and general abilities (e.g., reading comprehension, phonological awareness, and working memory) was examined. The results indicated that dyslexic readers were less accurate and slower than good readers in all reading tasks and in the tasks on sentence comprehension. The findings suggest that the factor of syntactic complexity seems to be a relatively independent aspect of sentence comprehension. This aspect of sentence comprehension is probably not affected in dyslexic readers. Rather, processing deficit related to phonological and memory impairments of dyslexic children and their ability to process syntactic information is responsible for the difficulties in sentence comprehension. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2012,36(1):127-151
Increased awareness and improved tests have contributed to the identification of rising numbers of dyslexic students entering higher education in the United Kingdom. Nearly half of these students are not diagnosed until they start their HE courses. Studies of experiences of dyslexic students diagnosed as children exist; however, there is little comparable information on dyslexic students diagnosed as adults. This qualitative study explores the experiences of six students diagnosed with dyslexia after starting their Masters degrees. Their personal accounts were analysed using thematic analysis. The major themes identified were: ? Distress ? Self-doubt ? Embarrassment ? Frustration ? Relief ? Confidence ? Motivation The findings revealed that being diagnosed with dyslexia as an adult can be cathartic or devastating depending on the individual’s current emotional status and personality. However, as they develop a deeper understanding of what dyslexia means and how it affects them as individuals, the diagnosis becomes a liberating revelation. Once the label is accepted, the individual can embrace the change in lifestyle that the diagnosis necessitates. This study provides a deeper understanding of the consequences of a late diagnosis and highlights the need for management approaches to be individually tailored to specific needs. 相似文献
20.
Meares‐Irlen Syndrome (MIS) is characterised by symptoms of visual stress and visual perceptual distortions that are alleviated by using individually prescribed coloured filters. Coloured overlays (sheets of transparent plastic that are placed upon the page) are used to screen for the condition. MIS is diagnosed on the basis of either the sustained voluntary use of an overlay or an immediate improvement (typically of more than 5%) on the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT). Various studies are reviewed suggesting a prevalence of 20–34% using these criteria. Stricter criteria give a lower prevalence: for example, 5% of the population read more than 25% faster with an overlay. It has been alleged that MIS is more common in dyslexia, but this has not been systematically investigated. We compared a group of 32 dyslexic with 32 control children aged 7–12 years, matched for age, gender and socio‐economic background. Participants were tested with Intuitive Overlays, and those demonstrating a preference had their rate of reading tested using the WRRT with and without their preferred overlay. Both groups read faster with the overlay, and more so in the dyslexic group. ANOVA revealed no significant effect of group, but a significant improvement in WRRT with overlay (p=0.009) and a significant interaction between group and overlay (p=0.031). We found a similar prevalence of MIS in the general population to that in previous studies and a prevalence in the dyslexic group that was a little higher (odds ratio for >5% criterion: 2.6, 95% confidence limit 0.9–7.3). The difference in prevalence in the two groups did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that MIS is prevalent in the general population and possibly a little more common in dyslexia. Children with dyslexia seem to benefit more from coloured overlays than non‐dyslexic children. MIS and dyslexia are separate entities and are detected and treated in different ways. If a child has both problems then they are likely to be markedly disadvantaged and they should receive prompt treatments appropriate to the two conditions. It is recommended that education professionals as well as eye‐care professionals are alert to the symptoms of MIS and that children are screened for this condition, as well as for other visual anomalies. 相似文献