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1.
RIASSUNTO

In this paper the results of a systematic investigation into university students’ misunderstandings of d.c. simple circuit operations are reported. These results provide evidence of various misconceptions present before and after the teaching at university level of the topics on d.c. circuits: a battery as a source of constant current; the wrong interpretation of the junctional relation expressed by Ohm's law; power dissipated; resistors in parallel. In conclusion, a brief comment is made on the need to make university teachers aware of these results and on the many difficulties encountered in such an attempt.

RIASSUNTO In questo lavoro sono riportati i risultati di una indagine sistematica su comuni forme di ragionamento (errate) che studenti universitari manifestano sul fitn-zionamento di semplici circuiti elettrici. I concetti su cui é stata focalizzata I'attenzione e che sono presenti non solo prima ma anche dopo I'insegnamento a livello universitario sono: la batteria come sorgente di corrente costante, I'errata interpretazione delle relazioni funzionali relative alla legge di Ohm e alia potenza dissipata in un circuito, il collegamento di resistenze in parallelo. Segue, infine, un breve commento sulla necessityá di rendere consapevoli i docenti universitari di tali risultati e delle difficolta incontrate in tale tentativo.  相似文献   


2.
RESUME

The quality concept is today strongly connected with customer satisfaction. One important reason for the quality and productivity success in the Japanese industry is a consequent and systematic use of statistical methods during different stages of the production process. The quality challenge of the European industry therefore implies claims both on the industry to use more statistical methods and on the teaching of statistics at engineering schools at different levels. In this paper we discuss the modern quality development and the role of statistical methods in this development. We also emphasize its strong implications for the teaching of statistics at engineering schools.

Le concept ‘qualite’ est de nos jours en relation étroite avec la satisfaction du client. Une des raisons importantes du succès, en fait de qualité el de productivité, de I'industrie japonaise est I'utilisation conséquente et systématique des méthodes statistiques dans les différentes étapes du processus de production. Le defi ‘qualité’ pour I'industrie europeenne exige alors, d'une part I'intensification de I'utilisation de méthodes statistiques dans I'industrie, et d'autre part I'enseignement de la statistique dans les ecoles d'ingenieurs à differents niveaux. Dans cet article, nous discutons le developpement moderne du concept ‘qualité’ et le rdle des methodes statistiques dans ce développement. Aussi nous insistons sur set grandes implications dans I'enseignement des statistiques dans les écoles d'ingénieurs.  相似文献   


3.
RESUME

Many engineers lack the necessary expertise to correctly analyse and interpret data resulting from an experiment. The conceptual framework of stochastics lies in the possibility of measuring the expectation of future' events on the basis of ‘past’ statistical data. Their observation leads in general to a decrease of uncertainty with respect to the initial situation: the measurement of this uncertainty can be quantitatively carried out through the concept of probability. We maintain that the precise and rigorous formulation of this process of ‘learning from experience’ can be realized by a merging of the Bayesian inferential procedure with the subjective and intuitive ‘real-life’ concept of probability as degree of belief.

Beaucoup d'ingenieurs manquent de I'expertise necessaire pour analyser et interpreter les données fournies par une expérience. Le cadre conceptuel de la statistique réside dans la possibilité de mesurer la plausibilité de certains événements ‘futures’; on se basant sur les résultats des observations statistiques ‘passees’. La connaissance de cettes données conduit en général à une diminution de I'incertitude en comparaison de la situation initiate: cette incertitude peut etre mesuree grâce au concept de probabilité. Nous soutenons que la formulation precise et rigoureuse de ce procédé (‘apprendre par I'experience’) peut être réalisée au moyen d'un amalgame entre le procédé inférentiel Bayésien et le concept subjectifM intuitif de probabilité comme ‘degré de croyance’.  相似文献   


4.
5.
RESUMÉ

This paper examines the nature of collaboration between research, teaching and practice by analysis of the first 2 years'' implementation of the Associate Company Scheme of the Centre for Facilities Management at the University of Strathclyde. This scheme comprises a partnership between the academic institution and its related industrial field, in which the institution will be provided with information on the research work which is sought by industry along with the data inputs required for completion of the research. The industrial partners are intended to benefit from the immediate availability of the results of the research for implementation in practice. Research undertaken for preparation of this paper indicates that there is a need for more than just commitment to the joint venture but for a particular commitment to the development of effective communications systems for the transfer of information across the divide between academia and practice.

Dans cet article on examinera la nature de la collaboration comme elle existe dans les domaines de recherche, d' éducation et de pratique, par I'analyse des premières deux années du ‘Associate Company Scheme’ du Centre de Facilities Management a I'Université de Strathclyde. Ce ‘Scheme’ comprend une liaison entre l'instilution universitaire et des compagnies industrielles, par laquelle l'institution reçoit des informations sur la recherche à laquelle s'interessent des industriels et, à la fois, elle reçoit des donnees dont elle a besoin pour achever la recherche. On a l'intention que les associés industriels pourront profiler de la disponibilité immédiate des résultats de la recherche pour qu'ils puissent l'employer pratiquement. Des recherches que nous avons fait en preparant cet article nous indiquent que l'on a besoin non seulement de l'nthousiasme pour ce travail collaborateur mais aussi pour un engagement particulier au développement d'un systéme de communication effectif pour transférer des informations entre l'université et les practiciens.  相似文献   


6.
RÉSUMÉ

This paper treats as an innovation the creation of a postgraduate programme of research which acts as a focus for industrial collaboration. The idea, the networks created and the launch of the programme are described. Lessons from experience are related and further diffusion of the idea and resulting activities are briefly mentioned.

Cet article considère comme une innovation la cr éation d 'un programme de recherches de mattrise qui sen de foyer pour la collaboration industrielle. L'idée, le réseau ainsi cree et le lancement du programme sont descris. Les leçons tirées de l 'experience sont recontees et la diffusion supplemental de l'idée et des activités derivées sont mentionnées en bref.  相似文献   


7.
RESUMÉ

The University Centre for Building Production Foundation was established on 1 February 1991. It is a joint venture of 12 renowned Dutch companies and the Eindhoven University of Technology. The establishment of a new department in the Faculty of Building and Architecture, namely that of Production and Construction, with which the centre will be associated, means that a concerted research effort can be provided under a single governing board. As a result, sufficient attention can be paid to research procedures and good management, while company researchers can also be involved. Accordingly, issues will be raised ensuing directly from practice, which will greatly enhance the social value of scientific research.

La Fondation du Centre Universitaire pour la Production de Constructions (‘Stichting Universitair Centrum voor Bouwproduktie’) a été fondée février 1991. Cette fondation est une co-entreprise regroupant 12 célèbres entreprises néerlandaises et I'Université de Technologie de Eindhoven. Grāce a I' éiablissement d'un nouveau département au sein de la faculté d'architecture, à savoir le département Production et Construction auquel le centre sera associé, un effort de recherche concerte sous une mê commission de direction sera possible. Ainsi, cela permettra de porter une attention suffisante nécessaire aux procédures de recherche et à une bonne gestion, ainsi que le recours éventuel aux ckercheurs des entreprises. Par conséquent, des questions basées directement sur la pratique seront posees garantissant ainsi une amélioration de la valeur sociale et de la recherche scientifique.  相似文献   


8.
SUMMARY

Depuis deux siècles, la formation des cadres supérieurs est basée soit sur le ‘paradigme comtien’ (ingéw;nieurs, primat de la mathématique), soit sur le ‘paradigme harvardien’ (managers, primal de I'èconomie). Qu';il s'agisse d'ecoles d'ingénieurs ou de business schools, les sciences ‘molles’ n'y sont que très peu enseignées. De plus en plus, cependant, les dirigeants d'entreprises rencontrent des problémes difficiles de nature psychologique ou sociologique. L'auteur propose de fonder la formation des ingénieurs à partir de l'épistémologie plutôt qu'à partir de la mathématique, l'épistémologie étant la discipline la plus appropriée pour l'initiation à la créativité et la seule réalisant la synthèse entre sciences “dures” et sciences ‘molles’.

For two centuries, the training of senior executives has been based either on the ‘Comtian paradigm’ (engineers at the leading edge of mathematics) or the ‘Harvard paradigm’ (managers at the leading edge of the economy). The ‘soft’ sciences are scarcely taught in engineering colleges or business schools. However, top managers are increasingly confronted with difficult problems of a psychological or sociological nature. The author suggests basing the training of engineers on epistemology rather than on mathematics, since epistemology is the most suitable discipline for stimulating creativity and the only one to achieve a synthesis of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ sciences.  相似文献   


9.
RESUMÉ

This paper describes a successful example of a large programme of industry-university research collaboration in the field of construction engineering and management. It describes how BAA plc, one of the UK's largest construction clients, is working closely with a leading university department undertaking construction engineering and management research. The initial objectives and the anticipated benefits of collaboration for both parties are discussed. The paper outlines, in the form of a case study, how the initial research collaboration links were formed and how they have developed into a major research, technological transfer, education and training programme. It discusses the way in which the research and technological transfer programme in particular was developed, is regularly updated, funded and managed. In addition, the paper describes the current research programme and the tangible benefits for both parties. By way of example, the paper outlines 1 research project in ‘knowledge-based engineering’ where a generic modelling system is being used to design buildings in the manner that has become known in advanced manufacturing as concurrent engineering. Finally, other areas of current and planned collaboration, in particular in the areas of education and training, are discussed.

Ce papier decrit I'exemple réussi d'un programme de collaboration industrie/univer-site de grande ampleur en faveur de la recherche dans le domaine de I'ingenierie et du management de la construction. II décrit comment BAA pic, I'un des maitres d'ouvrage les plus importants du Royaume Uni, travaille defagon trés étroite avec un département de I'universite de Reading (UK) qui mene des recherches dans le domaine de I'ingenierie et du management de la construction. Les objectifs iniriaux et les benefices attendus de la collaboration de ces deux parties sont abordes. L'article se presente sous la forme d'une etude de cas, montre comment les liens initiaux de cette collaboration se sont formés, comment ils ont mené à un programme de recherche, d ' éducation et de formation important. Il precise la fagon dont le programme de recherche a été développé, comment ilest regulierement remis a jour, finance et dirige. Le papier décrit de plus le programme de recherche actuel et les bénéfices tangibles pour les deux parties. Il présente a titre d'exemple un projet de recherche en ‘knowledge-based engineering‘ et ‘concurrent engineering’ dans lequel un systeme de modelisation generique est utilise pour concevoir des bdtiments automatiquement. Finalement, ce papier decrit d'autres domaines dans lesquels la collaboration est effective ou prevue, en particulier pour l' éducation et la formation.  相似文献   


10.
SOMMAIRE

Combined courses in engineering and languages were recently established at Monash University, Australia. Academics, translators, and practising engineers were consulted about the nature of the courses, the requirements of industry, and likely demand for graduates. Their attitudes and opinions are discussed below with resulting questions concerning policy. Topics raised included: the place of English as a lingua franca; the relative importance to Australia of Asian and European languages; the importance of a knowledge of the culture of other countries; whether it is necessary (or possible usefully) to study technical vocabulary at undergraduate level; and whether language teaching should occur before or after entering practice.

Des cours de génie et de langues combinés ont ete recemment crees a l'université de Monash, en Australie. Une enquéte a été menée auprès d'universitaires, traducteurs, et ingénieurs exercants, sur I'essence de ces cours, les exigences de I'industrie et la demande probable de licenciés. Leurs positions et opinions sont examinées ci-dessous ainsi que les questions soulevées quant a la ligne d'action. Les traits suivants sont mis en question: la position de I'anglais en tant que lingua franca'; l'importance relative des langues asiatiques et européennespour l'Australie; l'importance de la connaissance d'autres cultures; la nécessité (et peut-etre le success) d'apprendre le vocabulaire technique avant la licence; l'enseignment de la langue avant ou aprés l'entree en exercice.  相似文献   


11.
RESUMÉ

A recent systematic study showed that the transfer of information from research to practice in construction is not efficient: results are disseminated badly, are difficult to trace and are little used by practitioners, whose information-gathering routines are defective. The way in which the building process is organized, characterized by discontinuity and variety, creates a context where the well-proven recipe is preferred to scientific knowledge, too difficult to apply with haste. How can one educate future practitioners and teach them to reconcile the need for better building—based on science—within the chaotic environment of the building industry? One answer to this question lies in improved exploitation of information, its systematic transformation and its valorization. A second answer lies in a search for operational continuity, thus paving the way for informed innovation.

Une étude systématique ricente a démontré I'inefficacité du passage de I'information de la recherche à la pratique en construction: les résuhats sont mal disséminés, difficiles a repérer et peu utilisés par les praticiens, eux-mêmes rarement avertis de I'importance de I'information. L'organisation de l'acte de bâtir, avec la discontinuite et la variété qui le caractérisent, crée un environnement o[ugrave] la recette éprouvée passe avant les connaissances scientifiques, trop difficiles à appliquer ‘àla va-vite’. Comment peut-on éduquer les futurs praticiens, et leur faire comprendre la nécessite de mieux construire—grâce a I'apport de la science—dans I'environnement chaotique du secteur du bâtiment? Une meilleure exploitation de I'information, de sa transformation systematique et de sa valorisation est sans doute une premiére réponse à cette question primordiale; une deuxième réponse préconise en outre la continuité operationnelle, ouvrant ainsi la parte à L'innovation guidée par I'information.  相似文献   


12.
The article reviews the activities that have been taking place in Europe in the field of senior staff training, particularly headteacher training, based on a study undertaken by the author in 1980 in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and France. It goes on to consider some of the underlying problems and some major areas of study that require further examination, i.e. it is difficult to define the job to be undertaken by the trainer; to analyse the nature of the organisation and school system in which he works; to identify ‘leadership'; to provide relevant training and to then evaluate that training and its real impact on the school and on the quality, effectiveness and relevance of education offered to pupils and students.

Finally it describes some of the possibilities for fruitful cooperation and collaboration over the next few years through the efforts of a wide variety of international organisations.

Cet article fait un tour d'horizon des actions qui ont été entreprises en Europe dans le domaine de la formation des directeurs d'établissement et des maîtres chargés d'une responsabilité particulière dans l'enseignement. Il s'appuie sur une étude entreprise par l'auteur au Danemark, en France, en Norvège et dans les Pays‐Bas en 1980.

L'article étudie ensuite certains problèmes fondamentaux et quelques grands sujets d'étude qui demandent une analyse plus poussée: par exemple la difficulté à définir le travail que doit entreprendre le formateur, pour analyser la nature de l'organisation du système scolaire dans lequel il travaille, la difficulté à identifier les fonctions de ‘leadership’, à etablir une formation appropriée, puis à évaluer cette formation et son impact réel sur l'école et sur la qualité, enfin l'efficacité et l'appropriation de l'enseignement qui est offert aux élèves et étudiants.

Finalement, l'auteur expose quelques possibilités de collaboration fructueuse pour les prochaines années grâce aux efforts de différentes organisations internationales.  相似文献   


13.
This article makes a preliminary assessment of the general strategies required to foster and evaluate research and scholarship in Hongkong's higher education sector.

It is particularly concerned with the means to be used in the measurement of research productivity in the ‘emerging universities’, namely the two Polytechnics and the Baptist College.

In recent years a number of Polytechnic‐style institutions in Australia have undergone a process of ‘becoming universities’ and It Is proposed that Hongkong may be able to learn from their experience.

An Important focus in this paper Is on the development of equitable and realistic indices of performance that will be accepted by academic and administrative staff In calculating the merit and worth of their efforts in relation to research — which for a number of Polytechnic and College staff has not been a significant aspect of their overall academic role.  相似文献   


14.
‘… Miss Caroline

tell me how you spend your time

I spend all my time

around the Singer machine…’

These lines from a popular song of the nineteen forties sum up what was for many women a new reality. This paper identifies the space at the sewing machine as mother's space and the sewing machine as an important element in the psychological and financial liberation of the woman, here the Caribbean woman of the twentieth century. Evidence in support of this claim is offered predominantly from Caribbean creative writing, where artists have noted the importance of that invention in the lives of their mothers and in the achievements of their families.  相似文献   


15.
Queueing Theory     
RESUME

The aim of this paper is to stress the need for a better training in stochastic methodology for European engineers. The emphasis is on applied probability. In Section 2, a brief introduction to the main features of queueing theory is given, as well as some examples of applications of queues to manufacturing and service industries. Sections 3 and 4 present some recommendations for further action and some final comments concerning stochastic education for engineers.

L'objectif de cet article est mettre en relief la grande necessityé d'une meilheure formation stocastique dans les cours pour les ingénieurs europeens. L'accent est mis sur le domaine des probability's appliquees. Dans la Section 2 une brieve introduction aux caracteristiques plus importantes de la teorie des queues d'attente estfaite; aussi quelques examples des applications de cette téorie-là aux industries des manufactures et des services. Dans les Sections 3 et 4 on présente quelques recommendations et commentaires finals relatives a I'éducation dans la mathématique stocastique pour les ingénieurs.  相似文献   


16.
Background Global climate change (GCC) has become one of the most debated socio-scientific issues after an increase in media attention. Recently, there have also been several studies describing students’ and teachers’ alternative conceptions about GCC. Therefore, designing learning environments at the college level that focus on accurate conceptions of GCC has become important in order for pre-service teachers to correct their alternative conceptions. There are, however, a limited number of studies that aim to both increase pre-service teachers’ knowledge about these issues and explore their perceptions of teaching this subject.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inquiry-based activities on pre-service teachers’ knowledge about GCC and their perceptions of teaching this subject.

Sample The participants were 102 pre-service middle school mathematics and science teachers who were enrolled in an environmental education course.

Design and methods A one group pre-test–post-test design was employed to identify changes after pre-service teachers engaged in a learning unit on GCC. The inquiry-based GCC unit was implemented during the spring semester at a public university in northeastern Turkey. The unit was implemented over seven sessions. Data were collected through two questionnaires: the ‘GCC content questionnaire’ and the ‘perceptions of teaching GCC questionnaire’. Each questionnaire was administered both before and after implementation of the unit. Content questionnaire responses were analyzed using a paired-samples t-test. Responses to the perceptions of teaching questionnaire were analyzed using inductive open coding.

Results Results indicated that after the implementation the pre-service teachers significantly improved their understanding of GCC across all items in the content questionnaire, saw several benefits of and challenges about teaching GCC, and perceived themselves as better prepared to teach about GCC in their future classrooms.

Conclusions Teacher education programs should integrate inquiry-based GCC instruction to increase pre-service teachers’ knowledge as well as their preparedness to teach about this important planetary issue.  相似文献   


17.
Background: The sophistication of students’ conceptions of science learning has been found to be positively related to their approaches to and outcomes for science learning. Little research has been conducted to particularly investigate students’ conceptions of science learning by laboratory.

Purpose: The purpose of this research, consisting of two studies, was to explore Taiwanese university science-major students’ conceptions of learning science by laboratory (CLSL).

Sample: In Study I, interview data were gathered from 47 university science-major students. In Study II, 287 university science-major students’ responses to a CLSL survey were collected.

Design and methods: In Study I, the interview data were analyzed using the phenomenographic method. Based on the findings derived from Study I, Study II developed an instrument for assessing students’ CLSL by exploratory factor analysis.

Results: Study I revealed six categories of CLSL, including memorizing, verifying, acquiring manipulative skills, obtaining authentic experience, reviewing prior learning profiles, and achieving in-depth understanding. The factor analysis in Study II revealed that the ‘verifying’ category was eliminated, but found another new category of ‘examining prior knowledge.’

Conclusions: This study finally proposes a framework to describe the variations of CLSL, consisting of three features: cognitive orientation, metacognitive orientation, and epistemic orientation. Possible factors influencing students’ CLSL are also discussed.  相似文献   


18.
On defining distance education   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Four generally accepted definitions of distance education are analysed and from them six components of a comprehensive definition are chosen. The forms of education that are considered to fall within the concept of distance education as outlined are considered from the point of view of choice of medium, institutional type and didactic model. Various forms of education that bear some similarities to distance education but are not to be identified with it are described. The term ‘distance education’ is proposed as the most satisfactory solution to the problem of terminology.

The term ‘distance education’ covers the various forms of study at all levels which are not under the continuous, immediate supervision of tutors present with their students in lecture rooms or on the same premises, but which, nevertheless, benefit from the planning, guidance and tuition of a tutorial organisation.

(Holmberg,1977:9)

Distance education is education which either does not imply the physical presence of the teacher appointed to dispense it in the place where it is received or in which the teacher is present only on occasion or for selected tasks.

(Loi 71.556 du 12 juillet 1971)

Distance teaching/education (Fernunterricht) is a method of imparting knowledge, skills and attitudes which is rationalised by the application of division of labour and organisational principles as well as by the extensive use of technical media, especially for the purpose of reproducing high quality teaching material which makes it possible to instruct great numbers of students at the same time wherever they live. It is an industrialised form of teaching and learning.

(Peters, 1973:206)

Distance teaching may be defined as the family of instructional methods in which the teaching behaviours are executed apart from the learning behaviours, including those that in a contiguous situation would be performed in the learner's presence, so that communication between the teacher and the learner must be facilitated by print, electronic, mechanical or other devices.

(Moore, 1973:664)  相似文献   


19.
This article deals with a group of distance learning student teachers, who, after the course was completed, called themselves ‘The Magic Group’. The concept ‘magic’ refers to the reflective and productive learning process the group members experienced, a process far beyond their individual borders. The collaborative process was conducted by means of portfolio, peer learning through feedback and LMS (Learning Management System). The aim of the article is to focus on the most important assumptions for the group's successful learning process.

Cet article porte l'attention sur un groupe d'étudiants en formation d'enseignants en ligne qui, après les études, s'est appelé ‘Le groupe magique’. Le concept ‘magique’ se réfère à l'aspect réflexif et productif du processus d'apprentissage tel qu'il a été ressenti par les participants, ce processus ayant dépassé de loin leurs capacités individuelles d'apprentissage. Le processus collaboratif a été mené à l'aide de portfolio, de tutorat entre étudiants et d'une plate‐forme LMS (Learning Management System). L'objectif de l'article est de mettre en évidence les principaux facteurs qui auraient contribué à la réussite du processus d'apprentissage.

Éste artículo trata de un grupo de estudiantes que están estudiando métodos de enseñanza por la red y preparando para ser profesores. Después de había realizado sus estudios el grupo se llama ‘El grupo mágico’. La palabra ‘mágico’ hace referencia a la experiencia del grupo de un proceso de aprendizaje, productivo y reflexivo, un proceso que rebasó las posibilidades de cada estudiante individual. El proceso de colaboración se compuso de portafolios y de consejos y consultas de los compañeros estudiantes por medio de la red y de un programma de LMS (Learning Management System). Éste artículo tiene el propósito de enfocar a los aspectos más importantes para el aprendizaje muy bueno de ‘El grupo mágico’.

Dieser Artikel handelt vom Fernstudium einer Referendarengruppe, die sich nach Abschluss des Kurses als ‘The Magic Group’ bezeichnete. Der Ausdruck ‘magic’ bezieht sich auf den reflektierenden und produktiven Lernvorgang, den die Gruppe erlebte, und der die Grenzen von dem, was sie als Einzelne erreicht hätten, weit übertraf. Arbeitsweisen bei dieser Zusammenarbeit waren der Einsatz von Portfolio, Lernen durch Feedback von Mitstudierenden, sowie LMS (Learning Management System). Die Absicht des vorliegenden Artikels ist, die wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für den erfolgreichen Arbeitsprozess der Gruppe zu beleuchten.  相似文献   


20.
The aim of this paper is to encourage sociologists of the curriculum to contribute more both to curriculum policy advocacy and the curriculum development process. It concludes by suggesting four areas of curriculum policy research around which both sociologists of education and curriculum studies ‘specialists’ could unite and which would go some way towards meeting the demands of the National Curriculum at the level of policy analysis and implementation.

No one should be expected to say all the time, at the same time, everything that is to be said. (Karl Popper[2] [2] Quoted in Schilpp (1974), p. 1167. View all notes)

  相似文献   


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