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1.
Serena Lecce Federica Bianco Patrizia Demicheli Elena Cavallini 《Child development》2014,85(6):2404-2418
This study investigated the relation between theory of mind (ToM) and metamemory knowledge using a training methodology. Sixty‐two 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two training conditions: A first‐order false belief (ToM) and a control condition. Intervention and control groups were equivalent at pretest for age, parents' education, verbal ability, inhibition, and ToM. Results showed that after the intervention children in the ToM group improved in their first‐order false belief understanding significantly more than children in the control condition. Crucially, the positive effect of the ToM intervention was stable over 2 months and generalized to more complex ToM tasks and metamemory. 相似文献
2.
Attentional Processes in Low‐Socioeconomic Status Bilingual Children: Are They Modulated by the Amount of Bilingual Experience? 
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下载免费PDF全文 Recent research indicates that bilingual children are more proficient in resolving cognitive conflict than monolinguals. However, the replicability of such findings has been questioned, with poor control of participants' socioeconomic status (SES) as a possible confounding factor. Two experiments are reported here, in which the main attentional functions and pragmatic ability of 54 bilingual and 56 monolingual low‐SES children were assessed (Experiment 1: 6‐ to 12‐year‐olds; Experiment 2: 6‐ to 8‐year‐olds). A language‐switching task was also employed, to measure bilingual proficiency. Overall, the monolingual and bilingual groups did not differ significantly in any of the tasks employed, although the ability to resolve conflict was related to children's level of bilingual experience. 相似文献
3.
Grazyna Mendecka 《High Ability Studies》1996,7(2):151-156
Experiments carried out by two kindergarten teachers who made use of performing arts as an educational medium demonstrated their value in developing personality. In the first, the imagination of a group of 25 children aged six was stirred by plays performed for them in kindergarten. The children were given free access to the props to play with. The second experiment was carried out with a group of 20 five‐ to six‐year‐olds, and examined the influence of music on the children's artistic expression. Results showed that there was a substantial increase in the ability to fantasize among the group of six‐year‐olds. The effect of the music was expressed in art—the children who had heard music drew more colourful and detailed objects. 相似文献
4.
Tammy Campbell 《British Educational Research Journal》2014,40(5):749-771
There is an established body of evidence indicating that a pupil's relative age within their school year cohort is associated with academic attainment throughout compulsory education. In England, autumn‐born pupils consistently attain at higher levels than summer‐born pupils. Analysis here investigates a possible channel of this relative age effect: ability grouping in early primary school. Relatively younger children tend more often to be placed in the lowest in‐class ability groups, and relatively older children in the highest group. In addition, teacher perceptions of pupils' ability and attainment are associated with the child's birth month: older children are more likely to be judged above average by their teachers. Using 2008 data for 5481 English seven‐year‐old pupils and their teachers from the Millennium Cohort Study, this research uses linear regression modelling to explore whether birth month gradation in teacher perceptions of pupils is more pronounced when pupils are in‐class ability grouped than when they are not. It finds an amplification of the already disproportionate tendency of teachers to judge autumn‐born children as more able when grouping takes place. The autumn–summer difference in teacher judgements is significantly more pronounced among in‐class ability grouped pupils than among non‐grouped pupils. Given evidence that teacher perceptions and expectations can influence children's trajectories, this supports the hypothesis that in‐class ability grouping in early primary school may be instrumental in creating the relative age effect. 相似文献
5.
Jared M. J. Berman Susan A. Graham Dallas Callaway Craig G. Chambers 《Child development》2013,84(5):1791-1805
Two experiments examined 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds' use of vocal affect to learn new words. In Experiment 1 (n = 48), children were presented with two unfamiliar objects, first in their original state and then in an altered state (broken or enhanced). An instruction produced with negative, neutral, or positive affect, directed children to find the referent of a novel word. During the novel noun, eye gaze measures indicated that both 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds were more likely to consider an object congruent with vocal affect cues. In Experiment 2, 5‐year‐olds (n = 15) were asked to extend and generalize their initial mapping to new exemplars. Here, 5‐year‐olds generalized these newly mapped labels but only when presented with negative vocal affect. 相似文献
6.
Sandra Bosacki Anne Elliott Spogmai Akseer Mira Bajovic 《British Journal of Religious Education》2010,32(1):49-61
Drawn from a larger study of Canadian children’s sense of self and media habits, this study explores the role of religiosity and/or spirituality within 535 children’s (281 girls, 254 boys; 5–13 years of age) self‐reported media preferences and habits over a three‐year period. Results indicate that the theme of spirituality and/or religiosity emerged most frequently within the context of after‐school activities, music listening habits and the reading habits of participants’ mothers. Aside from children in Grade 1 (five–six years), girls were more likely than boys to mention issues of spirituality and religiosity, particularly during preadolescence (10–13 years). Younger children reported more issues of spirituality than older children. Results are discussed in terms of educational implications for critical media literacy. 相似文献
7.
This paper reports data from a questionnaire‐based UK study aimed at examining occupational sex‐role stereotypes and occupational preferences of male and female pupils at three ages. Data were collected from 594 children in total (108 8‐year‐olds, 307 12‐year‐olds and 177 16‐year‐olds) who responded to questions that asked for their views on who (males, females or both) should perform certain occupations and how much they would like to have each of the occupations as their career. The children were also asked to indicate their favourite school subject. Analysis indicated that the youngest age group held significantly more stereotyped views regarding who should perform certain jobs than the older children and that, generally, boys sex‐typed appropriateness of occupations to a significantly greater degree than girls, although this difference was not significant in the youngest age group. Furthermore, analysis of the occupational preference ratings revealed significant differences between male and female subjects for many occupations, with higher ratings generally being awarded to stereo‐typically gender‐appropriate careers. Significant differences between the three age groups were also observed in the preference ratings for many occupations, with a tendency for the majority of occupations to be perceived less favourably with increasing age of respondent. Finally, school subject preferences were considered. No consistent or stable pattern of preference emerged for males and females across age‐groups, confirming recent suggestions that gender stereotyping of school subjects is weakening. 相似文献
8.
An instructional videotape designed to improve visual discrimination in three‐year‐old children was produced to be used in conjunction with computer‐presented reading‐readiness activities. The videotape comprised four instructional sequences: discrimination of simple geometric shapes, pairs of houses, matchstick‐men, and biscuits baked in the shape of a man and a dog. There were three treatment conditions: (1) the computer activities alone, (2) video presentation without discussion and the computer activities, and (3) video presentation with group discussion of the contents and the computer‐presented activities. The performance of all groups was measured in terms of their scores on the 50 computer‐presented activities. The effectiveness of the instructional videotape was evaluated in terms of its ability to increase the performance of children on the computer‐presented activities. The results indicated that the performance increased from conditions one to three and hence that an instructional videotape can be effectively used with young children 相似文献
9.
Short‐Term Second Language and Music Training Induces Lasting Functional Brain Changes in Early Childhood 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Immediate and lasting effects of music or second‐language training were examined in early childhood using event‐related potentials. Event‐related potentials were recorded for French vowels and musical notes in a passive oddball paradigm in thirty‐six 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children who received either French or music training. Following training, both groups showed enhanced late discriminative negativity (LDN) in their trained condition (music group–musical notes; French group–French vowels) and reduced LDN in the untrained condition. These changes reflect improved processing of relevant (trained) sounds, and an increased capacity to suppress irrelevant (untrained) sounds. After 1 year, training‐induced brain changes persisted and new hemispheric changes appeared. Such results provide evidence for the lasting benefit of early intervention in young children. 相似文献
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Associate Professor Mübeccel Gönen Assistants Selay Uzman Assistants Nur Akcin Psychologist Nermin Özdemir 《International Journal of Early Years Education》1993,1(3):81-87
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of age and sex on the creativity of 5 to 6‐year‐old kindergarten children. The total points scored by the 6‐year‐old boys and girls included in this study were found to be higher than those scored by the 5‐y ear‐olds. No significant difference was found between the points scored by the girls and boys. However, the girls did better in flexibility, originality and elaboration and the boys in fluency criterion of creativity.
Children should be helped at home and school to develop their creative power. To achieve this, art, story‐telling, music and drama activities should be an integral part of the school curriculums. During such activities children should be allowed to take their time, and any despotic attitude on the part of the teacher should be avoided. In addition, children should be given a chance with unstructured play materials. Activities should be followed by a discussion with children, who should be taught that things can be done in more ways than one. 相似文献
12.
John Nisbet Jennifer Welsh Joyce Watt 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(3):172-175
The 1962 reading survey in Aberdeen was repeated in 1972, with 99 per cent coverage of year‐groups (over 2,500) of 8‐year old and 11‐year‐old pupils: Reading comprehension tests used were NFER Sentence Reading Test AD and Test NS6. The 1972 averages on these tests were within one point of score of the 1962 averages: at age eight, the average was slightly but not significantly higher in 1972; at age 11, it was slightly and significantly lower. The children whose fathers were in semi‐skilled or unskilled jobs showed a particularly sharp decline in average performance over the ten‐year interval, whereas the standard of performance had improved or been maintained among children from professional homes. 相似文献
13.
The human figure drawings of 18 children with mild learning difficulties (MLD) were compared with those of 18 children with the same chronological age (mean 10 years, 4 months) and those of 18 children with the same mental age (mean 6 years, 0 months). The MLD children's drawings were similar to those of the 6‐year‐olds in terms of the number of developmental items they displayed; both these groups scored significantly lower than the 10‐year‐olds. Teachers could easily distinguish the 10‐year‐olds’ figures, but not those drawn by the MLD children and the 6‐year‐olds; they routinely confused the two. These findings suggest that, although their development is slower, MLD children follow a normal rather than a deviant developmental pattern. 相似文献
14.
Maternal language to prelinguistic infants: syntactic aspects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Maternal speech to children has been shown to vary by age and language ability of the children. Previous studies have usually involved children over 1 year of age. In this study maternal speech to male and female 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old infants was recorded in the laboratory. Mothers used shorter utterances to 8-month-olds than to 4- or 6-month-olds, presumably in response to the infant's changing level of comprehension. Mothers used more sentences with subjects, verbs, or objects deleted to 8-month-olds and more complex sentences to 4-month-olds. 相似文献
15.
以《新课程标准》提出的基础音乐教育以音乐审美为核心的教学理念为背景,以培养合格的基础教育音乐师资的高师音乐教学为前提,针对审美教育在高师音乐教育声乐课程教学中的运用,提出了转变高师声乐教师教学观念、加强高师声乐教师审美意识和能力的培养、培养学生良好的审美评价能力、激发学生的主观能动性,让学生在实践中获得审美的体验、紧扣情感因素,激活学生心灵中的审美感受的高师声乐课程审美教育原则。 相似文献
16.
The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether children with summer birthdates, or the youngest children within their respective grades, comprised a larger portion of an annual elementary‐age special education referral population than would be expected by chance. The 1,222 referrals from grades K‐5 of a Southeastern school district were classified according to three seasons of birth (months 6‐9, 10‐1, and 2‐5), three age groups (ages 5‐7, 8‐9, and 10 and up), and gender. Expected numbers of referrals for each season of birth were computed based on the numbers of children within the respective groups for the overall elementary‐age school population of 16,379. Independent chi‐square analyses revealed differences at the <.0001 level of significance between the expected and obtained numbers of referrals for both the 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children overall and the 5‐ to 7‐year‐old boys, and at the .0011 level of significance for 5‐ to 7‐year‐old girls. No significant differences between the expected and obtained numbers of referrals were found for the two older groups. Alternative means for providing educational services for the younger, at‐risk primary‐age student population were discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
17.
“气沉丹田”与“字正腔圆”——关于中国民族声乐两个重要概念的辨析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张静轩 《青海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2014,(4):98-102
“气沉丹田”与“字正腔圆”是民族声乐传统的技术标准和审美原则,如何将之运用于民族声乐演唱也是民族声乐艺术及其教学中的重要问题。本文对民族声乐艺术中的这两个重要概念加以研究辨析,认为声乐艺术最基本的原则应是从实际内容出发,而不是从概念出发。实践性、技术性、理论性的统一正是声乐教学过程中的规律。 相似文献
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An investigation was conducted into the visual and auditory temporal processing profiles of two groups of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children: pre‐alphabetic children, who showed no alphabetic ability (failing to read any non‐words in a test), and those who demonstrated some alphabetic ability. This alphabetic group showed higher scores in reading and spelling attainment than the pre‐alphabetic group. They were also faster than the pre‐alphabetic group in reacting to the onset and offset of auditory and visual stimuli. However, when age was used as a covariate, only reaction times (RTs) to the offsets of visual stimuli were found to be faster in the alphabetic than the pre‐alphabetic group. This suggests that responses to the offset of visual stimuli are becoming more rapid during the same developmental period when alphabetic ability is beginning to be acquired. Within the alphabetic group, after accounting for age, visual and auditory onset RTs were strongly correlated, whereas within the pre‐alphabetic group there were high correlations between visual and auditory offset RTs. It is therefore suggested that a strong association between RTs to visual and auditory onsets may be beneficial during early alphabetic acquisition, when phoneme–grapheme associations are established. Multiple regression analyses showed visual offset RT as the only variable to account for a significant amount of variance in spelling attainment after age was taken into account, which may relate to Frith's (1985) contention that spelling is important in driving early alphabetic ability. 相似文献
20.
Olivia N. Saracho 《教育心理学》1995,15(4):405-415
Children's (n = 1276) cognitive style was identified and their play was observed and recorded. Reliability and validity estimates were obtained on the measures and procedures. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant results relating to the children's cognitive style and their play according to age. Also four significant interactions were found: (1) age and play behaviours; (2) play behaviours and cognitive style; (3) age and cognitive style; and (4) age, cognitive style and play behaviours. Significant differences were demonstrated between field dependent (FD) and field independent (FI) 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children's play behaviours in the physical, block, manipulative and dramatic forms of play. Most FD children displayed more play behaviours than did FI children. These results suggest that the FD and FI cognitive styles are providing a differential effect on the play behaviours of 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐year‐old children. 相似文献